Competitive

Smart Cities in
Rajasthan

Knowledge Partner

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 Message

I
am pleased that the Conference on Smart & Green Livable
Cities is being organised at a time when the world is
speaking about Smart Economy, Smart Governance, Smart
Environment. A Smart City is a City which make our life
happier, easier and healthier to live. Hon’ble Prime Minister
of India Shri Narendra Modi has recently announced the
guidelines for his dream Smart City project of 100 cities.
Organising this conference at this hour at Jaipur will give a
direct push to the efforts put in by various stakeholders to make
Mr Suresh K Poddar the Smart City initiative a success.
Chairman
CII Rajasthan State Council Smart City in Indian perspective is a city wherein basic amenities
are provided to each citizen including safe and clean drinking
water to all, housing for all, proper management, proper
disposal of solid and water waste, proper implementation of
Communication and IT tools as also better security and health
tools.

I would like to thank National Institute of Urban Affairs, New

Delhi for bringing out this important document covering
various aspects of city development. I am also thankful to
Urban Development & Housing Department, Government of
Rajasthan for coming forward and supporting this initiative.

Suresh K Poddar

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Rajasthan Cities4.indd 2 27-07-2015 05:35:28 PM
 foreword

I
t is a lesser-known fact that the conference organised in
2014 by the CII-Rajasthan with knowledge partnership of
NIUA was one of the pioneering conferences on the subject
of smart cities in the country. Now, in 2015, we have the rare
pleasure to take the efforts of that conference to the next stage
when they can bear fruit and to gather the stakeholders of CII-
Rajasthan once again to discuss and debate the way forward in
the path to creating smart cities in Rajasthan.

While it is not possible to predict which cities will be selected

Prof Jagan Shah by the Government of Rajasthan to represent the state in the
Director
National Institute of Urban Affairs Smart City Challenge being organised by the Ministry of Urban
Development, it is important to understand that the smart
city mission is centred around the leveraging of the economic
potential and unique identity of Rajasthani cities and towns,
and to present these potentials in the context of intensive
citizen engagement and consultation with all stakeholders.

Smart cities must have smart citizens, and this requires

awareness creation and engagement in a sustained manner.
Studying the data on some of the most important cities and
towns is the first step, and we have attempted to capture what
might be their unique identity. NIUA has created profiles of
ten cities and towns to reveal some of the factors that should
guide the thinking on smart cities. We have also included some
models for development, such that the discussion about the
subject can be better informed. However, this is only a glimpse
of the complex research that must be done to support the
development of smart cities.

We deeply appreciate the partnership shown by CII-Rajasthan

Chapter in creating this knowledge product and hope that it
will assist the stakeholders of CII in engaging with their own
members and with society at large.

Jagan Shah

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Rajasthan Cities4.indd 4 27-07-2015 05:35:29 PM
 contents
6 Setting the context
Introduction
Approach of India’s Smart Cities Mission
Comprehensive Development Features of Smart Cities
Smart Cities Development Models
Greenfield Development
Brownfield Development
Case Study - Bilbao, Spain

12 Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan

Introduction
Diversity of Cities in Rajasthan

Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, Ajmer, Bikaner, Udaipur,

Bhilwara, Alwar, Bhiwadi, Mount Abu

40 Smart City Planning

Introduction
Integrated City Planning
Smart City Planning for Indian Cities
City-wide Concept Plan
Smart City Proposal

44 Citizen and Stakeholder Consultations

Introduction
Citizen Engagement Platforms
Smart Visakha Forum
Nellore Next
Smart Cities Competition

46 Guidance Notes

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 Setting the
context

6 l Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan

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 Introduction functionality provided by existing platforms. They will si-
According to the United Nations Population Division, multaneously provide opportunities for reduction in capi-
world population was around 1.65 billion at the end of the tal and operating expenditure.
19th century and it crossed the 6 billion mark by the end
of the 20th century. Major areas wise contribution to world The suggestive framework for creation of a Smart City in-
population indicates Asia as the top contributor with 57.4 cludes ICT combined with other strategies like investment
percent in year 1900 to 60.8 percent in year 1999 followed in social capital, collaboration of different stakeholders,
by Europe. At the beginning of 2014, the world’s popula- and integration of different components of the city. This
tion was estimated at 7.2 billion, with approximately 82 requires gathering data and knowledge in all domains and
million added every year thereafter. With the current rate of all stakeholders, and communicating this data through
of urbanisation at 32 percent, new Jakarta (with popula- a comprehensive and interconnected urban network in
tion of 30.53 million) is expected to pop-up every year. The order to have an integrated-collaborative urban develop-
population of Africa is expected to be three times the pop- ment. Since getting smart implies a continuous improve-
ulation of Europe by 2050; increasing levels of urban ver- ment of the urban situation, each city can be ‘smarter’ and
sus rural population are signs of the changing landscape of many factors like existing policy frameworks, high level of
population distribution across the world. technology advancement in a city can accelerate or hinder
this ’continuous improvement‘.
For urbanisation to continue to offer important opportuni-
ties for economic and social development, it needs to be A Smart City framework is based on priority areas which
well managed. However, the speed and scale of urbanisa- are specific to the city’s context. Any model can focus on
tion in developing regions challenge the capacity of gov- one or more of these priority areas depending upon the
ernments to adequately plan and meet the needs of the agenda of the programme under which it is proposed or
growing number of urban dwellers. As cities grow, man- initiated. Priority areas for the Smart City Proposal need to
aging them becomes more complex and their populations be identified based on the public participatory platform as
become more diverse. Developing countries will need to in the case of Hamburg and should take into account glob-
adjust to this process much faster than developed coun- al challenges at the planning stage in order to be robust
tries did in the past. This, along with increasing levels of and scalable. The two key aspects common across strategic
aspiration of the urban communities for a better quality of areas in this analysis are engagement of communities and
life and services, has forced city stakeholders to consider collaboration between various city stakeholders.
change in the management models of resources and infra-
structure for cities and respond with innovative practices The engagement of stakeholders is key to the creation of
and scalable solutions. These are some of the main drivers Smart Cities. University, Industry and Government are
for Smart Cities development. the three main actors of Smart Cities whose functions are
subsequently organised into knowledge production, eco-
‘Smart Cities’ aim to decrease the challenges that cities nomic wealth creation, and reflexive control. Increased
face, such as scarcity of energy resources, healthcare, hous- level of trust between the city government and commu-
ing, water, and deteriorating infrastructure (roads, schools nities, and commitment between academia (through its
and transportation). They also suffer from price instabil- research), industry (with viable financing models and in-
ity, climate change, and the demand for better economic novative solutions), and government (by creating investor
opportunities and social benefits. Recent advancements friendly cities) with support from civil society can facili-
in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), tate inclusive planning and bridge urban inequity through
aligned with technology cost reduction, such as cheap mo- empowerment of communities (for active engagement in
bile apps, free social media, cloud computing, and cost- envisioning, planning, execution and evaluation of the city
effective ways to handle high volume data, provides cities development).
with better opportunities and tools to understand, com-
municate, and predict urban functions. Smart City infra- Co-creation across disciplinary boundaries allows for the
structures are assumed to be increasingly intelligent within creation of new perspectives that are informed by the di-
the complex urban environment and will traverse dedicat- verse insights and make for more holistic, integrated solu-
ed infrastructure and converging systems thus increasing tions. Co-creation is the key to innovation in government.

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 In the private sector, there is a rich history of companies with the global movement, India’s Smart Cities Mission
partnering with customers or prod¬uct/service users in guidelines emphasizes on collaboration between various
innovation and value creation. Across industries (and par- stakeholders to achieve Smart Cities. It highlights the civil
ticularly in the technology and consumer sectors), custom- society as the fourth main actor of the collaborative model
ers have played a key role in suggesting improve¬ments of city management which includes industry, academia
and new features for existing products and services. In and government.
some cases, companies have depended solely on user-
contributed ideas for designing their products. With the Approach of India’s
emergence of the Internet and other information and Smart Cities Mission
communication technologies, the scope and depth of such India’s Smart Cities Mission focus is on sustainable and in-
customer involvement in innovation changed radically. It clusive development. The mission approach is unique in
has become possible for customers to get engaged in all the concept with established methodologies for various levels
phases of innovation — from ideation to design and devel- such as visioning, planning, implementation, and evalua-
opment to implementation and product support. tion; and integrative model of smart city framework. The
following are the five key sub-systems of this framework
The role of citizens in public service innovation has a less and are detailed in the further sections of the report:
well known, although equally rich his-tory. Many social i. Convergence approach for Comprehensive Develop-
innovations (e.g., the environmental movement and Earth ment (Visioning)
Day) have origi-nated from ideas and suggestions offered ii. Compact area approach for city development
by individuals outside the government. Often, it has taken (Planning)
a group of citizens or community-based movements to iii. Strategic Planning approach for Smart City Proposals
spur government agencies to act on such ideas. What has (Implementation)
changed in recent years is the ability of individual citizens iv. ‘Smart Citizenry’ approach for participatory planning
to not only develop innovative solutions to problems, but (Implementation)
to play a more active role in discovering or identifying the v. Incremental approach in selection of cities (Evalua-
root problems and in developing and/or implementing so- tion)
lutions. A large part of this can be attributed to new tech-
nologies that facilitate easier access to public data, enhance Comprehensive Development
government transparency, and reduce the distance be- Features of Smart Cities
tween the citizen innovator and the gov-ernment agency. Some typical features of comprehensive development in
Smart Cities as mentioned in India’s Smart Cities Mission
Governance systems, policies and regulations have the po- guidelines are described below.
tential of having broad impact. Similarly, civic societies, i. Promoting mixed land use in area-based develop-
corporation and institutions also have the potential for ments — planning for ‘unplanned areas’ containing a
bringing about new outcomes and large-scale impact. Each range of compatible activities and land uses close to
of these sectors, while containing great potential, is also one another in order to make land use more efficient.
coupled with inbuilt barriers that impeded scaled trans- The States will enable some flexibility in land use and
formations. The design of new policy, regulatory mecha- building bye-laws to adapt to change;
nisms and governance systems needs to be incremental. ii. Housing and inclusiveness — expand housing oppor-
The actions of stakeholders need to be directed towards the tunities for all;
interest of the commons, and civic societies need to self- iii. Creating walkable localities — reduce congestion,
organize in ways to bring about rapid large-scale sustain- air pollution and resource depletion, boost local
able transformations. Consequently, the transformations economy, promote interactions and ensure security.
will address the face of continually increasing magnitudes The road network is created or refurbished not only
of the challenge. Some of the larger challenges such as cli- for vehicles and public transport, but also for pedestri-
mate change, population pressure, the future of food, water ans and cyclists, and necessary administrative services
or energy, they have implicit growth rates that are expo- are offered within walking or cycling distance;
nential in nature. Apart from the exponential rates, even a iv. Preserving and developing open spaces — parks, play-
small percentage difference in a large global phenomenon grounds, and recreational spaces in order to enhance
can make a much larger intrinsic number than a large per- the quality of life of citizens, reduce the urban heat
centage of a more localized problem. effects in areas and generally promote eco-balance;
v. Promoting a variety of transport options — Transit
In this context, Smart Cities and Smart City projects are Oriented Development (TOD), public transport and
being seen as a holistic approach to city planning. India’s last mile para-transport connectivity;
100 Smart Cities Programme is about making cities bet- vi. Making governance citizen-friendly and cost effective
ter and there is a need to leapfrog towards bringing cities — increasingly rely on online services to bring about
to a level where they deliver a quality of life that people accountability and transparency, especially using
are demanding, youth are expecting and which is every- mobiles to reduce cost of services and providing
body’s right. There is a need for understanding today’s ur- services without having to go to municipal offices;
ban challenges by the youth- who constitute 25 percent of form e-groups to listen to people and obtain feedback
today’s world population, 28 percent in the case of India and use online monitoring of programs and activities
- and actively participating in civic engagement. In line with the aid of cyber tour of worksites;

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 vii. Giving an identity to the city — based on its main smaller sized projects focused on a limited number of im-
economic activity, such as local cuisine, health, plementation areas. These projects have a shorter term of 3
education, arts and craft, culture, sports goods, to 6 years for project execution. Because of their fast imple-
furniture, hosiery, textile, dairy, etc; mentation process, investors prefer these projects as they
viii. Applying Smart Solutions to infrastructure and bring project revenue and investment return. Implemen-
services in area-based development in order to make tation of Brownfield projects is challenging and restricted
them better. For example, making areas less vulner- as these are connected to existing infrastructure and are
able to disasters, using fewer resources, and providing located within the existing urban contexts. For example,
cheaper services. in cities placed in developed market countries, the main
smart experiences are inspired to achieve energy efficiency
Smart Cities and sustainable mobility, while in developing countries,
Development Models cities face the primary challenges of over-congestion, both
The development of Smart cities usually differs between in population density and traffic volume.
various urban contexts in relation to the driving forces, the
investment requirements and the stakeholders involved. Effective management of urban land use is central to global
The process of development of a Smart City can be based strategies to achieve sustainable development. An impor-
on two different development models called Greenfield tant component of the land management is the increase
and Brownfield. The ICT solutions implemented in the in and persistence of Brownfield areas and difficulties in
creation of a Smart City can change significantly in differ- regenerating these areas. For example, in Europe, land use
ent urban contexts. The choice of technological patterns changes over the last fifty years have resulted in swift and
is linked to each project’s requirements: a Greenfield city wide scale dereliction in some areas and slow decline else-
requires larger ICT investments for the development of where, leading to a significant legacy of Brownfield areas in
new builds from scratch, while Brownfield cities require these regions. During this time of land use change, rather
an evolution/transformation of existing ICT capabilities. than addressing the problem, cases of poor land manage-
ment practices have led to urban decay, deprivation and
Greenfield Development social conflicts. Brownfields can have a negative impact on
These are also defined as the new build cities or simply the surrounding area and community, and hinder effective
new cities. They are urban contexts created Smart start- regeneration. Regenerating Brownfields can stimulate op-
ing from their construction. They are often purpose-built, portunities at numerous levels, improving urban quality of
strategically placed and designed to attract businesses and life enhancing urban competitiveness, and reducing urban
communities with a master plan that incorporates ICT sprawl. Although there are numerous urban challenges,
infrastructure and world class services such as renewable such as identifying solutions for transportation pressures,
energy, green buildings, seamless broadband connectivity, etc, the beneficial re-use of Brownfields is significant,
intelligent transportation systems and other intelligent city pervading and impacting on so many other urban issues,
systems. These projects have long-term plans that range that it warrants a high level of both technical and politi-
between 10 and 25 years. Because of their extensive time cal attention. Finding solutions for Brownfield sites is an
span, these projects can also focus on revenue realisation increasingly important part of the search for effective poli-
and returns on investment. As their “turn-key” dealings, cies that are aimed at ensuring a sustainable future for land,
these projects have strong budgets for long-term execu- and Smart Cities in particular. The Brownfield agenda is an
tion. Examples of these cities are increasing around the essential component of the Smart Cities Mission and sug-
world, especially in emerging markets: Masdar in Abu gests retrofitting or redevelopment as the two key inter-
Dhabi, Lusail in Qatar, Songdo in Korea, Caofeidian and ventions to be part of strategic action plans of the Smart
Meixi Lake in China, Lavasa in India, Ganthoot Green City Proposals of the cities. Brownfield Development often
City in Emirates, King Abdullah Economic City in Saudi includes various approaches like redevelopment, regenera-
Arabia, Skolkovo in Russia. These initiatives can help to tion, and retrofitting. The scale and extent of Brownfield
build momentum and accelerate the move to a broader in- development is defined by the approach adopted.
telligent infrastructure by demonstrating success through
offering case studies that can be transferred to other urban Some of the examples of Smart City Initiatives across the
environments. This model also includes projects involving Brownfield development approaches are Barcelona, Ma-
the development of new smart neighbourhoods or new drid, Bilbao in Spain, Porto Maraviliha in Brazil, Dockside
Smart Cities in suburban areas, a kind of ‘city within a city’. Green in Victoria (Canada), HafenCity in Hamburg (Ger-
Examples of this typology are Fujisawa in Japan, Plan IT many), Fujisawa in Japan, Christchurch in New Zealand,
Valley in Portugal, and Nanjing Green City and Tianjin Guangzhou Intelligent City in China, Amsterdam in Neth-
Eco City in China. erlands, HammarbySjöstad in Stockholm’s Urban Regen-
eration Project, Copenhagen in Denmark, Newcastle in
Brownfield Development Australia, and New York in the United States.
Smart Cities often related to smart interventions in the
existing context are referred to as Brownfield cities or ‘ex- Case Study - Bilbao, Spain
isting cities’. In this case Smart City development process Europe is a continent of cities with a remarkable history
allows one to proceed by incremental steps, focusing on of cultural inspiration, wealth creation, social and political
priority issues and drivers. Brownfield projects are much dynamism. But in the late-20th century, many former in-

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 dustrial cities entered a period of steep decline, losing most sented in 1989, and extended to the metropolitan area in
of their manufacturing jobs and many of their economic 1994. The main objective was to arrest decline and re-es-
functions. Populations declined and wealthier suburbs tablish Bilbao as a key node on the European Atlantic axis.
outstripped the declining inner cities that had housed the This implied a much more ambitious and self-confident
“engines of the world” and now housed some of the great- approach, which not only guarantees the ‘survival’ of the
est concentrations of poverty. The pressures of growth and city but also establishes the city as a competitive node in an
sprawl were counterbalanced with inner urban depopula- emerging post-industrial global urban network. Spatially,
tion and decay; the new skills needed for the new “knowl- the territorial plan identified four so-called ‘opportunity
edge” and “service” economy were contrasted with high areas’ for regeneration. In addition, major infrastructure
levels of worklessness and poor schools. Cities now house investments were made, particularly in transport and sani-
the majority and fastest growing share of the world’s ex- tation.
panding population, and they are on a treadmill of physi-
cal pressure, social disorder, and economic insecurity. The ‘Strategic Plan for the Revitalisation of Metropolitan
Bilbao’ was finally agreed in 1991. It promoted an integrat-
The process of economic and urban recovery received a ed approach to regeneration. A dedicated agency, ‘Bilbao
major boost when Spain joined the European Community Metrópoli-30’ was founded in 1991 to act as a facilitator for
in 1986. There was therefore a focus on changes in land- the regeneration process and to promote the objectives set
use and the provision of infrastructure. At the same time, by the strategic plan.
social equality and welfare provision rose in importance
in the 1980s and were gradually integrated into the city’s Bilbao Metrópoli-30 was based on a partnership model
plans. In order to deal with the acute urban decline, flex- with public and private sector shareholders. One of its ob-
ible, integrated interventions were sought. This led to the jectives was to strengthen the interaction between public
development of a Master Plan that embraced a project- sector plans and interventions and private sector interests.
based regeneration approach which had proved successful Other tasks included the local and international promo-
elsewhere in Spain. For example, three Spanish cities de- tion of Bilbao’s new image as a post-industrial city and
veloped high-profile project-led urban regeneration plans the funding of research into the metropolitan area. In its
centred on hosting major events. Thus the 1990s Barcelo- founding documents Bilbao Metrópoli-30 identified four
na, Madrid and Sevilla moved into the international spot- fields of action:
light. Barcelona hosted the Olympic Games and used the 1. Formation of a knowledge-based high-tech sector
long preparatory period to involve citizens in local projects 2. Inner-city urban renewal; especially revitalization of
and invest in a substantial overhaul of the city’s obsolete the Old Quarter
industrial and port areas. In the same year, Sevilla hosted 3. Environmental intervention: river cleaning, industrial
the International Expo and Madrid became the Cultural land recycling,
Capital of Europe. 4. Strengthening of cultural identity through culture-led
regeneration
During the first half of the 1980s all tiers of government
– central, regional, provincial, and city – recognised that The agency is currently undertaking a campaign to market
action had to be taken to reverse the negative impacts of the qualities and assets offered by the city-regions popula-
decline in old-industrial cities like Bilbao. It was recog- tion that were identified as key to future progress: innova-
nised that only strategies uniting the efforts of all tiers of tion, professionalism, identity, community and openness.
government would be effective. But although the need for
action became increasingly urgent, it took several years for Another development agency – Bilbao Ría 2000 – was cre-
a strategic approach to emerge in the late 1980s. The first ated in 1992, with the authority to deliver the regenerate of
projects were not fully realised until the mid-1990s. A key the ‘opportunity areas’ in Bilbao. Its main aim is to manage
step in the process was the drafting of the Strategic Plan the large-scale revitalisation of abandoned land formerly
in the second half of the 1980s. The plan established the occupied by harbours and industries or by obsolete trans-
regulatory framework for regeneration in Bilbao. Maybe port infrastructure. It is seen as the most significant urban
more important than the plan itself was the accompanying policy intervention in the regeneration process in Spain.
debate about how to deal with the urban crisis and how to
confront future challenges. The debate was started by the Bilbao Ría 2000 is a not-for-profit publicly sponsored
Basque government which was worried about the condi- partnership that operates like a private sector company.
tion of the region’s major city. The agency is based on a complex model involving all rel-
evant tiers of government. This constellation of powers
Bilbao’s approach to regeneration was heavily influenced was necessary because decision-making is located at dif-
by the experiences of Barcelona, Madrid and Sevilla. Addi- ferent administrative levels; e.g. urban planning by local
tional lessons were learnt from earlier approaches already government; fiscal power by provincial government; and
implemented in other de-industrialised cities, using their land ownership often by central government authorities.
waterfront assets, such as Glasgow in the UK and Balti- For political reasons, it was agreed that the Basque and
more in the US. The framework for this new regeneration Spanish government shareholders would each own half of
approach was based on the ‘Territorial Plan’ for Bilbao pre- the shares.

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 The case study of Bilbao is a pragmatic story of metamor- 3. Innovative public management
phosis of an industrial metropolis by turning problems a) Strong leadership and commitment with the develop-
into opportunities. It based on innovative, holistic and ment of a systematic and long-term plan
shared approach with collaboration and cooperation from b) Innovative management model internally based on
all levels of government and stakeholders, spread over 25 economic stringency and strategic budgets and mod-
projects in 25 years as one comprehensive urban project. ernization of the administration and externally based on
citizens participation and commitment to transparency
The three layers of urban transformation of Bilbao and the
future layer of smart growth towards the smart city jour- 4. Innovative and open economy
ney are outlined for quick reference. a) Future model of the Bilbao is based on a smart growth
that can strengthen the development of the city through
1. External accessibility and the internal mobility knowledge, innovation and creativity with the people,
a) Improvement of external accessibility the innovation and the entrepreneurial spirit as the key
b) Increase of internal mobility aspects.
c) New sustainable transport systems b) Consolidating and building the new economy of Bilbao
with four key economic sectors - advance business
2. Environmental and urban regeneration services, eco-technology and urban solutions, art and
a) Protect and preserve the city environment technology, design, and tourism, quality of life and
b) Recover and reuse of urban spaces, as well as historical health.
and artistic heritage
c) Arts and culture as the key elements of change for a
complete and balanced city

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 Competitive
Smart Cities in
Rajasthan

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 Introduction progress on almost all economic and social and health in-
Rajasthan is located in the northwestern part of the sub- dicators. In the 1980s, like most other southern and north-
continent. It is bounded on the west and northwest by Pa- western states Rajasthan too began to display improve-
kistan, on the north and northeast by the states of Punjab, ment in its economic and social performance. Economic
Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, on the east and southeast by growth rates rose, poverty proportions noticeably reduced,
the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, and on literacy rates visibly improved, and there was an all-round
the southwest by the state of Gujarat. The Tropic of Cancer improvement in the infrastructure. Additionally, there has
passes through its southern tip in the Banswara district. been a regional dimension to this development pattern:
some northern and a few eastern districts and most urban
Rajasthan is the largest Indian state with an area of 3,42,239 areas have exhibited dynamism but the southern districts,
sq.km comprising of the 10.41% of the total geographical particularly, have lagged behind. Next, sharp differences
area of the country. This state has a type of rhomboid shape in social attainment exist between the far western districts
and stretches lengthwise 869 km. from west to east and 826 (e.g. low literacy rates and extremely adverse sex ratios in
km. from north to south. The capital city of Rajasthan is Jaisalmer, Barmer) and some eastern ones (e.g. low female
Jaipur. Along with this large area comes a wide and diverse literacy and high infant mortality in Bharatpur, Dholpur)
topography: rolling sand dunes, fertile plains, rocky, undu- on the one hand, and the rest of the districts, on the other.
lating regions and even some forested areas. Still, a large
proportion of the state is arid and Rajasthan is home to A brief profile of Rajasthan State Economic and Human
India’s biggest desert, the Thar Desert known as the ‘Maru- Development Indicators in comparison with India is
Kantar’. The oldest chain of fold mountains- the Aravali shown in the table below
Range splits the state into two geographical zones- desert
at one side and forest belt on the other. Only 9.56% of the The world’s urban population is expected to surpass six bil-
total geographical region lies under forest vegetation. The lion by 2045. Much of the expected urban growth will take
Mount Abu is the only hill station of the state and houses place in countries of the developing regions. The countries
the Guru Shikhar Peak that is the highest peak of the Ara- in this region will face numerous challenges in meeting the
vali range with an elevation of 1,722 m. needs of their growing urban populations, including for
housing, infrastructure, transportation, energy and em-
Rajasthan has been at the forefront of India’s economic re- ployment, as well as for basic services such as education
forms and is now among the country’s six fastest-growing and health care.
states. Its main economy is agriculture, but industrial sec-
tors such as textiles and vegetable oil and dye production Overall, nearly half of the world’s 3.9 billion urban dwell-
also contribute significantly to the state’s GDP. Other pri- ers reside in relatively small settlements with fewer than
vate sector industries include steel, cement, ceramics and 500,000 inhabitants, while only around one in eight live
glassware, electronics, leather and footwear, stone and in the 28 mega-cities with 10 million inhabitants or more.
chemical industries. Many of the fastest growing cities in the world are rela-
tively small urban settlements.
Rajasthan has a thriving tourism industry thanks to its
reputation at the “Land of Kings”. A strong royal past has Diversity of Cities in
left the state with many centuries-old palaces and princely Rajasthan
estates to visit. As such, tourism accounts for 15 per cent of The city factsheet of Rajasthan provides key indicators of
Rajasthan’s economy. its largest urban areas and including some smaller cities
with unique characteristics. Such information is impor-
The population of Rajasthan according to 2011 Census is tant for understanding the cities changing landscape and
68.5 million, making it the 8th most populated state in In- also for highlighting the importance of smaller cities and
dia and contributing 5.6 percent to the national popula- towns. Among the ten selected cities, eight cities are the
tion. In India each state is mainly divided into districts for largest cities of Rajasthan in terms of population (Cen-
administration with a city or a town as its headquarters. sus of India, 2011). Three among them viz, Jaipur, Jodhpur
Rajasthan is divided into 33 districts. and Kota are the metropolitan cities. These eight cities are
also the major contributor in the state net domestic prod-
Rajasthan has traditionally been classified as a state rank- uct (2009-10). The Bhiwadi city1 has reported the highest
ing low on human development. For the three decades of growth rate in Rajasthan during the decade 2001-11. The
development up to the early 1980s, the state exhibited slow annual growth rate of Bhiwadi city is 11.3 percent whereas,
the average growth rate of urban Rajasthan is 2.55 percent.
1
Bhiwadi and Alwar cities together constitute to 87 percent of the Alwar Mount Abu is the only hill station in Rajasthan and it at-
district urban population which is the second largest contributor to the
state domestic product.
tracts highest number of tourist in Rajasthan. Though its
2
Collection of Tourism Statistics for the State of Rajasthan, 2005 -06, population is only 22,943, but it attracts 1.71 million tour-
ACNielsen ORG-MARG Pvt. Ltd, NEW DELHI submitted to Ministry of
Tourism (Market Research Division) Government of India. ists2 on annual basis.

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 Economic and Human Development Indicators

Rajasthan India
Demographic Indicators 2011 2011
Total Population (In Millions) 68 1210
% contribution to national population 5.67 100
Sex Ratio (females per 1000 males) 926 940
Under 6 sex ratio (females per 1000 males) 883 914
Economic Indicators 2009-10 2009-10
Net domestic Product (at factor cost) (Rs crores) (For state) 156951 4493743
Gross Domestic Product (at factor cost) (Rs crores) (For India)
Contribution of Agriculture to NSDP/GDP (%) 19.60 14.62
Contribution of Industry to NSDP/GDP (%) 16.68 20.16
Contribution of Services to NSDP/GDP (%) 63.71 65.22
Per Capita Net State Domestic Product (factor cost) (Rs) (for State) 23669 33731
Per Capita Net National Product (factor cost) (Rs) (For India)
NDP Growth rate (%) (for State) 4.10 8.00
GDP Growth Rate (%) (For India)
Human Development Indicators 2007-08 2007-08
Human Development Index Value (HDI) 0.434 0.467
HDI Rank (out of 23) 17 -
Poverty and Hunger Indicators 2009-10 2009-10
Poverty Headcount Ratio (%) 24.8 29.8
Total number of poor (in millions) 16.7 354.68

Source: UNDP

Comparative Profile of 10 selected cities

Highest Lowest

Indicators Urban Areas/City Values Urban Areas/City Values

Population (millions) Jaipur 3.05 Mount Abu 0.02
Area (sq. km) Kota 527.03 Mount Abu 21.41
Population Density (persons/sq. km) Jodhpur 13438 Mount Abu 1072
Growth Rate (AEGR) Bhiwadi 11.35 Mount Abu 0.35
Sex Ratio Bhiwadi 757 Ajmer 947
ST population (%) Mount Abu 18.92 Bhiwadi 0.42
Per Capita Income (Rs.) Jaipur 37,984 Bikaner 24,101
Urban Poverty Ratio Kota 28.5 Udaipur 3.6
Road Density (km/sq km) Jodhpur 15.59 Ajmer 1.17
Households with percentage Jodhpur 97.42 Bhiwadi 45.0
of Tap water (%)
Households with pour/flush-pour Bikaner 74.01 Udaipur 93.26
latrine(%)

14 l Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan

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 Percentage of Urban Population to Total Population

Source: Census of India, 2011

Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan l 15

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 Ranking of selected urban
areas in Rajasthan

Ajmer
Global Rank - 858
National Rank - 90

Bhiwadi
Global Rank - NA
Bikaner National Rank - 444
Global Rank - 704
National Rank - 77
Alwar
Global Rank - NA
National Rank - 136
Jodhpur
Global Rank - 374 Jaipur
National Rank - 45 Global Rank - 127
National Rank - 10

Kota
Mount Abu Global Rank - 430
Global Rank - NA National Rank - 52
National Rank - 2027

Udaipur Bhilwara
Global Rank - 977 Global Rank - NA
National Rank - 100 National Rank - 128

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 Rajasthan District Map with cities marked
and the 2001 & 2011 population

Ajmer

Bikaner
4,85,575
5,42,321
5,29,690 Bhiwadi
6,44,406
33,877
1,04,921
Alwar
2,60,593
3,15,379
Jodhpur
8,51,051
10,33,756 Jaipur

23,22,575
30,46,163
Mount Abu
22,152 Kota
22,943
6,94,316
10,01,694
Udaipur
3,89,438
4,51,100
Bhilwara
2,80,128 2001
3,59,483
2011

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 Jaipur
09)*. The Head Count Ratio of urban poor in Jaipur is 5.9
percent as compared to 10.7 percent in Rajasthan (2011-
12). The working population of Jaipur comprises of 32.35
percent of the total population, of which 93.29 percent of
the workers constitutes main workers whereas the rest fall
under marginal workers category.

The occupational profile of the workers reveals that in

2011-12, nearly 22.5 percent of the workers were engaged
in craft and related trade works followed by people engaged
in elementary occupations (15.1 percent) and legislators,
senior officials and managers (13 percent ). An industrial
classification of urban workers in Jaipur reveals that 31.1
percent of the workers are engaged into manufacturing
sector, followed by wholesale and retail trade (17.1 per-
cent) and construction sector (11.5 percent) in 2011-12.

J
aipur, the capital of Rajasthan, is founded by Maharaja
Sawai Jai Singh II in 1727. Jaipur is the first planned city Infrastructure Profile
of India. It was planned by a Bengali architect named As per Census of India 2011, 85.5 percent of the house-
Vidhyadhar Bhattacharya by following the principles of holds have access to tap water. As many as 89.5 percent
Shilpa Shastra (the science of Indian architecture). Vedic of the households are connected to flush/pour flush toi-
planning for the comfort and prosperity of the citizens, or let although both open and closed drainage is prevalent.
better known as Vastu Shastra, has also been incorporated Out of the total households in the city 97.8 percent of the
in the planning. households have electricity connection, of which 74 per-
cent have domestic connections and remaining are com-
This largest city in Rajasthan is also famous as the “Pink mercial connections.
City”. It is so because in 1876, the city was painted with
terracotta pink colour in grand welcome of the Prince of There are 151 schools and 4 degree colleges per 100,000
Wales. Since then the name has not only stuck, but has population. In Jaipur city, there are 72.5 percent house-
given the city a unique identity. holds living in houses which are in good condition while
26.44 percent are in livable conditions. The proportion of
With spectacular hilltops and stunning fortresses, Jaipur households residing in own houses is 77.87 percent. The
has become a major tourist attraction among both nation- proportion of households residing in own houses is 80.0
al and international tourists. The serene temples, the long percent. The proportion of households living in slums is
standing forts and palaces, and beautiful havelis with royal 10.3 percent.
touch to them; add on to the glory of Jaipur. Between 1727
and 1734, Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur constructed five The total road length of concrete roads in the city is 2500
astronomical observatories or Jantar Mantars. These struc- kms. There are 59 street lights for every km. The propor-
tures with their amazing combinations of geometric forms tion of households which own two-wheelers are 59.58 per-
at large scale have captivated artists, historians and archi- cent, whereas households owning four wheelers are 19.71
tects. The largest out of five Jantar Mantars is in Jaipur. percent.

Demographic Profile There is a fire fighting station in the city. The proportion
In 2011, the population of Jaipur was 3.04 million report- of private banks in Jaipur is 26.67 while 66.67 percent of
ing an annual growth rate of 2.71 percent. Jaipur Munici- the total banks are nationalized. Of the total households,
pal Corporation comprised 87.7 percent of the total urban 73.31 percent of the households avail banking facilities.
population of Jaipur district in 2011. The municipal cor- As many as 84.18 percent of the households have mobile
poration covers an area of 484.64 sq kms with a density phones, whereas 12.42 percent of the households have
of 6285 persons per square kilometer. The demographic computer/laptops with internet facility. The city specializes
details of the city have been illustrated as under. in the wooden toys, diamond cutting and cloth printing
and dyeing.
Economic Profile
The per-capita income of Jaipur is Rs. 37,984 which is
higher than that of Rajasthan which is Rs. 23,194 (2008-
* See page 38

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 Social Indicators Housing & Basic Infrastructure
Indicators 2011 Indicators 2011 (%)
Households having
Sex Ratio 900 access to Tap Water 85.5
Child Sex Ratio 855 Households having access
to flush/pour flush 89.45
Children (%) 12.72 Households having
access to electricity 97.82
Schedule Caste (%) 12.88 Households living in
Good Quality House 72.47
Schedule Tribe (%) 3.78
Households living in own houses 77.87
Literacy Rate (%) 83.33 Source: Census of India, 2011
Source: Census of India, 2011

Transport Infrastructure Indicators Banking & Communication Facilities

Indicators 2011 (%) Indicators 2011 (%)
Households availing
Concrete Road Length (kms) 2500 Banking Facilities 73.31
Road Density km/sq km 5.16 Households owning
Mobile phones 84.18
Street Lights (no/km) 59 Households owning Computer
with internet facility 12.42
Two wheelers per household 0.6
Households owning Computer
Four wheelers per household 0.2 without internet facility 13.84
Source: Census of India, 2011 Source: Census of India, 2011

Economic Indicators
Indicators Value

Per Capita Income (Rs.) 2008-09 37,984

Population Below Poverty
Line (%), 2011-12 5.9
Work Participation Ratio (%) 2011 32.4
Source: Unit Level Data of NSSO, Employment
and Unemployment, 68th Round, 2011-12

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 Jodhpur
Demographic Profile
In 2011, the population of Jodhpur was 1.03 million re-
porting an annual growth rate of 2.05 percent. Jodhpur
Municipal Corporation comprises 81.7 percent of the to-
tal urban population of Jodhpur district in 2011. The mu-
nicipal corporation covers an area of 78.6 sq kms with a
density of 13,438 persons per square kilometer. The demo-
graphic details of the city have been illustrated as under.

Economic Profile
The per-capita income of Jodhpur is Rs. 24,523 which is
higher than that of Rajasthan at Rs. 23,194 (2008-09)*.
The Head Count Ratio of urban poverty in Jodhpur is 5.4
percent as compared to 10.7 percent in Rajasthan in 2011-
12. The working population of Jodhpur comprises of 32.55
percent of the total population, of which 89.46 percent of

J
odhpur is the second largest city in the Indian state of the workers constitutes main workers whereas the rest fall
Rajasthan. After its population crossed a million, it has under marginal workers category.
been declared as the second “Metropolitan City” of Ra-
jasthan. It was formerly the seat of a princely state of the The occupational profile of the workers reveals that in
same name, the capital of the kingdom known as Marwar. Jodhpur 28.1 percent of the workers were engaged in el-
Jodhpur is a popular tourist destination, featuring many ementary occupations followed by craft and related trade
palaces, forts and temples, set in the stark landscape of the work (26.3 percent) and service and sales works (18.1
Thar Desert. percent ) in 2011-12. An industrial classification of urban
workers in Jodhpur reveals that 28.7 percent of the work-
The city is known as the “Sun City” for the bright, sunny ers are engaged into manufacturing sector (33.8 percent),
weather it enjoys all the year round. It is also referred to followed by equal share of workers (19.3) in wholesale and
as the “Blue City” due to the vivid blue-painted houses retail trade and construction sector in 2011-12.
around the Mehrangarh Fort. The old city circles the fort
and is bounded by a wall with several gates. However, the Infrastructure Profile
city has expanded greatly outside the wall over the past As per Census of India 2011, 97.4 percent of the house-
several decades. Jodhpur lies near the geographic centre of holds have access to tap water. As many as 91.73 percent
Rajasthan state, which makes it a convenient base for travel of the households are connected to flush/pour flush toi-
in a region much frequented by tourists. let although both open and closed drainage is prevalent.
Out of the total households in the city 96.37 percent of the
Jodhpur, was founded by Rao Jodha, the chief of a clan households have electricity connection, of which 80 per-
Known as the Rathores in 1459. It lies on the strategic Delhi- cent have domestic connections and remaining are com-
Gujarat trading route and the people benefited from the traf- mercial connections.
fic of opium, copper, silk, sandalwood, dates and coffee. The
trade boosted an economy scarred by military conquests. There are 260 schools and 5 degree colleges per 100,000
population. In Jodhpur city, there are 73.69 percent house-
The city is famous for its food and its popularity can be holds living in houses which are in good condition while
judged from the fact that one can find sweet shops named 24.59 percent are in livable conditions. The proportion of
‘Jodhpur Sweets’ in many cities throughout India. Jodhpur households residing in own houses is 79.60 percent. The
is fast becoming a major education hub for higher stud- proportion of households living in slums is 23.0 percent.
ies in India. Almost every major discipline has a dedicated
institution in the city, with disciplines varying from Engi- The total road length of concrete roads in the city is 1225
neering, Medicine, Law, Design among others. kms while the road. There are 28 street lights for every km.
The proportion of households which own two-wheelers
Jodhpur Airport is one of the prominent airports of Ra- are 59.74 percent, whereas households owning four wheel-
jasthan. The airport is due for being transformed into an ers are 12.89 percent.
international airport. The work on which is going to start
very soon. At present, there are daily flights from Delhi There is a fire fighting station in the city. The proportion
Mumbai and Bangalore to the city operated by Air India of private banks in Jodhpur is 30.49 while 54.88 percent
and Jet Airways. of the total banks are nationalized. Of the total housholds,
* See page 38
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 69.94 percent of the households avail banking facilities. computer/laptops with internet facility. The city specializes
As many as 78.62 percent of the households have mobile in handloom textiles, stainless steel sheets and gwar gum
phones, where as 9.49 percent of the households have powder.

Social Indicators Housing & Basic Infrastructure

Indicators 2011 Indicators 2011 (%)
Households having
Sex Ratio 903 access to Tap Water 97.42
Child Sex Ratio 890 Households having access
to flush/pour flush 91.73
Children (%) 12.74 Households having
access to electricity 96.37
Schedule Caste (%) 12.71 Households living in
Good Quality House 73.69
Schedule Tribe (%) 2.39
Households living in own houses 79.60
Literacy Rate (%) 80.81 Source: Census of India, 2011
Source: Census of India, 2011

Transport Infrastructure Indicators Banking & Communication Facilities

Indicators 2011 (%) Indicators 2011 (%)
Households availing
Concrete Road Length (kms) 1225 Banking Facilities 69.94
Road Density km/sq km 15.59 Households owning
Mobile phones 78.62
Street Lights (no/km) 28 Households owning
Computer with internet facility 9.49
Two wheelers per household 0.6
Households owning Computer
Four wheelers per household 0.1 without internet facility 10.88
Source: Census of India, 2011 Source: Census of India, 2011

Economic Indicators
Indicators Value

Per Capita Income (Rs.) 2008-09 24,523

Population Below Poverty
Line (%), 2011-12 5.4
Work Participation Ratio (%) 2011 32.5
Source: Unit Level Data of NSSO, Employment
and Unemployment, 68th Round, 2011-12

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 Kota
Demographic Profile
In 2011, the population of Kota was 1.001 million report-
ing an annual growth rate of 3.67 percent. Kota Munici-
pal Corporation comprises 85.1 percent of the total urban
population of Kota district in 2011. The municipal corpo-
ration covers an area of 527.03 sq kms with a density of
1901 persons per square kilometer. The demographic de-
tails of the city have been illustrated as under.

Economic Profile
The per-capita income of Kota is Rs. 29,217, which is
higher than that of Rajasthan at Rs. 23,194 (2008-09)*.
The Head Count Ratio of urban poverty in Kota is 28.52
as compared to 10.7 percent in Rajasthan in 2011-12. The
working population of Kota comprises of 32.77 percent of
the total population, of which 89.77 percent of the workers

A
long the eastern bank of the Chambal River lies constitutes main workers whereas the rest fall under mar-
Kota - an amazing example of majestic medieval ginal workers category.
age and modern industrialization. Kota is located
on a high sloping tableland forming a part of the Malwa The occupational profile of the workers reveals that in
Plateau. The Mokandarra hills run from southeast to Kota nearly 32.4 percent of the workers are into elemen-
northwest of the town. Once the part of the erstwhile Ra- tary education followed by people engaged in professions
jput kingdom of Bundi, Kota became a separate princely (19.7 percent) and service and sales works (15.4 percent )
state in the 17th century. in 2011-12. An industrial classification of urban workers
in Kota reveals that almost one-third is engaged into con-
Kota is located around 250 km south of the state capital, struction(32.4 percent), followed by transport and storage
Jaipur. Today, besides being Rajasthan’s industrial centre, (18.5 percent) and construction sector (15.6 percent) in
Kota also serves as army headquarters. Its wealth of im- 2011-12.
pressive forts, opulent palaces and splendid temples of past
centuries retain their former glory. Its present-day edifices Infrastructure Profile
and heavy industries have made it the industrial heartland As per Census of India 2011, 82.30 percent of the house-
of Rajasthan. holds have access to tap water. As many as 77.35 percent
of the households are connected to flush/pour flush toi-
Summers in Kota are quite hot. The city experiences scant let although both open and closed drainage is prevalent.
rainfall between June and August. Winters are cool and Out of the total households in the city 97.25 percent of the
are the best times to visit the city. Dussehra festival is households have electricity connection, of which 82 per-
celebrated all over the country but the Kota Dussehra is cent have domestic connections and remaining are com-
quite unique for it marks more than just the beginning of a mercial connections.
festive period. Rich in courtly splendor and age old tradi-
tions, the Dussehra festival here is marked by a glittering There are 111 schools and 2 degree colleges per 100,000
procession, which attracts thousands from the surround- population. In Kota city, there are 71.72 percent house-
ing villages. holds living in houses which are in good condition while
26.40 percent are in livable conditions. The proportion of
Kota is reportedly the only Indian city besides Thiruvanan- households residing in own houses is 69.29percent. The
thapuram that receives a continuous 24-hour water supply. proportion of households living in slums is 31.6 percent.
In the past decade the city has emerged as a popular coach-
ing destination for competitive exams preparation and for- The total road length of concrete roads in the city is 1784.2
profit educational services has become a major part of the kms while the road. There are 16 street lights for every km.
city’s economy. The proportion of households which own two-wheelers
are 49.43 percent, whereas households owning four wheel-
Kota is connected with road and rail to all the major cities ers are 10.94 percent.
of India. It is an important station on the Delhi-Mumbai
main line and the railway junction is halt for nearly 100 There is a fire fighting station in the city. The proportion of
trains. private banks in Kota is high (33.80 percent) while 60 per-
* See page 38

22 l Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan

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 cent of the total banks are nationalized. Of the total house- phones, whereas 5.9 percent of the households have com-
holds 66.56 percent of the households avail banking facili- puter/laptops with internet facility. The city specializes in
ties. As many as 78 percent of the households have mobile the production of Rayon Yarn, Urea and Cement.

Social Indicators Housing & Basic Infrastructure

Indicators 2011 Indicators 2011 (%)
Households having
Sex Ratio 895 access to Tap Water 82.30
Child Sex Ratio 885 Households having access
to flush/pour flush 77.35
Children (%) 12.14 Households having
access to electricity 97.25
Schedule Caste (%) 18.25 Households living in
Good Quality House 71.72
Schedule Tribe (%) 4.87
Households living in own houses 69.29
Literacy Rate (%) 82.80 Source: Census of India, 2011
Source: Census of India, 2011

Transport Infrastructure Indicators Banking & Communication Facilities

Indicators 2011 (%) Indicators 2011 (%)
Households availing
Concrete Road Length (kms) 1784.2 Banking Facilities 66.57
Road Density km/sq km 3.4 Households owning
Mobile phones 78
Street Lights (no/km) 16 Households owning
Computer with internet facility 5.9
Two wheelers per household 0.5
Households owning Computer
Four wheelers per household 0.10 without internet facility 8.93
Source: Census of India, 2011 Source: Census of India, 2011

Economic Indicators
Indicators Value

Per Capita Income (Rs.) 2008-09 29,217

Population Below Poverty
Line (%), 2011-12 28.5
Work Participation Ratio (%) 2011 32.8
Source: Unit Level Data of NSSO, Employment
and Unemployment, 68th Round, 2011-12

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 Ajmer
percent as compared to 10.7 percent in Rajasthan in 2011-
12. The working population of Ajmer comprises of 32.25
percent of the total population, of which 92.54 percent of
the workers constitutes main workers whereas the rest fall
under marginal workers category.

Ajmer has been an important commercial, administra-

tive, transportation and education centre of the region.
The occupational profile of the workers reveals that in
Ajmer nearly 30 percent of the workers were engaged in
craft and related trade works followed by people engaged
in elementary occupations (19.7 percent) and service and
sales works (10.7 percent ) in 2011-12. An industrial clas-
sification of urban workers (2011-12) in Ajmer reveals that
one-thirds are engaged in manufacturing sector (33.8 per-
cent), followed by transport and storage (12.8 percent) and

A
jmer is an important tourist destination from his- construction sector (9.8 percent).
toric and pilgrimage aspect. It is also an important
education centre in the region. The Dargah of Kh- Infrastructure Profile
waja Mouinuddin Chisti is one of the most sacred pilgrim- Presently Ajmer is mostly dependent upon Bisalpur dam
age centres for the Muslims, next only to Mecca. for its water supply which is 115 Km away from the city.
The Bisalpur-Water Supply Project (BWSP) phase-I was
The town grew organically around the Dargah of Khwaja commissioned in year 1995 to deliver water from the exist-
Mouinuddin Chisti till the 18th century. In 1818 the city ing Bisalpur dam to Ajmer city to address the city’s scarcity
came under the British empire and subsequently Ajmer of water. As per Census of India 2011, 94 percent of the
Municipal Council was established in 1869. The inception households have access to tap water. As many as 88.4 per-
of colonial era marked the birth of two distinct cities - the cent of the households are connected to flush/pour flush
new colonial city and the indigenous city. High influx of toilet although both open and closed drainage is prevalent.
refugees from Pakistan after independence resulted in Out of the total households in the city 98.11 percent of the
sharp population increase and haphazard growth of the households have electricity connection, of which 82 per-
city. cent have domestic connections and remaining are com-
mercial connections.
Post independence, the development activity slowed down,
as Jaipur, the neighbouring city became the state capital. There are 165 schools and 8 degree colleges per 100,000
However, certain state level functions such as Public Ser- population in 2011. In Ajmer city, there are 73.5 percent
vice Commission, Secondary Education Board, Revenue households living in houses which are in good condition
Board etc are still being located in Ajmer. while 25.48 percent lives in livable conditions. The pro-
portion of households residing in own houses is 80.0 per-
Demographic Profile cent. The proportion of households living in slums is 19.3
In 2011, the population of Ajmer was 0.54 million report- percent.
ing an annual growth rate of 1.11 percent. Ajmer Mu-
nicipal Corporation comprised 52.4 percent of the total The city is well connected by road to other major cities in
urban population of Ajmer district in 2011. The municipal the state. NH-8 passes through the city connecting Jaipur
corporation covers an area of 219.36 sq kms with a den- in the north to Ahmedabad in the south. NH-89 connects
sity of 2472 persons per square kilometer. Apart from the Ajmer with Pushkar in the west and Kota in the east. Mu-
resident population, the city has a high floating popula- nicipal Council, UIT and PWD are engaged in maintain-
tion of 4000 tourists/day (City Development Plan, 2007). ing roads. The total road length of concrete roads in the
The demographic details of the city have been illustrated city is 256 kms while the road. There are 84 street lights for
as under. every km. The proportion of households which own two-
wheelers are 59.02 percent, whereas households owning
Economic Profile four wheelers are 11.15 percent.
The per-capita income of Ajmer district is Rs. 28,634,
which is higher than that of Rajasthan at Rs. 23,194 (2008- There is a fire fighting station in the city. The proportion
09)* . The Head Count Ratio of urban poor in Ajmer is 8.4 of private banks in Ajmer is meager (6.5 percent) while 83
* See page 38

24 l Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan

Rajasthan Cities4.indd 24 27-07-2015 05:35:36 PM

 percent of the total banks are nationalized. Of the total mobile phones, where as 8.1 percent of the households have
households, 75.6 percent of the households avail banking computer/laptops with internet facility. The city specializes
facilities. As many as 81.76 percent of the households have in marble tiles, marble slabs and engineering goods.

Social Indicators Housing & Basic Infrastructure

Indicators 2011 Indicators 2011 (%)
Households having
Sex Ratio 947 access to Tap Water 93.9
Child Sex Ratio 886 Households having access
to flush/pour flush 88.4
Children (%) 11.23 Households having
access to electricity 98.1
Schedule Caste (%) 24.76 Households living in
Good Quality House 73.5
Schedule Tribe (%) 1.91
Households living in own houses 80.0
Literacy Rate (%) 86.52
Source: Census of India, 2011
Households living in Slums 19.3
Source: Census of India, 2011

Transport Infrastructure Indicators Banking & Communication Facilities

Indicators 2011 (%) Indicators 2011 (%)
Households availing
Concrete Road Length (kms) 256 Banking Facilities 75.6
Road Density km/sq km 1.2 Households owning
Mobile phones 81.8
Street Lights (no/km) 84 Households owning
Computer with internet facility 8.1
Two wheelers per household 0.6
Households owning Computer
Four wheelers per household 0.1 without internet facility 12.3
Source: Census of India, 2011 Source: Census of India, 2011

Economic Indicators
Indicators Value

Per Capita Income (Rs.) 2008-09 28,634

Population Below Poverty
Line (%),2011-12 8.4
Work Participation Ratio (%) 2011 32.3
Source: Unit Level Data of NSSO, Employment
and Unemployment, 68th Round, 2011-12

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 Bikaner
has a hot desert with very little rainfall and extreme tem-
peratures. In summer temperatures can exceed 45 °C, and
during the winter they may dip below freezing.

Demographic Profile
In 2011, the population of Bikaner was 0.64 million report-
ing an annual growth rate of 1.96 percent. Bikaner Mu-
nicipal Corporation comprises 80.5 percent of the total ur-
ban population of Bikaner district in 2011. The municipal
corporation covers an area of 155.03 sq kms with a density
of 4157 persons per square kilometer. The demographic
details of the city have been illustrated as under.

Economic Profile
The per-capita income in Bikaner is Rs. 24,101 which is
higher than that of Rajasthan at Rs. 23,194 (2008-09)*.

B
ikaner is located 330 kilometres (205 mi) north- The Head Count Ratio of urban poverty in Bikaner is 7.8
west of the state capital, Jaipur. Bikaner city is the percent as compared to 10.7 percent in Rajasthan in 2011-
administrative headquarters of Bikaner District and 12. The working population of Bikaner comprises of 31.98
Bikaner division. It was formerly the capital of the princely percent of the total population, of which 90.46 percent of
state of Bikaner. The city was founded by Rao Bika in 1486 the workers constitutes main workers whereas the rest fall
and from its small origins it has developed into the fifth under marginal workers category.
largest city in Rajasthan.
The occupational profile of the workers reveals that in
The city of Bikaner was previously a part of the kingdom Bikaner 40.0 percent of the workers engaged in service
of Jangaldesh and was named after its founder Rao Bika. and sales works followed by craft and related trade work
A desert country that doubled up as a prime trade hub in (23.4 percent) and elementary occupation (17.2 percent )
the olden times, Bikaner was the stronghold of the mighty in 2011-12. An industrial classification of urban workers in
Rajputs who have left their traces on the exacting terrain Bikaner reveals that one-thirds of the workers are engaged
with their contributions of the towering sandstone havelis, into wholesale and retail trade (32.4 percent) followed by
exquisite memorials, and beautiful historical monuments, manufacturing sector (27.3 percent) and construction sec-
palaces and temples. tor (16 percent) in 2011-12.

Bikaner is still a relatively calm and less crowded destina- Infrastructure Profile
tion in the otherwise chaotic tourist map of Rajasthan. As per Census of India 2011, 95.74 percent of the house-
Bikaner differs from other more popular destinations by holds have access to tap water. As many as 74.01 percent
holding on to its ethnicity and celebrating and embracing of the households are connected to flush/pour flush toi-
its people and their culture. Bikaner has evolved from a dry let although both open and closed drainage is prevalent.
land of desert vegetation and tepid dreariness to a culture Out of the total households in the city 94.81 percent of the
hub that celebrates life. households have electricity connection, of which 82 per-
cent have domestic connections and remaining are com-
The internal transport system in Bikaner consists of auto mercial connections.
rickshaws and city buses. Bikaner is connected to major
Indian cities via broad gauge railway and a railway station There are 155 schools and 3 degree colleges per 100,000
is on the Jodhpur-Bathinda line. Bikaner is well served population. In Bikaner city, there are 72.08 percent house-
with roads and is linked directly to Delhi, Jaipur , Jodhpur, holds living in houses which are in good condition while
and many other cities. National highways 11, 15, and 89 26.49 percent are in livable conditions. The proportion
meet at Bikaner. Construction of domestic airport at Nal of households residing in own houses is 86.28 percent.
14 km from city was completed in August 2013 with opera- The proportion of households living in slums is 18.0 per-
tions to be handled by Airport Authority of India, and start cent.
of schedule flights to Delhi and other cities is awaited due
to dispute regarding the height of the terminal building. The total road length of concrete roads in the city is 467.84
kms. There are 56 street lights for every km. The propor-
Bikaner is situated in the middle of the Thar desert and tion of households which own two-wheelers are 46.11 per-
* See page 38

26 l Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan

Rajasthan Cities4.indd 26 27-07-2015 05:35:38 PM

 cent, whereas households owning four wheelers are 8.01 69.07 percent of the households avail banking facilities.
percent. As many as 78.09 percent of the households have mobile
phones, where as 5.74 percent of the households have
There is a fire fighting station in the city. The proportion computer/laptops with internet facility. The city specializes
of private banks in Bikaner is 26.00 while 60.00 percent of in bhujiya papad, woolen carpet, popline textile (printed).
the total banks are nationalized. Of the total households,

Social Indicators Housing & Basic Infrastructure

Indicators 2011 Indicators 2011 (%)
Households having
Sex Ratio 904 access to Tap Water 95.74
Child Sex Ratio 905 Households having access
to flush/pour flush 74.01
Children (%) 13.06 Households having
access to electricity 94.81
Schedule Caste (%) 11.44 Households living in
Good Quality House 72.08
Schedule Tribe (%) 0.50
Households living in own houses 86.28
Literacy Rate (%) 79.29 Source: Census of India, 2011

Source: Census of India, 2011

Transport Infrastructure Indicators Banking & Communication Facilities

Indicators 2011 (%) Indicators 2011 (%)
Households availing
Concrete Road Length (kms) 467.84 Banking Facilities 69.07
Road Density km/sq km 3.02 Households owning
Mobile phones 78.09
Street Lights (no/km) 56 Households owning
Computer with internet facility 5.74
Two wheelers per household 0.5
Households owning Computer
Four wheelers per household 0.08 without internet facility 11.03
Source: Census of India, 2011 Source: Census of India, 2011

Economic Indicators
Indicators Value

Per Capita Income (Rs.) 2008-09 24,101

Population Below Poverty
Line (%),2011-12 7.8
Work Participation Ratio (%) 2011 31.9
Source: Unit Level Data of NSSO, Employment
and Unemployment, 68th Round, 2011-12

Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan l 27

Rajasthan Cities4.indd 27 27-07-2015 05:35:38 PM

 Udaipur
several state and regional public offices. Udaipur is already
an important tourism destination among international
travelers. The region falls in the Golden Quadrilateral
project. Such opportunities would lead economic develop-
ment of the city.

However the city has been facing major issues, which hin-
der its holistic development. The absence of broad gauge
connectivity to the city has been affecting potentials in in-
dustrial as well as commercial growth. The Infrastructure
facilities like sewerage, drainage and solid waste manage-
ment need to be improved. The city is rich in heritage re-
sources but lacks civic awareness on heritage and conser-
vation aspects.

Demographic Profile

U
daipur city is known for its history of warriors and In 2011, the population of Udaipur was 0.45 million re-
rich cultural heritage. It has been the historic capi- porting an annual growth rate of 1.47 percent. Udaipur
tal of the kingdom of Mewar of the former Rajpu- Municipal Council comprises 74.1 percent of the total ur-
tana dynasty. The foundation of the present day Udaipur ban population of Udaipur district in 2011. The municipal
was laid in 1559 by Maharaja Udai Singh. Udaipur city Council covers an area of 56.92 sq kms with a density of
is a part of Girwa tehsil of Udaipur district in southern 7925 persons per square kilometer. The demographic de-
Rajasthan. The city is surrounded by the spectacular and tails of the city have been illustrated as under.
mineral rich Aravalli hills at its northern and eastern sides.
The average altitude of the city is 577m above mean sea Economic Profile
level. Udaipur is directly linked to the major cities of India The per-capita income of Udaipur is Rs. 24,135, which is
like New Delhi, Jaipur, Ahmadabad, Mumbai, etc. through higher than that of Rajasthan at Rs. 23,194 (2008-09)*.
road, rail, and air. It is situated at a distance of about 450 The Head Count Ratio of urban poverty in Udaipur is 3.6
kms from Jaipur and 250 kms from Ahmadabad on Na- percent as compared to 10.7 percent in Rajasthan in 2011-
tional Highway 8. It also has the distinction of being the 12. The working population of Udaipur comprises of 34.41
only city in the country to have both the East-West Cor- percent of the total population, of which 93.90 percent of
ridor and the North-South Corridor of the Golden Quad- the workers constitutes main workers whereas the rest fall
rilateral Highway Project passing through it. under marginal workers category. The occupational profile
of the workers reveals that in Udaipur 21.5 percent are ser-
The city is a famous tourist attraction, with approximate- vice and sales activities, followed by craft and related trade
ly 15 to 18 thousand tourists visiting it daily and is often (19.2 percent) and legislators, senior officials and manag-
called as the “Venice of the East”, as well as the “Lake City”. ers (13.5 percent) in 2011-12. An industrial classification
The lakes Pichola, Fateh Sagar, Udai Sagar and Swaroop Sa- of urban workers in Udaipur reveals that 26.4 percent is
gar in city are considered some of the most beautiful lakes engaged into wholesale and retail trade, followed by manu-
in the state. facturing (22.4 percent) and professional, educational and
health sector (15.5 percent) in 2011-12.
Udaipur has witnessed multifold development in the last
two decades. The city is an industrial, administrative, and Infrastructure Profile
education centre. The economy of Udaipur is diversified As per Census of India 2011, 80 percent of the households
with significant contributions from tourism, trade and have access to tap water. As many as 93.26 percent of the
commerce, and industrial Sector. The city is also known households are connected to flush/pour flush toilet al-
for its high quality peculiar green marble and other rich though both open and closed drainage is prevalent. Out of
mineral deposits. There are many large and small-scale in- the total households in the city 98.59 percent of the house-
dustries in Udaipur, mainly in manufacturing of synthetic holds have electricity connection, of which 75 percent have
yarn, tyre tube, cement, marble tiles and marble slabs, domestic connections and remaining are commercial con-
gases, synthetic threads, oil refinery etc. Udaipur has some nections.
of the major industrial set-ups of country. Besides these,
Udaipur is also an educational hub with 5 universities, 6 There are 190 schools and 5 degree colleges per 100,000
colleges and more than 160 high schools. The city is host to population. In Udaipur city, there are 78.79 percent house-
* See page 38

28 l Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan

Rajasthan Cities4.indd 28 27-07-2015 05:35:39 PM

 holds living in houses which are in good condition while There is a fire fighting station in the city. The proportion
20.21 percent are in livable conditions. The proportion of of private banks in Udaipur is 29.41 percent while 57.35
households residing in own houses is 73.33 percent. The percent of the total banks are nationalized. Of the total
proportion of households living in slums is 13.9 percent. households 83.29 percent of the households avail banking
facilities. As many as 83.70 percent of the households have
The total road length of concrete roads in the city is 146 mobile phones, where as 12.48 percent of the households
kms while the road. There are 2 street lights for every km. have computer/laptops with internet facility. The city spe-
The proportion of households which own two-wheelers cializes in the wooden toys, marble slabs and Bhandej sa-
are 73.84 percent, whereas households owning four wheel- rees.
ers are 19.47 percent.

Social Indicators Housing & Basic Infrastructure

Indicators 2011 Indicators 2011 (%)
Households having
Sex Ratio 928 access to Tap Water 80.01
Child Sex Ratio 866 Households having access
to flush/pour flush 93.26
Children (%) 10.63 Households having
access to electricity 98.59
Schedule Caste (%) 10.49 Households living in
Good Quality House 78.79
Schedule Tribe (%) 5.02
Households living in own houses 73.33
Literacy Rate (%) 89.66 Source: Census of India, 2011

Source: Census of India, 2011

Transport Infrastructure Indicators Banking & Communication Facilities

Indicators 2011 (%) Indicators 2011 (%)
Households availing
Concrete Road Length (kms) 146 Banking Facilities 83.29
Road Density km/sq km 1.2 Households owning
Mobile phones 83.70
Street Lights (no/km) 2 Households owning
Computer with internet facility 12.48
Two wheelers per household 0.7
Households owning Computer
Four wheelers per household 0.19 without internet facility 14.60
Source: Census of India, 2011 Source: Census of India, 2011

Economic Indicators
Indicators Value

Per Capita Income (Rs.) 2008-09 24,135

Population Below Poverty
Line (%),2011-12 3.6
Work Participation Ratio (%) 2011 34.4
Source: Unit Level Data of NSSO, Employment
and Unemployment, 68th Round, 2011-12
Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan l 29

Rajasthan Cities4.indd 29 27-07-2015 05:35:39 PM

 Bhilwara
Economic Profile
The per-capita income in Bhilwara is Rs.31, 548, which is
higher than that of Rajasthan at Rs. 23,194 (2008-09)*. The
Head Count Ratio of urban poverty in Bhilwara is 10 per-
cent as compared to 10.7 percent in Rajasthan in 2011-12.
The working population of Bhilwara comprises of 35.21
percent of the total population, of which 90.93 percent of
the workers constitutes main workers whereas the rest fall
under marginal workers category.

The occupational profile of the workers reveals that in

Bhilwara 33.4 percent are service and sales workers, fol-
lowed by elementary occupations (22.7 percent) and leg-
islators, senior officers and managers (13.1 percent) in
2011-12 . An industrial classification of urban workers in
Bhilwara reveals that 39 percent is engaged in wholesale

B
hilwara is the district headquarters of Bhilwara Dis- and retail trade , followed by manufacturing (3.06 percent)
trict in southern part of Rajasthan State. It is situated and other service activities (18.2 percent) in 2011-12.
at about 250 km southwest of State Capital, Jaipur.
The municipal area under the jurisdiction of Bhilwara Na- Infrastructure Profile
gar Parishad (BNP) extends to an area of 69 sq. km, hous- As per Census of India 2011, 80.78 percent of the house-
ing a population of 359,483 (as per Census 2011) and is holds have access to tap water. As many as 81.13 percent
divided into 50 municipal wards for administrative pur- of the households are connected to flush/pour flush toi-
poses. Bhilwara is one of the six project towns selected for let although both open and closed drainage is prevalent.
implementation of the ADB funded Rajasthan Urban Sec- Out of the total households in the city 97.25 percent of the
tor Development Program (RUSDP). households have electricity connection, of which 82 per-
cent have domestic connections and remaining are com-
Bhilwara is the centre of administration, trade, commerce mercial connections.
and, industry in the region. Located on the southern edge
of Aravali hills, Bhilwara is situated at a distance of 250 There are 152 schools and 4 degree colleges per 100,000
km southwest of Jaipur. It has good road connectivity to population. In Bhilwara city, there are 71.55 percent house-
its surrounding towns and cities through NH 76 & NH holds living in houses which are in good condition while
79. The town is also well connected with railway network. 27.41 percent are in livable conditions. The proportion of
Nearest airport is at Udaipur, about 165 km from Bhilwara. households residing in own houses is 67.62percent. The
proportion of households living in slums is 4.3 percent.
Bhilwara is an industrial city with several textile units with
problematic air emissions. City is famous for its textile in- The total road length of concrete roads in the city is 644.27
dustries engaged in processing, dying, sewing and print- kms while the road. There are 28 street lights for every km.
ing activities. Besides water pollution, textile units emit air The proportion of households which own two-wheelers
pollutants predominantly from boilers and ovens, and usu- are 57.38 percent, whereas households owning four wheel-
ally generate oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and oxides of sul- ers are 11.59 percent.
phur (Sox). Due to dry weather and bad road conditions,
particulate matter is likely to be high, particularly during The city doesn’t have a fire fighting station in the city. The
summer dust storms driven by relatively strong north-west proportion of private banks in Bhilwara is meager (2.63
to south-west winds. percent) while 87 percent of the total banks are national-
ized. Of the total housholds 73.10 percent of the house-
Demographic Profile holds avail banking facilities. As many as 85.16 percent of
In 2011, the population of Bhilwara was 0.35 million re- the households have mobile phones, where as 6.07 percent
porting an annual growth rate of 2.49 percent. Bhilwara of the households have computer/laptops with internet
Municipal Council comprises 70.1 percent of the total ur- facility. The city specializes in synthetic clothes,synthetic
ban population of Bhilwara district in 2011. The municipal yarns and cotton yarns.
council covers an area of 118.49 sq kms with a density of
3034 persons per square kilometer. The demographic de-
tails of the city have been illustrated as under. * See page 38

30 l Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan

Rajasthan Cities4.indd 30 27-07-2015 05:35:41 PM

 Social Indicators Housing & Basic Infrastructure
Indicators 2011 Indicators 2011 (%)
Households having
Sex Ratio 922 access to Tap Water 80.78
Child Sex Ratio 899 Households having access
to flush/pour flush 81.13
Children (%) 13.02 Households having
access to electricity 96.24
Schedule Caste (%) 13.27 Households living in
Good Quality House 71.55
Schedule Tribe (%) 1.25
Households living in own houses 67.62
Literacy Rate (%) 82.20 Source: Census of India, 2011
Source: Census of India, 2011

Transport Infrastructure Indicators Banking & Communication Facilities

Indicators 2011 (%) Indicators 2011 (%)
Households availing
Concrete Road Length (kms) 644.27 Banking Facilities 73.10
Road Density km/sq km 5.44 Households owning
Mobile phones 85.16
Street Lights (no/km) 28 Households owning
Computer with internet facility 6.07
Two wheelers per household 0.6
Households owning Computer
Four wheelers per household 0.12 without internet facility 9.29
Source: Census of India, 2011 Source: Census of India, 2011

Economic Indicators
Indicators Value

Per Capita Income (Rs.) 2008-09 31,548

Population Below Poverty
Line (%),2011-12 10.0
Work Participation Ratio (%) 2011 35.2
Source: Unit Level Data of NSSO, Employment
and Unemployment, 68th Round, 2011-12

Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan l 31

Rajasthan Cities4.indd 31 27-07-2015 05:35:41 PM

 Alwar
Economic Profile
Per-capita income in Alwar is Rs. 26,656, higher than that
of Rajasthan (Rs. 23,194) in 2008-09*. Head Count Ratio
of urban poverty in Alwar is 16.6 percent as compared to
10.7 percent in Rajasthan in 2011-12. The working popula-
tion of Alwar comprises of 31.83 percent of the total popu-
lation, of which 91.43 percent of the workers constitutes
main workers whereas the rest fall under marginal workers
category.

The occupational profile of the workers reveals that in Al-

war nearly one-third work as plant and machine operators
and assemblers (33.9 percent) followed by service and sales
workers (25.9 percent) and elementary occupations (20.9
per cent) in 2011-12. An industrial classification of urban
workers in Alwar reveals that more than 40 percent is en-

A
research conducted during the reign of Maharaja gaged into manufacturing sector (42.2 percent), followed
Jai Singh of Alwar revealed that Maharaja Alaghraj, by wholesale and retail trade (17.4 percent) and other ser-
second son of Maharaja Kakil of Amer (old seat of vice activities (9.8 percent) in 2011-12.
Jaipur) ruled the area in the eleventh century and his terri-
tory extended up to the present city of Alwar. He founded Infrastructure Profile
the city of Alpur in 1106 Vikrami samvat (1049 A.D.) after As per Census of India 2011, 77.5 percent of the house-
his own name which eventually became Alwar. It was for- holds have access to tap water. As many as 84.0 percent
merly spelt as “Ulwar” in British India. This placed it in last of the households are connected to flush/pour flush toi-
position in alphabetically ordered lists, so a king changed let although both open and closed drainage is prevalent.
the spelling to “Alwar” to bring it to the top. Out of the total households in the city 96.9 percent of the
households have electricity connection, of which 81.0 per-
Alwar has good connectivity with the surrounding set- cent have domestic connections and remaining are com-
tlements and major cities. Alwar is linked with the other mercial connections.
parts of the district and state as well by National Highway.
Alwar is a city and administrative headquarters of Al- There are 179 schools and 6 degree colleges per 100,000
war District in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is located population. In Alwar city, there are 71.1 percent house-
around 160 km south of Delhi, and about 150 km north of holds living in houses which are in good condition while
Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan. Alwar is part of National 27.5 percent are in livable conditions. The proportion of
Capital Region (NCR). Alwar is also famous for its Olive households residing in own houses is 88.1 percent. The
plantation in Tinkirudi. Alwar was formerly the capital of proportion of households living in slums is 1.1 percent
the princely state of Alwar. It was formerly spelt as “Ul-
war” in British India. This placed it in last position in al- The total road length of concrete roads in the city is 745
phabetically ordered lists, so a king changed the spelling kms while the road. There are 17 street lights for every km.
to “Alwar” to bring it to the top. Alwar is also known by The proportion of households which own two-wheelers
the name “MatsyaNagar”. The Ruparail River is a major are 55.90 percent, whereas households owning four wheel-
river near the city. Alwar is fairly rich in mineral wealth. It ers are 10.58 percent.
produces marble, granite, feldspar, dolomite, quartz, lime
stone, soap stone, barites, copper clay, copper ore and py- There is a fire fighting station in the city. The proportion of
rophylite. private banks in Alwar is meager (14.3 percent) while 80.0
percent of the total banks are nationalized. Of the total
Demographic Profile households 77.3 percent of the households avail banking
In 2011, the population of Alwar was 0.32 million report- facilities. As many as 81.5 percent of the households have
ing an annual growth rate of 1.92 percent. Alwar Munici- mobile phones, where as 7.5 percent of the households have
pal Corporation comprises 48.2 percent of the total urban computer/laptops with internet facility. The city specializes
population of Alwar district in 2011. The municipal corpo- in vanaspati ghee, granite tiles and rakhee products.
ration covers an area of 48.4 sq kms with a density of 6665
persons per square kilometer. The demographic details of
* See page 38
the city have been illustrated as under.

32 l Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan

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 Social Indicators Housing & Basic Infrastructure
Indicators 2011 Indicators 2011 (%)
Households having
Sex Ratio 891 access to Tap Water 77.5
Child Sex Ratio 836 Households having access
to flush/pour flush 84.0
Children (%) 11.31 Households having
access to electricity 96.9
Schedule Caste (%) 16.99 Households living in
Good Quality House 71.1
Schedule Tribe (%) 3.90
Households living in own houses 88.1
Literacy Rate (%) 85.95 Source: Census of India, 2011
Source: Census of India, 2011

Transport Infrastructure Indicators Banking & Communication Facilities

Indicators 2011 (%) Indicators 2011 (%)
Households availing
Concrete Road Length (kms) 745 Banking Facilities 77.3
Road Density km/sq km 15.4 Households owning
Mobile phones 81.5
Street Lights (no/km) 17 Households owning
Computer with internet facility 7.5
Two wheelers per household 0.6
Households owning Computer
Four wheelers per household 0.11 without internet facility 13.7
Source: Census of India, 2011
Source: Census of India, 2011

Economic Indicators
Indicators Value

Per Capita Income (Rs). 2008-09 26,656

Population Below Poverty Line
(%),2011-12 16.6
Work Participation Ratio (%) 2011 31.8
Source: Unit Level Data of NSSO, Employment
and Unemployment, 68th Round, 2011-12

Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan l 33

Rajasthan Cities4.indd 33 27-07-2015 05:35:43 PM

 Bhiwadi
future here along the NH-8 (Delhi-Jaipur highway). Some
of the residential colonies and housing boards include a
fairly good number of healthcare facilities, including pri-
vate clinics and hospitals, nursing homes and government
hospitals.

Demographic Profile
In 2011, the population of Bhiwadi was 0.10 million re-
porting an annual growth rate of 11.3 percent. Bhiwadi
Municipality comprises 16.0 percent of the total urban
population of Alwar district in 2011. The municipality cov-
ers an area of 44.06 sq kms with a density of 2381 persons
per square kilometer. The demographic details of the city
have been illustrated as under.

Economic Profile

B
hiwadi is a city in the Alwar district of the Indian According to Census 2011, the working population of Bhi-
state of Rajasthan. It comes under the jurisdiction wadi comprises of 38.61 percent of the total population, of
of the National Capital Region. It is an industrial which 92.80 percent of the workers constitutes main work-
hub and lies on the Rajasthan-Haryana border, adjacent to ers whereas the rest fall under marginal workers category.
Dharuhera the town of Haryana. Dharuhera and Bhiwadi Out of the total workers a large proportion of workers are
form one urban sprawl. Bhiwadi is also popular as a pil- engaged in services (90.99 percent), while the share of cul-
grimage place. tivators is 6.7 percent. The share of agricultural labours
and household workers is negligible (0.91 percent and 1.4
Bhiwadi is 65 km away from the New Delhi, 200 km from percent).
Jaipur, 90 km from Alwar, 22 km from Gurgaon (Manesar)
and 60 km from Faridabad. The nearest railway station is Infrastructure Profile
Rewari Junction, 26 km south of city and nearest airport is As per Census of India 2011, 45.0 percent of the house-
Delhi airport, 55 km north of the city. holds have access to tap water. As many as 74.7 percent
of the households are connected to flush/pour flush toi-
Bhiwadi, in Rajasthan’s Alwar district, has developed into a let although both open and closed drainage is prevalent.
modern city. A number of industrial centres have come up Out of the total households in the city 96.1 percent of the
in around Bhiwadi-Neemrana , Dharuhera, Khushkhera, households have electricity connection, of which 70.0 per-
Chopanki, Bawal, etc. It is the fastest growing industrial cent have domestic connections and remaining are com-
town on the outskirts of Delhi. A prime industrial town of mercial connections.
the NCR and Rajasthan, Bhiwadi comprises three indus-
trial areas: Bhiwadi, Chopanki and Khushkhera. Spread There are 165 schools and 2 degree colleges per 100,000
over nearly 5,300 acres, there are around 2,500 industries population. In Bhiwadi city, there are 65.6 percent house-
operating in these three places. holds living in houses which are in good condition while
32.2 percent are in livable conditions. The proportion of
The Bhiwadi sub-region is playing a major role in the eco- households residing in own houses is 54.6 percent.
nomic development of Rajasthan. Spread over 3,347 acres,
and an additional 3,000 acres proposed for its extension The total road length of concrete roads in the city is 90 kms
, Bhiwadi has around 2,500 tiny, small, medium, large, while the road. There are 44 street lights for every km. The
industries including MNC industrial units manufactur- proportion of households which own two-wheelers are
ing various types of products. They include industries like 34.51 percent, whereas households owning four wheelers
steel, furnace, electronics, engineering, textiles, pharma- are 11.6 percent.
ceuticals, printing, cables, rolling mills, food processing ,
herbal care, etc. There is a fire fighting station in the city but there is no rail-
way station. The nearest railway station is Rewari which is
Bhiwadi-Dharuhera, with social and physical infrastruc- 30 kms away from the main city. The proportion of private
ture and civil amenities in place, have emerged as a credible banks in Bhiwadi is moderate (19.1 percent) while 76.2
alternative to Gurgaon. The real estate sector has a robust percent of the total banks are nationalized. Of the total

34 l Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan

Rajasthan Cities4.indd 34 27-07-2015 05:35:44 PM

 households 67.2 percent of the households avail banking have computer/laptops with internet facility. The city spe-
facilities. As many as 81.4 percent of the households have cializes in the iron and steel goods, steel plates and medi-
mobile phones, where as 5.4 percent of the households cines.

Social Indicators Housing & Basic Infrastructure

Indicators 2011 Indicators 2011 (%)
Households having
Sex Ratio 757 access to Tap Water 45.0
Child Sex Ratio 860 Households having access
to flush/pour flush 74.7
Children (%) 16.29 Households having
access to electricity 96.1
Schedule Caste (%) 11.04 Households living in
Good Quality House 65.6
Schedule Tribe (%) 0.42
Households living in own houses 42.0
Literacy Rate (%) 79.84 Source: Census of India, 2011
Source: Census of India, 2011

Transport Infrastructure Indicators Banking & Communication Facilities

Indicators 2011 (%) Indicators 2011 (%)
Households availing
Concrete Road Length (kms) 90 Banking Facilities 76.2
Road Density km/sq km 2.0 Households owning
Mobile phones 81.4
Street Lights (no/km) 44 Households owning
Computer with internet facility 5.4
Two wheelers per household 0.3
Households owning Computer
Four wheelers per household 0.12 without internet facility 9.7
Source: Census of India, 2011
Source: Census of India, 2011

Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan l 35

Rajasthan Cities4.indd 35 27-07-2015 05:35:44 PM

 Mount Abu
Economic Profile
According to Census 2011, the working population of
Mount Abu comprises of 38.35 percent of the total popu-
lation, of which 86.75 percent of the workers constitutes
main workers whereas the rest fall under marginal work-
ers category. Out of the total workers a large proportion of
workers are engaged in services (93.4 percent), while the
share of household workers is 4.9 percent. The share of cul-
tivators and agricultural labours is negligible (0.96 percent
and 0.85 percent).

Out of the total main and marginal workers, 93 and 95 per-

cent are engaged in other service.

Infrastructure Profile
As per Census of India 2011, 69.6 percent of the house-

M
ount Abu is a popular hill station in the Ara- holds have access to tap water. As many as 68.2 percent
valli Range in Sirohi district of Rajasthan state of the households are connected to flush/pour flush toi-
in western India near the border with Gujarat. let although both open and closed drainage is prevalent.
The mountain forms a distinct rocky plateau 22 km long Out of the total households in the city 88.4 percent of the
by 9 km wide. The highest peak on the mountain is Guru households have electricity connection, of which 75.0 per-
Shikhar at 1,722 m (5,650 ft) above sea level. It is referred cent have domestic connections and remaining are com-
to as ‘an oasis in the desert’ as its heights are home to riv- mercial connections.
ers, lakes, waterfalls and evergreen forests. Nearest Railway
station is Abu Road Railway station which is 27 km away. There are 116 schools and 9 degree colleges per 100,000
population. The total road length of concrete roads in the
Mount Abu town, the only hill station in Rajasthan, is lo- city is 50 kms while there are 28 street lights for every km.
cated at an elevation of 1,220 m (4,003 ft). It has been a The proportion of households which own two-wheelers
popular retreat from the heat of Rajasthan and neighbour- are 33.24 percent, whereas households owning four wheel-
ing Gujarat for centuries. The Mount Abu Wildlife Sanc- ers are 11.9 percent.
tuary was established in 1960 and covers 290 km² of the
mountain. There is a fire fighting station in the city but there is no
railway station. The nearest railway station is Abu road
Being the only hill station in Rajasthan, it has been a popu- which is 28 kms away from the main city. The proportion
lar retreat for the residents as a place away from the scorch- of private banks in Mount Abu is moderate (20.0 percent)
ing desert heat. The place also has a significant place in while 50.0 percent of the total banks are nationalized. Of
the Hindu mythology. Today, the place is a great tourist the total households 82.1 percent of the households avail
destination, a hill station with the distinctive blend of the banking facilities. As many as 74.8 percent of the house-
flavors of Rajasthan. A survey to collect domestic tourism holds have mobile phones, where as 6.8 percent of the
statistics for the state of Rajasthan for the reference period households have computer/laptops with internet facility.
of 2005-06 indicated location wise number of domestic
overnight visitors in Mount Abu as 3.3 million which is 36
percent of the state total.

Demographic Profile
In 2011, the population of Mount Abu was 0.02 million
reporting an annual growth rate of 0.35 percent. Mount
Abu Municipality comprises 11 percent of the total urban
population of Sirohi district in 2011. The municipality cov-
ers an area of 21.41 sq kms with a density of 1072 persons
per square kilometer. The demographic details of the city
have been illustrated as under.

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 Social Indicators Housing & Basic Infrastructure
Indicators 2011 Indicators 2011 (%)
Households having
Sex Ratio 827 access to Tap Water 69.6
Child Sex Ratio 877 Households having access
to flush/pour flush 68.2
Children (%) 12.34 Households having
access to electricity 88.4
Schedule Caste (%) 21.65 Households living in
Good Quality House 75.0
Schedule Tribe (%) 18.92 Source: Census of India, 2011

Literacy Rate 81.15

Source: Census of India, 2011

Transport Infrastructure Indicators Banking & Communication Facilities

Indicators 2011 (%) Indicators 2011 (%)
Households availing
Concrete Road Length (kms) 50 Banking Facilities 82.1
Road Density km/sq km 2.34 Households owning
Mobile phones 74.8
Street Lights (no/km) 28 Households owning
Computer with internet facility 6.8
Two wheelers per household 0.3
Households owning Computer
Four wheelers per household 0.12 without internet facility 11.6
Source: Census of India, 2011
Source: Census of India, 2011

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 * Directorate of Economic and Statistics provide
information on Net Domestic Product at district
level. However no information is available at the city
level. Therefore the district GDP has been taken as a
proxy for the city. To avoid annual fluctuations due to
natural calamities, an average of three years’ figures
have been worked out.

38 l Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan

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 District-wise Urban Workers by
National Classification of Occupation in Rajasthan, 2011-12

Source: Unit Level Data of NSSO, Employment and Unemployment, 68th Round, 2011-12
NOTE: Workers are classified by usual principal and subsidiary status

District-wise Urban Workers by National Industrial Classification in Rajasthan, 2011-12

Source: Unit Level Data of NSSO, Employment and Unemployment, 68th Round, 2011-12
NOTE: Workers are classified by usual principal and subsidiary status

Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan l 39

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 Smart City
Planning

40 l Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan

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 Introduction facto voters. The need to factor in citizen behaviour places
The primary function of cities is not only to house citizens, city authorities in front of a daunting challenge. First and
but to offer them better opportunities to develop their per- foremost the authorities need to develop a strategy, which
sonal and entrepreneurial potential. Cities have to provide takes into account the needs, objectives and the long-term
the right environment, backed by efficient and affordable development scenarios of the city. Second, they have to
services and infrastructures. Smart Cities adopt a ‘systems- factor in that much of the developments will be out of their
of-systems’ approach to service delivery and develop col- direct control.
laborative service models to focus on shared outcomes
across organisational boundaries. They make best of data A smart city is expected to partially self-organize with pri-
and digital technologies to invest in enhanced openness vate operators supplying services, data and even energy as
and transparency that promotes citizen and community prosumers (i.e. consumers and producers). Services are
engagement in, and ownership of, service reform. increasingly developed under public-private partnerships
and integrated in complex systems. Thus, city authorities
The principle of a smart city is that by having the right in- at all levels will have an important role to play that goes far
formation at the right time, citizens, service providers, and beyond merely procuring technologies. Within the limit of
city government alike will be able to make better decisions their competences, they have to develop the right planning
that result in an increased quality of life for urban residents and incentive structures. They also have to launch intel-
and the overall sustainability of the city. The smart city can ligent procurement processes that take into account the
be defined as the integration of data and digital technolo- wider objectives of the city in an integrated fashion.
gies into a strategic approach to sustainability, citizen well-
being and economic development. The ultimate vision is Through their capacity to act, city authorities can encour-
of a smart city that strategically manages multiple systems age – or hinder – social innovation, creativity and human
at a city-wide level and through increased transparency, interaction, employment and business opportunities. The
openness and shared accountability creates an innovation regulatory framework is crucial, and the way city authori-
system that improves outcomes and enhances city compe- ties organize their activities and procurement systems is a
tiveness. To secure this vision a smart city invests in assets key element for the development of a smart city. As such,
or capabilities that are increasingly reused on a city-wide they need to act as a partner with industry, service pro-
basis to transform a range of services rather than ‘one-off ’ viders, financiers and end users to build the smart city. In
improvements to a single service. short, smart cities are complex and will ultimately be self-
organizing and be run by city dwellers and private sector
Smart cities have to be inclusive and benefit citizens, or will operators. Essentially, this means that the right markets
otherwise fail to be smart. Smart solutions are not to be need to be set up with the right enablers.
seen as a cost to the city, but as an investment, and need to
be planned and implemented as such. Developing smart Standards are essential enablers when developing a smart
cities is not only a process whereby technology providers city by guaranteeing an expected performance level and
offer technical solutions and city authorities procure them. compatibility between technologies. They open the door
Building up smart cities also requires the development of to a larger choice of products, increased competition and
the right environment for smart solutions to be effectively thus foster the innovation drive, benefitting both cities and
adopted and used. One of the particularities of smart cities their citizens. They facilitate the replication of solutions
is the need to incentivise citizens to adopt smarter ways and propose common metrics permitting the comparative
of living and interacting within and with the city. Citizens analysis and benchmarking of solutions.
should also no longer be the users of city services, but also
the providers and developers of smart city solutions. The availability of smart solutions for cities has risen rap-
idly over the last decade. As a result, technical solutions
The need to integrate citizens into the process of shaping exist for every city to become smarter. The challenge to-
the city means that smart cities cannot be built by decree, day is primarily to implement appropriate solutions effi-
but need to naturally grow into the urban fabric. Many of ciently, rather than only focusing on new technology de-
the solutions do in fact need the active participation of velopment. Smart cities cannot be developed through a
city dwellers as users, consumers, service providers and de patchwork approach, but by the step-by-step adoption of

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 incremental improvements. Smart cities are developed by will allow cities to develop actionable information driving
introducing smart systems, working for the benefit of both better and more effective and efficient services
residents and the environment. Urban infrastructures will
need to better meet the challenges of city environments: Selecting and turning a suggested objective into something
energy and water scarcity, pollution and emissions, traffic tangible requires a clearly defined strategic plan developed
congestion, crime prevention, waste disposal, and safety by city managers with the active consultation of stakehold-
risks from ageing infrastructures. The increased mobility ers. One of the most important elements of setting up an
of our societies has created intense competition between effective, achievable plan for a smart city is to make it an
cities for investment, talent, and jobs. To attract skilled inclusive, collaborative process. No single company or or-
residents, companies, organizations, as well as promoting ganization can build a smart city alone, nor can a smart
a thriving culture, cities must achieve the sustainability ob- city be created by decree. In a smart city, services will be
jectives. This is only possible by becoming more efficient shaped by the actions of all city actors changing the role
and integrating interoperable infrastructures and services. of citizens and city managers, for example with the emer-
gence of energy prosumers and the ability of individuals to
The efficient integration of electrical grids, gas distribution use and supply data through smart applications.
systems, water distribution systems, public and private
transportation systems, commercial buildings, hospitals Developing the right kind of city requires a proper bal-
and homes is essential. These form the backbone of a city’s ance of interests between all stakeholders which includes
liveability and sustainability. The step-by-step improve- political leaders, city administrators and managers, service
ment and integration of these critical city systems is the operators, inhabitants and local business representatives,
road to make a smart city a reality. This process has to be investors and solution providers. Giving to each of these
driven bottom-up combined with a top-down, data-and groups a true stake in the development of their community
systems-centric approach. is important to achieve the necessary acceptance for the
changes. Their concerns need to be carefully considered
A smart city can thus be defined as an efficient, sustainable and acknowledged, and ultimately the plan has to be col-
and liveable system of systems, designed for and shaped by lectively approved. In the absence of proper consultation,
citizens, businesses, organizations and technology devel- the authorities will sooner or later face considerable ad-
opers with the aim of creating added value. The movement ditional obstacles to make the vision a reality.
towards smart city systems in cities opens the door to new
services, new forms of economies of scale, a reduction in Each unique smart city plan requires collaboration with
inefficiencies and waste and ultimately new business op- global technology providers, and local organizations best
portunities. There is a large potential to create economic suited for the specific system improvements needed. The
value, but also to improve the living standards of citizens strongest emerging smart cities will be those where solu-
and create considerable social value. This is particularly tion providers collaborate rather than compete and where
important in the present economical context in which cit- political differences are cast aside to bring the most com-
ies need to reduce operating costs and promote economic prehensive and best solutions together. This means sharing
growth by identifying areas to invest in. information across city departments, breaking down silos
and involving global leaders, with world-class capabilities,
Integrated City Planning as well as local providers and stakeholders who know their
The most appropriate path to a smart city is when a commu- cities the best. Incorporating the ideas and thinking of citi-
nity takes it upon itself to define its sustainability vision and zens is critical to successfully identifying potential prob-
then lays out a pragmatic, step-by-step roadmap and imple- lems. It also helps to win citizens’ support and participa-
mentation plan. Making sure the vision, roadmap and im- tion in the smart initiatives. Where appropriate, involving
plementation plan are well thought is one of the most criti- the local university community brings additional impetus,
cal tasks in the process, and requires the support of sector innovative ideas, and support.
specialists. The ability to identify the most acute bottlenecks
to deploy integrated and scalable solutions and then to lev- Smart City Planning
erage these results into other smart cities initiatives, requires for Indian Cities
experience and strong technical and process expertise. States nominating cities to compete in ‘Smart Cities Chal-
lenge’ marks the beginning of the journey of transforma-
This vision should typically highlight the goals of the city tion of Indian cities towards a smart journey. This will be
for the medium term, i.e. where the city wants to be in 5 followed by city-wide concept plan and Smart City Pro-
to 10 years in terms of efficiency, sustainability, and com- posal.
petitiveness, as well as being in line with even longer-term
objectives, for example decarbonization by 2050. With a City-wide Concept Plan
vision in place, city officials should start by improving ex- City-wide Concept Plan is based on a review of previous
isting basic operating systems, such as electricity, water, plans, interventions and documents of all departments
transportation, and gas. Using a combination of connected and agencies (e.g. old or revised City Development Plan,
hardware and software in metering and monitoring will City Sanitation Plan, City Mobility Plan, Master Plan) and
deliver a tremendous volume of information which can be will include the Smart City Vision (how the city visualizes
analyzed by intelligent software systems. This data analysis itself in 5 years), Mission and identification of key chal-

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 lenges, situation analysis (physical, economic, social, legal ical, economic, social and institutional infrastructure and
and institutional infrastructure)/ As-is description. After smart technologies for the development of the poor and
detailed citizen consultations, an overall strategy will be marginalized will be an important part of the Proposal.
prepared that will define the Smart City and clearly state
the objectives based on the mission guidelines. The Smart City Proposal will include financing plan for the
complete life cycle of the Proposal. This financial plan will
Smart City Proposal identify internal (taxes, rents, licenses and user charges)
The Smart City Proposal (SCP) will contain retrofitting or and external (grants, assigned revenues, loans and bor-
redevelopment or Greenfield models and at least one Pan- rowings) sources of mobilizing funds for capital invest-
city initiative. The focus will be on transformative projects ments and operation and maintenance over the life cycle
with the highest possible impact on the following: of the project. The financial plan will provide for sources
i. economic growth in the city (e.g. number of new jobs for repayment of project cost over a period of 8-10 years or
created, new firms attracted, increased productivity more, O&M cost and also include resource improvement
and business climate in the formal as well as inforal action plan for financial sustainability of ULB.
sectors, recognition of and incorporating urban
vendors), and Cities need to emphasize on convergence of area plans with
ii. improving the quality of life for all, especially the poor: National and State level sectoral financial plans, for exam-
(e.g. reduction in commuting time, support of non- ple the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Trans-
motorized transport, improvement in air and water formation (AMRUT), Housing for All, Swachh Bharat and
quality/increased coverage of water, solid waste man- Digital India.
agement, street lighting, enhanced green public spaces,
improved safety and security) It is expected that the process of proposal development will
lead to creation of a smart citizenry. The proposal will be
The SCP will consist of Strategic Action Plans for Area De- citizen-driven from the beginning, achieved through citi-
velopments based on the following three typologies and at zen consultations, including active participation of groups
least one City-wide (Pan-city) initiative: of people, such as Residents Welfare Associations, Tax Pay-
a) area improvement (retrofitting) ers Associations, Senior Citizens and Slum Dwellers As-
b) city renewal (redevelopment) and sociations. During consultations, issues, needs and priori-
c) city extension (Greenfield) ties of citizens and groups of people will be identified and
citizen-driven solutions generated.
Pan-city initiative that applies Smart Solutions to the phys-

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 Citizen and
Stakeholder
Consultations

44 l Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan

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 Introduction Chamber of Commerce (VCCI) and Phoenix IT Solutions
Citizens definition of smart city could be in terms of a gen- Ltd as the technology partner aimed at equipping citizens
eral spirit of innovation and creativity that will bring bear for engaging in smart city planning and collective mecha-
on various aspects of their lives. The citizen’s perspective is nisms to adopt for turning Vishakhapatnam into a smart
important because it is ultimately people who will live and city.
work in a smart city. If the features and amenities of the
city don’t speak to the ways people want to live their lives, Nellore Next
all the ‘smart’ in the world will be of little practical value. In the city of Nellore, ‘Nellore Next’ an initiative inspired
and encouraged by the very idea of Bombay First was
What citizens really want — and what benefits smart city launched by Team Nellore and Swarna Bharat Trust. It is
stakeholders most — is true involvement, not perfunctory seen as an idea exchange programme to transform Nellore
consultation. True involvement means the communication into a clean, green, peaceful, heritage, livable city with best
loop is closed: citizens receive feedback that they’ve been possible civic amenities and enhance the economic growth
heard. It also brings the opportunity to take part in activi- and opportunities through agricultural and manufacturing
ties that help prove out smart innovations. Citizens should industries with large skilled manpower and tourism. Citi-
be able to experience the practical application of ‘smart- zen action groups in 12 different city administration ar-
ness’ in their daily lives. eas are proposed as part of Nellore Next. These groups are
expected to facilitate greater interaction between govern-
For citizens to be included, the model has to change from ment (city, state and centre), community groups, elected
need driven consultations to trust driven consultations. representatives, industry and other city stakeholders inter-
One fundamental question is how to get citizens engaged, ested in contributing to the economic growth and enhanc-
especially when there multiple versions of smart city ap- ing quality of life of Nellore.
proaches to begin with. Traditional engagement mecha-
nisms include votes and referenda, city planning and Smart Cities Competition
visioning consultations, field trials and other government- Consultations, conferences, dialogues and meetings have
led initiatives. New approaches include deployment of e- been organized at different levels of government, the pri-
government portals to more actively engage their citizens. vate sector and academia to discuss the concept of ‘Smart
Traditional engagement models can be smartened with Cities’ and articulate strategies for ‘100 Smart Cities’, the
introduction of technology and options such as web based urban transformation vision. Other countries and interna-
face-to-face meetings, instant messaging options, polls tional private sector companies across sectors are showing
based on mobile technology, crowd sourcing and city hot- interest in being part of this transformation. Building on
spots that enable ‘anywhere, anytime’ engagement. these discussions, and taking cognizance of the fact that
the common man is the most important stakeholder in
Citizen Engagement Platforms our cities, the Ministry of Urban Development organized
Platforms for engaging citizens, resident welfare associa- the Smart City idea competition to encourage citizens to
tions and industry groups in making the cities a better contribute their ideas and solutions for addressing chal-
place are the need of the hour and being suggested at vari- lenges faced by Indian cities. Following the precedent of
ous urban discourses. Mumbai First has been one such ini- MoUD Smart City Competition, Pune Municipal Corpo-
tiative in India with a vision to enhance the quality of life ration (PMC) launched a Smart City Idea Competition
of Mumbai citizens and also to improve the economic and and received an overwhelming response from the citizens.
social fabric of the city. It draws inspiration from London The PMC invited citizens to participate in the e-survey
First which assumed the role of restructuring of London and share smart ideas about how to make Pune a better
through various Public Private Partnerships. Institutional and smarter city. Evaluation criteria for these competitions
framework and roll out strategies of the proposed plat- are ‘Do-ability’, innovation, clarity, creativity, and potential
forms are around the objectives initiatives like London scale of impact of the idea.
First, Bombay First, City Connect etc. Broad objectives
of the newly proposed platforms are to empower citizens This approach of public engagement and crowd sourcing
through knowledge about their role in transforming their of ideas is an effective method of engaging with citizen in
cities into Smart Cities and support the city administration collective Smart City visioning and planning. The design
systems. and delivery of these competitions can maintain balance
between online and offline citizen interaction methods de-
Smart Visakha Forum pending upon the digital divide level of the cities, for wider
The city of Vishakhapatnam organized a consultation pro- outreach and be inclusive towards communities not acces-
gramme Citizen Connect conceptualized by Smart Visakha sible/familiar with internet technologies.
Forum (SVF). SVF is an initiative by the Vishakhapatnam

Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan l 45

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 GUIDANCE
NOTES

46 l Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan

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 A smart city is a popular policy option for countries across expenditure (OPEX) costs are lower, many city adminis-
the globe. The main reason for investing in smart cities trations work on the basis of annual budgets which are ill
would be to overcome the rising problems that are emerg- fitted to handle technologies with large CAPEX. However,
ing with the rapidly growing population in the urban ar- a large upfront investment is not a prerequisite for a smart-
eas. The role of government as an ‘entrepreneur’ in craft- er city. The most progressive smart city players are tapping
ing those cities is remarkable as it enables the economic innovative financial and business models to make efficient
growth. infrastructure a reality.

Smart Cities maturity models can be used as reference Urban Services models allow the private sector to build a
framework by the cities. These models are based on smart roadmap for the public sector’s Smart City vision with re-
city standards of the region and are designed to facilitate alistic deliverables that are grounded with tangible service
cities through the process of clearly identifying next steps, level agreements and metrics over a multi-year operations
and investment and resources required to realise their am- contract. The right financial environment is necessary to
bitions. The Smart Cities maturity model and self assess- ensure sound risk return profiles and sustainable business
ment tool developed by Scottish Government outlines the models.
need to know the status-quo situation of cities before they
embark on the smart city journey, future vision aligned to It is also important that the development choices take into
strategic priority areas, identify the investments, and iden- account the economic rate of return (ERR) which includes
tify the collaborative partners for better implementation. the socio-economic returns of investment. This means that
The model is based on five dimensions - strategic intent, user fees may neither be the only nor the best cost recovery
data, technology, governance & service delivery models, method, as those fees cannot fully reflect the public ben-
and citizen & business engagement. The model outlines efits some of the technologies can provide. Public support
the following five maturing levels that lead to an optimised may be needed to ensure that the solutions with the best
smart cities approach: returns for society are implemented; these may be in the
i. Ad-hoc form of grants or publicly supported financial instruments,
ii. Opportunistic or in the case of developing countries, aid by international
iii. Purposeful & Repeatable financial institutions or donors.
iv. Operationalised
v. Optimised To communicate and manage risks, clear data collabora-
tion practices need to be supported by standards on the
To improve urban sustainability aspects of the smart cities data contents, quality and format. Employing an integrat-
development, land use strategies that rely on public trans- ed systems approach requires the necessary technical and
portation and compact living, and are aimed at reducing procedural standards that will allow integrated systems to
natural resource consumption, should be encouraged. be deployed and managed. Standards need also to be de-
signed to support the management and decision-making
The major challenge to the adoption of new technologies process. This means that standards should be well de-
is financial, as many cities today have been constrained to signed to support city planners, civil engineers, managers
reducing their budgets. The revenue they have must first be of services and ultimately those with the power to take de-
allocated to essential operations and staff, and there is often cisions. Finally, standards have to ensure that infrastruc-
little left over for upgrades, retrofits, and other improve- tures become responsive to dynamic conditions and prac-
ment measures. The added need to often change existing tice. This means that long term infrastructure needs to be
incumbent infrastructure to introduce new approaches to monitored and be adaptable to change. Here, the role of
energy, transport, water and waste management makes up- standards on monitoring, data processing and sensors and
front capital expenditure (CAPEX) a serious concern for surveillance systems is essential to support the responsible
municipal budgets which are often higher than for tradi- authorities.
tional investments. This is because even if the operational

Competitive Smart Cities in Rajasthan l 47

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 About NIUA
National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) is a premier institute for
research, capacity building and dissemination of knowledge for
the urban sector in India. It conducts research on urbanization,
urban policy and planning, municipal finance and governance,
land economics, transit oriented development, urban livelihoods,
environment & climate change and smart cities.

The institute was set up to bridge the gap between research

and practice, and to provide critical and objective analyses of
trends and prospects for urban development. NIUA has assisted
in policy formulation and programme appraisal and monitoring
for the Ministry of Urban Development, state governments,
multilateral agencies and other private organizations.

For more information visit: www.niua.org

Acknowledgements

Research & compilation

Mr. A.N. Nanda Kishore, Ms. Pragya Sharma,
Ms. Arpita Banerjee with assistance from
Mr. T.C. Sharma & Ms. Sangeeta Vijh and
guidance from Dr. Debolina Kundu

COVER PICTURE
Arundhati Maiti

Graphic Design
Deep Pahwa
Kavita Rawat

Satellite Imagery
Google Earth

Rajasthan Cities4.indd 48 27-07-2015 05:35:47 PM

Rajasthan Cities4.indd 3 27-07-2015 05:35:47 PM
 The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) works to create and sustain an environment conducive to the develop-
ment of India, partnering industry, Government, and civil society, through advisory and consultative processes.

CII is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry-led and industry-managed organization, playing a proactive

role in India’s development process. Founded in 1895, India’s premier business association has over 7400 mem-
bers, from the private as well as public sectors, including SMEs and MNCs, and an indirect membership of over
100,000 enterprises from around 250 national and regional sectoral industry bodies.

CII charts change by working closely with Government on policy issues, interfacing with thought leaders, and
enhancing efficiency, competitiveness and business opportunities for industry through a range of specialized
services and strategic global linkages. It also provides a platform for consensus-building and networking on key
issues.

Extending its agenda beyond business, CII assists industry to identify and execute corporate citizenship pro-
grammes. Partnerships with civil society organizations carry forward corporate initiatives for integrated and
inclusive development across diverse domains including affirmative action, healthcare, education, livelihood,
diversity management, skill development, empowerment of women, and water, to name a few.

In its 120th year of service to the nation, the CII theme of Build India Invest in Development, A Shared Respon-
sibility, reiterates Industry role and responsibility as a partner in national development. The focus is on four key
enablers: Facilitating Growth and Competitiveness, Promoting Infrastructure Investments, Developing Human
Capital, and Encouraging Social Development.

With 64 offices, including 9 Centres of Excellence, in India, and 7 overseas offices in Australia, China, Egypt, France,
Singapore, UK, and USA, as well as institutional partnerships with 300 counterpart organizations in 106 coun-
tries, CII serves as a reference point for Indian industry and the international business community.

Confederation of Indian Industry Confederation of Indian Industry Confederation of Indian Industry

The Mantosh Sondhi Centre Northern Region Headquarters Rajasthan State Office
23, Institutional Area, Lodi Road, Block No. 3, Dakshin Marg 3, Shivaji Nagar, Civil Lines
New Delhi-110 003 (India) Sector - 31A, Chandigarh-160030 Jaipur-302 006
T: 91 11 45771000 / 24629994-7 Chandigarh, India Rajasthan, India
F: 91 11 24626149 T: +91-172-2602365 / 2605868 / T: +91-141-2221441 / 2221442
E: info@cii.in 2607228 F: +91-141-2221411
W: www.cii.in F: +91-172-2606259 / 2614974 E: cii.rajasthan@cii.in
E: cii.nr@cii.in

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