- What is cfd and why is it so popular in modern areas, give 2 reasons:

- what is the name of the fundamental fluid dynamics equation describe the term involved in the
equation
is it possible to solve the equation directly by analytical methods
if yes, how?
If not, how one can solve the equation?

- What is laminar and turbulent flow, does the fundamental equation describe this two kinds of flow? If
not, what is the additional equation required to describe that?

- How can you describe turbulent behaviour in the sense of mathematical modelling?
What is turbulent viscosity and why we need the parameter?
What is RANS and LES modelling? What is the difference between both?
What is DNS? Give advantages and disadvantages

- what are types of heat models

which model is use for very high temperature and explain why
which molecules...... radiation

- consider the following chemical reaction:

aA + bB -> cC + dD
which chemical solution (approxited) and define the parameters.
Define the constant rate.

- What are the coordinates of: Cartesian, cylinder, polar

- what is grey body, black body and define emissivity? Give value for emissivity of a grey body.
- What is explicit and implicit? Which one of these methods is more stable and why.
- What are the types of discretization methods?

Computational fluid dynamics, usually abbreviated as CFD, is a branch of fluid mechanics that
uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows.
Computers are used to perform the calculations required to simulate the interaction of liquids and
gases with surfaces defined by boundary conditions. With high-speed supercomputers, better
solutions can be achieved. Ongoing research, however, yields software that improves the accuracy
and speed of complex simulation scenarios such as transonic or turbulent flows. Initial validation of
such software is performed using a wind tunnel with the final validation coming in flight tests.

With advancements in micro-processor technology and the wide availability of powerful personal
computers, complex flow problems can now be solved on the desktop.

In addition to the computation of fluid flow, CFD techniques can also be used to compute the dynamic
behaviour of related processes including heat-transfer, solidification, sedimentation, and dispersion.

In all of these approaches the same basic procedure is followed.

 During pre-processing
 The geometry (physical bounds) of the problem is defined.
 The volume occupied by the fluid is divided into discrete cells (the mesh). The mesh may be
uniform or non uniform.
 The physical modelling is defined – for example, the equations of motions + enthalpy +
radiation + species conservation
 Boundary conditions are defined. This involves specifying the fluid behaviour and properties
at the boundaries of the problem. For transient problems, the initial conditions are also
defined.
 The simulation is started and the equations are solved iteratively as a steady-state or transient.
 Finally a postprocessor is used for the analysis and visualization of the resulting solution.

 six examples of CFD applications,

 Useful for: minerals, power generation and oil & gas industry.
Laminar flow, sometimes known as streamline flow, occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with
no disruption between the layers.[1] At low velocities the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and
adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards. There are no cross currents perpendicular to
the direction of flow, nor eddies or swirls of fluids.[2] In laminar flow the motion of the particles of fluid
is very orderly with all particles moving in straight lines parallel to the pipe walls.[3] In fluid, laminar flow
is a flow regime characterized by high momentum diffusion and low momentum convection.
When a fluid is flowing through a closed channel such as a pipe or between two flat plates, either of
two types of flow may occur depending on the velocity of the fluid: laminar flow or turbulent flow.
Laminar flow is the opposite of turbulent flow which occurs at higher velocities where eddies or small
packets of fluid particles form leading to lateral mixing.[2] In non-scientific terms laminar flow is
"smooth", while turbulent flow is "rough."
In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic
and stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection,
and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time. Nobel Laureate Richard
Feynman described turbulence as "the most important unsolved problem of classical physics." [1] Flow
in which the kinetic energy dies out due to the action of fluid molecular viscosity is called laminar flow.
While there is no theorem relating Reynolds number (Re) to turbulence, flows with high Reynolds
numbers usually become turbulent, while those with low Reynolds numbers usually remain laminar.
For pipe flow, a Reynolds number above about 4000 will most likely correspond to turbulent flow,
while a Reynolds number below 2100 indicates laminar flow. The region in between (2100 < Re <
4000) is called the transition region. In turbulent flow, unsteady vortices appear on many scales and
interact with each other. Drag due to boundary layer skin friction increases. The structure and location
of boundary layer separation often changes, sometimes resulting in a reduction of overall drag.
Although laminar-turbulent transition is not governed by Reynolds number, the same transition occurs
if the size of the object is gradually increased, or the viscosity of the fluid is decreased, or if
the density of the fluid is increased.

Laminar flow

 Re < 2000
 'low' velocity
 Dye does not mix with water
 Fluid particles move in straight lines
 Simple mathematical analysis possible
 Rare in practice in water systems.

Turbulent flow

 Re > 4000
 'high' velocity
 Dye mixes rapidly and completely
 Particle paths completely irregular
 Average motion is in the direction of the flow
 Cannot be seen by the naked eye
 Changes/fluctuations are very difficult to detect. Must use laser.
 Mathematical analysis very difficult - so experimental measures are used
 Most common type of flow.
No so for that the new equation has been developed named as follows:

Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations

Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes
Main article: Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations

 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are the oldest approach to turbulence

modelling. An ensemble version of the governing equations is solved, which introduces
new apparent stresses known as Reynolds stresses. This adds a second order tensor of
unknowns for which various models can provide different levels of closure. It is a common
misconception that the RANS equations do not apply to flows with a time-varying mean flow
because these equations are 'time-averaged'. In fact, statistically unsteady (or non-stationary)
flows can equally be treated. This is sometimes referred to as URANS. There is nothing
inherent in Reynolds averaging to preclude this, but the turbulence models used to close the
equations are valid only as long as the time over which these changes in the mean occur is
large compared to the time scales of the turbulent motion containing most of the energy.
RANS models can be divided into two broad approaches:
Boussinesq hypothesis
This method involves using an algebraic equation for the Reynolds stresses which include
determining the turbulent viscosity, and depending on the level of sophistication of the model,
solving transport equations for determining the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation.
Models include k-ε (Launder and Spalding),[6] Mixing Length Model (Prandtl),[7] and Zero
Equation Model (Cebeci and Smith).[7] The models available in this approach are often
referred to by the number of transport equations associated with the method. For example,
the Mixing Length model is a "Zero Equation" model because no transport equations are
solved; the k − ε is a "Two Equation" model because two transport equations (one for k and
one for ε) are solved.
Reynolds stress model (RSM)
This approach attempts to actually solve transport equations for the Reynolds stresses. This
means introduction of several transport equations for all the Reynolds stresses and hence this
approach is much more costly in CPU effort.
Large eddy simulation
Main article: Large eddy simulation

Volume rendering of a non-premixed swirl flame as simulated by LES.

Large eddy simulation (LES) is a technique in which the smallest scales of the flow are
removed through a filtering operation, and their effect modelled using sub grid scale models.
This allows the largest and most important scales of the turbulence to be resolved, while
 greatly reducing the computational cost incurred by the smallest scales. This method
requires greater computational resources than RANS methods, but is far cheaper than DNS.

A direct numerical simulation (DNS)[1] is a simulation in computational fluid dynamics in which

the Navier-Stokes equations are numerically solved without any turbulence model. This means that
the whole range of spatial and temporal scales of the turbulence must be resolved. All the spatial
scales of the turbulence must be resolved in the computational mesh, from the smallest dissipative
scales (Kolmogorov microscales), up to the integral scale L, associated with the motions containing
most of the kinetic energy.
One can estimate that the number of floating-point operations required to complete the simulation is
proportional to the number of mesh points and the number of time steps, and in conclusion, the
number of operations grows as Re3.
Therefore, the computational cost of DNS is very high, even at low Reynolds numbers. For the
Reynolds numbers encountered in most industrial applications, the computational resources required
by a DNS would exceed the capacity of the most powerful computers currently available. However,
direct numerical simulation is a useful tool in fundamental research in turbulence. Using DNS it is
possible to perform "numerical experiments", and extract from them information difficult or impossible
to obtain in the laboratory, allowing a better understanding of the physics of turbulence. Also, direct
numerical simulations are useful in the development of turbulence models for practical applications,
such as sub-grid scale models for large eddy simulation (LES) and models for methods that solve
the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS). This is done by means of "a priori" tests, in
which the input data for the model is taken from a DNS simulation, or by "a posteriori" tests, in which
the results produced by the model are compared with those obtained by DNS. The biggest DNS in the
world, up to this date, used 40963 mesh points. It was carried out in the Japanese Earth
Simulator supercomputer in 2002[2].
 A grey body is defined as a body with constant emissivity over all wavelengths and
temperatures. Such an ideal body does not exist in practice but the assumption is a good
approximation for many objects used in engineering.
 A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic
radiation. Because of this perfect absorptivity at all wavelengths, a black body is also the best
possible emitter of thermal radiation, which it radiates incandescently in a characteristic,
continuous spectrum that depends on the body's temperature. At Earth-ambient temperatures
this emission is in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum and is not visible. The
object appears black, since it does not reflect or emit any visible light.
The thermal radiation from a black body is energy converted electro dynamically from the body's pool
of internal thermal energy at any temperature greater than absolute zero. It is called blackbody
radiation and has a frequency distribution with a characteristic frequency of maximum radiative
power that shifts to higher frequencies with increasing temperature. As the temperature increases
past a few hundred degrees Celsius, black bodies start to emit visible wavelengths, appearing red,
orange, yellow, white, and blue with increasing temperature. When an object is visually white, it is
emitting a substantial fraction as ultraviolet radiation.
Blackbody emission provides insight into the thermodynamic equilibrium state of cavity radiation. If
each Fourier mode of the absolutely stable equilibrium radiation in a cavity with perfectly reflective
walls were considered as a degree of freedom, and if all those degrees of freedom could freely
exchange energy, then, according to the equipartition theorem in classical physics, each degree of
freedom would have one and the same quantity of energy. This approach led to the paradox known
as the ultraviolet catastrophe, that there would be an infinite amount of energy in any continuous field.
The study of the laws of black bodies helped to establish the foundations of quantum mechanics.
The emissivity of a material (usually written ε or e) is the relative ability of its surface to emit energy
by radiation. It is the ratio of energy radiated by a particular material to energy radiated by a black
body at the same temperature. A true black body would have a ε = 1 while any real object would have
ε < 1. Emissivity is a dimensionless quantity.
In general, the duller and blacker a material is, the closer its emissivity is to 1. The more reflective a
material is, the lower its emissivity. Highly polished silver has an emissivity of about 0.02.[1
Emissivity depends on factors such as temperature, emission angle, and wavelength. A
typical physical assumption is that a surface's spectral emissivity and absorptivity do not depend on
wavelength, so that the emissivity is a constant. This is known as the "gray body assumption".
Although it is common to discuss the "emissivity of a material" (such as the emissivity of highly
polished silver), the emissivity of a material does in general depend on its thickness. The emissivities
quoted for materials are for samples of infinite thickness (which, in practice, means samples which
are optically thick) — thinner samples of material will have reduced emissivity.
When dealing with non-black surfaces, the deviations from ideal black body behaviour are determined
by both the geometrical structure and the chemical composition, and follow Kirchhoff's law of thermal
radiation: emissivity equals absorptivity (for an object in thermal equilibrium), so that an object that
does not absorb all incident light will also emit less radiation than an ideal black body.
Most emissivities found in handbooks and on websites of many infrared imaging and temperature
sensor companies are the type discussed here, total emissivity. However, the distinction needs to be
made that the wavelength-dependent or spectral emissivity is the more significant parameter to be
used when one is seeking an emissivity correction for a noncontact temperature measurement
device.
Thus, it is important to understand the distinction between total and spectral emissivity and where
they apply.

Q1) Computational fluid dynamics, usually abbreviated as CFD, is a branch of fluid mechanics
that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyse problems that involve fluid
flows. Computers are used to perform the calculations required to simulate the interaction of
liquids and gases with surfaces defined by boundary conditions. With high-speed
supercomputers, better solutions can be achieved. Ongoing research, however, yields software
that improves the accuracy and speed of complex simulation scenarios such as transonic or
turbulent flows.

With advancements in micro-processor technology and the wide availability of powerful personal
computers, complex flow problems can now be solved on the desktop.
In addition to the computation of fluid flow, CFD techniques can also be used to compute the
dynamic behaviour of related processes including heat-transfer, solidification, sedimentation, and
dispersion.

Terms Involves
 Analytical Soln of Navier stokes Pls Find
Q2
Laminar flow, sometimes known as streamline flow, occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with
no disruption between the layers.[1] At low velocities the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and
adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards. There are no cross currents perpendicular
to the direction of flow, nor eddies or swirls of fluids.[2] In laminar flow the motion of the particles of
fluid is very orderly with all particles moving in straight lines parallel to the pipe walls.
• Re < 2000
• 'low' velocity
• Dye does not mix with water
• Fluid particles move in straight lines Simple mathematical analysis possible
Rare in practice in water systems.

In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic and
stochastic property changes. This includes lowmomentum diffusion, high momentum convection,
and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time.
• Re > 4000
• 'high' velocity
• Dye mixes rapidly and completely Particle paths completely irregular
• Average motion is in the direction of the flow
• Cannot be seen by the naked eye
• Changes/fluctuations are very difficult to detect. Must use laser. Mathematical
analysis very difficult - so experimental measures are used most common type of
flow.

• The numerical solution of the Navier–Stokes equations for turbulent flow is extremely
difficult, and due to the significantly different mixing-length scales that are involved in
turbulent flow, the stable solution of this requires such a fine mesh resolution that the
computational time becomes significantly infeasible for calculation (see Direct numerical
 simulation). Attempts to solve turbulent flow using a laminar solver typically result in a
time-unsteady solution, which fails to converge appropriately. To counter this, time-
averaged equations such as the Reynolds-averaged Navier– Stokes equations (RANS),
supplemented with turbulence models, are used in practical computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) applications when modelling turbulent flows.

Q3
Turbulence models
• A turbulence model is a computational procedure to close the system of mean flow equations.
• For most engineering applications it is unnecessary to resolve the details of the turbulent
fluctuations.
• Turbulence models allow the calculation of the mean flow without first calculating the full time-
dependent flow field.
• We only need to know how turbulence affected the mean flow.
• In particular we need expressions for the Reynolds stresses.
• For a turbulence model to be useful it: must have wide applicability, be accurate, simple, and
economical to run.
A new quantity appears: the turbulent viscosity
• Its unit is the same as that of the molecular viscosity: Pa.s.
• It is also called the eddy viscosity.
• We can also define a kinematic turbulent viscosity . Its unit is m2/s.
• The turbulent viscosity is not homogeneous, i.e. it varies in space.
• It is, however, assumed to be isotropic. It is the same in all directions. This assumption is valid
for many flows, but not for all (e.g. flows with strong separation or swirl).
Eddy viscosity/ Turbulent Viscosity
In the study of turbulence in fluids, a common practical strategy for calculation is to ignore the
small-scale vortices (or eddies) in the motion and to calculate a large-scale motion with an eddy
viscosity that characterizes the transport and dissipation of energy in the smaller-scale flow (see
large eddy simulation).

RANS Modelling
Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are the oldest approach to turbulence
modelling. An ensemble version of the governing equations is solved, which introduces new
apparent stresses known as Reynolds stresses
RANS models can be divided into two broad approaches:
Boussinesq hypothesis
This method involves using an algebraic equation for the Reynolds stresses which include
and depending on the level of sophistication of the
determining the turbulent viscosity, model,
Solving transport equations for determining the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation.
Models include k-ε (Launder and Spalding),[6] Mixing Length Model (Prandtl),[7] and Zero
Equation Model (CebeciandSmith).[7] The models available in this approach are often
referred to by the number of transport equations associated with the method. For example,
the Mixing Length model is a "Zero Equation" model because no transport equations are
solved; the k − ε is a "Two Equation" model because two transport equations (one for k and
one for ε) are solved.
Reynolds stress model (RSM)
This approach attempts to actually solve transport equations for the Reynolds stresses. This means
introduction of several transport equations for all the Reynolds stresses and hence this approach is
much more costly in CPU effort.

Large eddy simulation (LES) is a technique in which the smallest scales of the flow are
removed through a filtering operation, and their effect modelled using sub grid scale
models. This allows the largest and most important scales of the turbulence to be resolved,
while greatly reducing the computational cost incurred by the smallest scales. This method
requires greater computational resources than RANS methods, but is far cheaper than
DNS.
A direct numerical simulation (DNS) is a simulation in computational fluid dynamics in which
the Navier-Stokes equations are numerically solved without any turbulence model. This means
that the whole range of spatial and temporal scales of the turbulence must be resolved. All the
spatial scales of the turbulence must be resolved in the computational mesh, from the smallest
dissipative scales (Kolmogorov microscales), up to the integral scale L, associated with the
motions containing most of the kinetic energy.
One can estimate that the number of floating-point operations required to complete the simulation is
proportional to the number of mesh points and the number of time steps, and in conclusion, the
number of operations grows as Re3.
Therefore, the computational cost of DNS is very high, even at low Reynolds numbers. For
the Reynolds numbers encountered in most industrial applications, the computational
resources required by a DNS would exceed the capacity of the most powerful computers
currently available. However, direct numerical simulation is a useful tool in fundamental
research in turbulence. Using DNS it is possible to perform "numerical experiments", and
extract from them information difficult or impossible
The contributions of DNS to turbulence research in the last decade have been impressive
and the future seems bright. The greatest advantage of DNS is the stringent control it
provides over the flow being studied. It is expected that as flow geometries become more
complex, the numerical methods used in DNS will evolve. However, the significantly
 higher numerical fidelity required by DNS will have to be kept in mind. It is expected that
use of non-conventional methodologies (e.g. multigrid) will lead to DNS solutions at an
affordable cost, and that development of nonlinear methods of analysis are likely to
prove very productive.

However, the main technical challenges of DNS remains the memory and computa-
tional speed requirements.
This makes it difficult to perform the DNS of turbulence with a higher
Reynolds number.
Q4

High Temperature Model: ??????

Q5
Consider a typical chemical reaction:
aA + bB → pP + qQ
The lowercase letters (a, b, p, and q) represent stoichiometric coefficients, while the capital
letters represent the reactants (A and B) and the products(P and Q).
According to IUPAC's Gold Book definition[1] the reaction rate r for a chemical reaction
occurring in a closed system under constant-volume conditions, without a build-up of reaction
intermediates, is defined as:

Where [X] denotes the concentration (Molarity, mol/L) of the substance X. (NOTE: Rate of
a reaction is always positive. '-' sign is present in the reactant involving terms because the reactant
concentration is decreasing.)
Q6

 A grey body is defined as a body with constant emissivity over all wavelengths and
temperatures. Such an ideal body does not exist in practice but the assumption is a good
approximation for many objects used in engineering.

 A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic
radiation. Because of this perfect absorptivity at all wavelengths, a black body is also the best
possible emitter of thermal radiation, which it radiates incandescently in a characteristic,
continuous spectrum that depends on the body's temperature. At Earth-ambient temperatures
this emission is in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum and is not visible. The
object appears black, since it does not reflect or emit any visible light.
 Emissivity
The emissivity ε indicates the ratio between the emitted energy of a real (not
black, grey) body and a black one.
Most earthly materials behave nearly as black bodies,i.e. are grey bodies (Figure 30) and emissivities
range from 0.9 to 1.0
"Grey body" emissivity ε ≤ 1 (P = εσT4)
Explicit and implicit methods are approaches used in numerical analysis for obtaining numerical
solutions of time-dependent ordinary and partial differential equations, as is required in computer
simulations of physical processes.
Explicit methods calculate the state of a system at a later time from the state of the system at the
current time, while implicit methods find a solution by solving an equation involving both the current
state of the system and the later one. Mathematically, if is the current system state and
is the state at the later time ( is a small time step), then, for an explicit method

While for an implicit method one solves an equation

to find
It is clear that implicit methods require an extra computation (solving the above equation),
and they can be much harder to implement. Implicit methods are used because many
problems arising in practice are stiff, for which the use of an explicit method requires
impractically small time steps to keep the error in the result bounded (see numerical
stability). For such problems, to achieve given accuracy, it takes much less computational
time to use an implicit method with larger time steps, even taking into account that one
needs to solve an equation of the form (1) at each time step.
Discretization Methods
 Questionnaire on CFD calculation methods (Goerner, WS 2010)
Chapter 1
Not Important
Chapter 2
1.2. What are two main components, a simulation model of a technical system composed of?
Mathematical model and Physical model (based on probability density models, empirical models and /
or models physicochemical

2.2. What is the difference between system analysis and system identification? Which Method
is applied? What tools are available?
- System Analysis: output values unknown, input values and system characteristics are known which
are used to simulate the results of a process, such as Effect of a new combustion chamber
geometry on the exhaust gas composition; Tools: Flow Sheeting, CFD simulation - System ID:
System Properties unknown, input and output values are known. System is a black box, functional
relationships to be determined; Tools: fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks (ANN)

3.2. How does an artificial neural network?

Learning data (e.g. measurement protocols) and learning algorithms (e.g. equations) are input,
system output is calculated, is based on which the learning algorithm adapted if necessary (iterative
process)

4.2. Which components and functions has an ANN and what is the analogy to the human
brain?
Human Brain: axon, neuron, synapses, dendrites (Function & order)
ANN: input variables, weighting factors, accounting (clearing) units, output variables

5.2. What is the typical procedure when using an ANN system identification? 1 Data
recording, 2 Data preparation, 3 Modelling, 4 Model training, 5 Model analysis, the model is
improved and recovery after 3, and extension of the data recovery after 1, 6 Optimization

6.2. How is the model quality evaluated?

By comparison with "real" system: R ² should be close to 1.0 ("sensitivity to individual parameters")

7.2. What is the purpose of an inverted model?

Optimize the system based on the previously effected system identification (not inverted model)

8.2. What is Flow Sheeting?

Calculation of process steps on the basis of flow chart of operations (Simple calculations for an
operation unit as a whole, for example, combustion chamber with inlet flow and process parameters,
calculated upon stored formulas resulting averages for example for exhaust gas flow, temperature,
composition. No discretization without distribution functions, such as temperature distribution over the
cross-section or the length, in contrast to possible CFD)

9.2. What is the basic procedure for the CFD simulation of a system?
Problem Formulation → geometry creation and discretization (meshing) → select the applicable
models and algorithms → Numerical solution of the equation system → Display of the results or
simplified (( Pre-processing → Calculation → post-processing))

Chapter 3
1.3. Which criteria will be classified the different calculation models?
Type equation (Algebraic Eq., Differential Eq., Difference Eq., Integral Eq.), differential equation type
(Simple, Partial, Difference), single or multi-dimensional, homogeneous / inhomogeneous, stationary /
non-stationary (steady / unsteady)
Chapter 4
Not Important
Chapter 5 (conservation equations; Balance Equations)
1.5. What are the basic calculation approaches (frameworks) are available for the flow
simulation?
Eulerian framework (volume-based calculation approach), Lagrangian framework (streamline theory-
based calculation approach)
2.5. What is a conserved quantity? Give examples!
-Physical size, the quantity does not change within the limits of the system under consideration, i.e.,
remains constant (d / dx, y, z = 0, d / dt = 0)
Examples: energy, mass, amount of substance, pulse

3.5. Which major terms, the conservation equation is used to calculate the volume-based
model to together?
Time-dependent behaviour (transitory changes, volume integral of the time derivative of the
conserved quantity)
Convective-transport term (energy, momentum, and fabric) is the volume integral of the product of the
conserved quantity and velocity perpendicular to the surface, derived by a spatial direction, e.g. d / dx
Diffusion term: volume integral of the product of the transport coefficients and conserved, doubly
derived for the considered spatial coordinate
-Sources / Sink term: Volume integral over the sources / sink size

4.5. What is the flux density of a conserved quantity? Equations which can be used?
Flux = negative product of a transport coefficient and the condition of the size of the discharge space
coordinate, in which takes place the transport
Used: Newtonian flow law (flow), Fick's law (diffusion), Fourier law (heat conduction)

5.5. From which distribution functions and reactions can be set as a combustion model
together? Which sub-models are used to calculate?
Velocity, temperature, concentration and pressure field, gas volume and temperature, radiation,
convection and particle motion
Sub-models: flow model, heat transfer model reaction model
6.5. What can be made up a CFD model? (Honeycomb model)
Flow model (with turbulence model, particle turbulence interaction, two-phase model)
Heat transfer model (model with radiation, suspension temperature, radiation quantities) Reaction
model (heterogeneous and homogeneous gas phase reactions, combustion and gasification model)

Chapter 6
1.6. What coordinate systems are available for modelling? What are the respective coordinates
are defined?
Cartesian KS: Only axial coordination in 3 directions
Cylinder KS: One axial, radial (r to rmax) and azimuthal (0 to 2π)
Polar (spherical) KS: Arranged radial (r to rmax), azimuth and polar coordinate (0 to 2π), disposed
about 90 ° to each other

2.6. How should the conservation equation can be transformed for numerical computation?
The condition equation is a partial differential equation, and must be transformed into a differential
quotients.

3.6. What types of grid are available for the crosslinking of the geometric data set available?
Orthogonal grid (equidistant and variable) with 4 (2d) and 8 (3d) nodes per FE, unstructured (trigonal,
tetrahedral) network with three (2d) or 4 (3d) nodes per FE

Chapter 7
1.7. What are the basic types of differential equations? What are their characteristics?
Elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic differential equation, characteristics = coefficient a j, bj, etc.
Need to be compared, where j stands for the respective iteration Elliptic
D.E.: All coefficients aj are non-zero and equal in magnitude
Hyperbolic D.E.: All coefficients for a j are equal to zero and a coefficient equal in magnitude
Parabolic D.E.: aj and bj equal to zero equal to zero
 2.7. What are numerical methods to solve partial differential equation available? Finite
Difference Method: broken Taylor series development solution for all nodes, advantage: best
developed
Finite element method: minimizing errors between exact and approximate solution, weighted solution
for the entire space between the nodes, advantage: Networking is problem-adjusted Interpolation:
polynomials are used to approximate the dependent variable, (What is a dependent variable), FAM
advantage: Numerically stable (which causes the shorter computation times)
Spectral method: Fourier transform of the dependent variable in the frequency bands
3.7. What types of discretization are there?
-Temporal: explicit and implicit
-Spatial: forward, backward and central difference

4.7. What is the difference between an explicit and an implicit algorithm? Draw the iteration in
the space-time plane!
An explicit algorithm, the calculation of the value is i in a position for the next time step on the basis of
the local reference and change function for the current time step
-In an implicit algorithm, the value at location i for the next time step based on the values for i-1 and i
+1 are computed for the next time step (interpolated), i.e. it needs only the values for i-1 and i +1 are
calculated
Explicit method Implicit Method

5.7. Which method for the spatial discretization (spatial discretization) exist and how do they
work?
Central-Difference: The difference in values for i +1 and i-1, divided by twice the increment Forward-
Difference: The difference of the value of the next node (i +1) and the local value, divided by the
simple increment
Backward-Difference: The difference of the local value and the value at the previous node (i-1),
divided by the simple increment

6.7. What can you calculate by the Navier-Stokes equations and how are used?

7.7. What is relaxation?

The relaxation time (accurate relaxation time constant), the characteristic time in which a system
(usually exponentially) approaches the steady state.

8.7. What is the ADI method?

ADI Alternative Direction Implicit, Explanation: Implicit method: Temporal discretization is performed
by interpolation of the neighbour and the last time step

9.7. Call Matrix solution method!

- Thomas algorithm for the solution of an orthogonal unit matrix (all zeros except the main diagonal)
- Gauss-Seidel algorithm

Chapter 8
1.8. Which of the following equations are sub-tasks of a numerical simulation are used:
- Computational fluid dynamics: Navier-Stokes equation (momentum Eq., velocity and density change
per unit time = spatial variation of the stress plus volume forces acting on the fluid stress tensor
 And

- Pressure distribution: Poisson equation and pressure correction equation (Pressure-Correction

Equation)
- Streamlines and vortex formation: Stream function and vorticity

2.8. What simplifications apply to the NS equation?

Constant density: (applies to relative density change p << 1)
Constant viscosity: μ = const.

Constant density and viscosity:

(Constant factors may be considered before the differential)

3.8. Explain the - and ui-p system!

- System: power lines with Laplace equation at discrete points calculated (as scalar speed), we
obtain - is the difference of the derivatives of u and v speeds above by the corresponding spatial
coordinates.
ui-p system:

4.8. What are the advantages - -and ui-p system?

- - system: only two variables, flow lines provide additional information content
ui-p system: boundary conditions can be expressed directly as velocity components, voltage terms
can be calculated directly, comparison with measured values possible

5.8. How we can characterize turbulence?

By-distribution and distribution density function, extreme values and probability function

6.8. What are the moments of the distribution density function?

1. Moment: expectation and mean
2. Moment: standard deviation and variance

7.8. What are moments?

8.8. What describes the Reynolds function?

Viscous-stress??
Reynolds-stress??

9.8. Which model approaches are for modelling of turbulence?

- Statistical Modelling with Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) and EVM (Eddy Viscosity
Modelling)
- Eddy Modelling?
- K- model: energy cascade model transport equation for turbulent kinetic energy k and dissipation
10.8. What are terms of transport equation for the turbulent kinetic energy (k) in k model of
turbulence?
- Transitory change of the turbulent kinetic energy (k = turbulence energy) per unit of volume and time
- Transport by mean motion of the fluid
- Turbulent diffusive transport of k by fluctuations in velocity and pressure
- Deformation work by turbulent stresses of the mean motion
- Work by viscous shear stresses
- Viscous dissipation by mean-motion

11.8. What is an energy cascade in turbulence modelling?

- Dissipation of energy from the mean motion leads to production of turbulence energy
- Viscose dissipation of turbulent energy leads to the production of internal energy (= thermal motion)
-
12.8. What is the balance of forces on a particle?

- balance of momentum:
- Volume forces: gravity and flow resistance
Chapter 9
1.9. What is the particularity of the velocity vector in the NS equation?
Speed transported other properties and itself is transported

2.9. Which numerical solutions exist for the convective term?

Staggered (delayed)-grid: conventional central difference approximation
Upwind-difference:

3.9. What are the pros and cons?

Advantages:
• number of interpolations is reduced (less loss of information)
• Fulfilment of the continuity equation with this definition or a higher order interpolation possible.
• The only way (or with a higher order interpolation) is a necessary condition for the
consistency of the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations fulfilled, otherwise a constant or
oscillating pressure distribution is a solution.
Disadvantage:
• is a somewhat complex programming

Chapter 10
1.10. What is the general formulation of the conservation equation for a homogeneous reaction
2 order?
aA + bB → cC Σ iAi = 0 (can be expressed in matrix or vector form)

2.10. Define the reaction rate for a homogeneous reaction 2 order?

r = dcA / dt = 1/VA * dnA / dt (constant reaction volume) or in mass, r = 1/VA * dmA / dt r = k *
cA * cB
r = dcA / dt + d (lnVR) / dt
3.10. Define the temperature dependence of the reaction velocity? -
On the Arrhenius equation: k = k 0 * exp (EA / RT) -On the general rate
expression:
4.10. What is the definition of a reaction system in vector and matrix form?

Matrix form:

Vector form:

5.10. Define the term reaction enthalpy and heat of reaction!

- Catalytic = difference in internal energy of the reaction products and educts for each same
temperature
- reaction enthalpy = Negative value of the heat of reaction at constant pressure
6.10. What does the van't Hoff rule?
Relative reaction rate increase per 10 K temperature rise is about 2 to 5 for physico-chemical and
biochemical reactions for 2 to 7
7.10. What reaction models are available for modelling chemical reactions? Mixed-controlled
model (quick response speed mixed = burnt, valid for homogeneous gas phase reactions)
Mix-and kinetic controlled model (eddy dissipation model, eddy dissipation concept applies to)
Kinetic controlled-model (for slow reactions occurring)
Special-response models (with / without / with partial premix flame let model)
8.10. What types of reactions are for a homogeneous gas-phase reaction?
Start reaction (initiation), chain reaction (propagation), chain formation (branching), recombination and
stop reaction (termination).
9.10. Which factors are influenced for the modelling of a burning oil?
Atomization (droplet size distribution): atomizer diameter, ratio of nozzle diameter to nozzle length, jet
Reynolds number, material properties of the fuel (viscosity, surface tension, density), the relationship
between values in the nozzle and in the area for density, viscosity, speed (pulse), spray angle (nozzle
geometry) Evaporation: Combustion:

10.10. Sketch the temperature and concentration gradients at the interface of an oil droplet
during the evaporation process and simultaneous evaporation and combustion!

11.10. Which pathways are important for the modelling of a heterogeneous gas-solid reaction
(e.g. coal combustion)?
Direct-particle reaction (Particle path way)
Pyrolysis via the intermediate tar (Gas liquid path way) with subsequent combustion of the gaseous
and solid reaction products

12.10. Which models and which parameters are to be considered for modelling the combustion
of coal?
Models: Pyrolysis model, gas and solid (char) reaction models, turbulence model, radiation model,
particle size distribution model, particle tracking
Parameters: Kinetic data for coal, balanced species, composition of the coal, physical properties of
coal (e.g. density, Cp), particle sizes, gas phase properties in the high temperature range, eddy
breakup parameters (vortex breakdown parameters), radiation parameters, turbulence parameters.

13.10. What factors influence the pyrolysis?

-Physical: temperature, pressure, residence time, plastic behaviour (softening, shrinking, swelling),
internal structure (porosity), transport processes in the pores or the grain boundary layer
-Chemical: Maximum pyrolysis temperature (kinetic), heating rate (released volatile), secondary
reactions (species composition)

14.10. Draw a simplified reaction scheme for the combustion of coal! What time constants are
typical for mixing / reaction?
Time constants (in ms): Pyrolysis: 10(mixing) & 50 (reaction), Char combustion 200-400 (mixing)
/100-1000 (reaction)
 15.10. Which model are exist for pyrolysis?
- Simple Reaction (Arrhenius or non-Arrhenius reaction)
- Various parallel reactions
- Various concurrent parallel reactions
- Complex reaction schemes (multiple consecutive parallel or competing parallel reactions)
- Reaction with secondary char formation
- Solomon two-stage model with primary and secondary pyrolysis
(Constant release rate, linear model, Arrhenius model, model of concurrent reactions e.g.
Kobayashi, DAE model, Component depending models e.g. Flashchain)
16.10. What are the reasons for the application of the simple reaction model?
-Heterogeneous composition of coal and associated uncertainty / variation in the indication of reaction
parameters
- Spatial and temporal discretization opportunities are not yet sufficient to resolve the pyrolysis
process at large boiler furnace

17.10. Which factors influence the release of volatiles (volatiles) in the pyrolysis?
-Heating time and heating rate, coal composition, particle size and size distribution, ambient
atmosphere

18.10. Draw the thermogravimetric curve of a pyrolysis reaction after Knill and after Kobayashi
model:

-Knill-model: linear reaction model -Kobayashi model: concurrent parallel reactions

19.10. What are limited the rate constant k for the char combustion?
- Through (into CO on the grain surface and oxygen in the pores) transport processes
- Through a chemical reaction limited speed
- Processes in the boundary layer and in the pores running from diffusion controlled, processes
outside the boundary layer reaction controlled!
20.10. Name the most important reactions during coal gasification in order of their activation
energy!
C + 0.5 O2 → CO (lowest Ea, about 60 kJ / kmol)
C + CO2 → 2CO
C + H2O → CO + H2
CO2 + H2 → CO + H2O (highest Ea, about 327 MJ / kmol)
Chapter 11
No Important
Chapter 12
1.12. What proportions is composed of the total enthalpy change term?
- Enthalpy change by pressure change
- Change the sensible heat cp* T by change in temperature
- Enthalpy by changing the chemical composition
2.12. What proportions is composed of the species enthalpy hi?
- Chemically bound energy fh
- Sensible heat-cp* T
3.12. What proportions is composed of the transport term for the total enthalpy?
-Time change of the total enthalpy
- Convective transport net- - Net-diffusive transport
-Quellen-/Senkenterm

6.12. On what terms, the conservation equation for the total radiation intensity sets together?
- Transitory change (Temporal variation) of the radiation intensity
- Change of Iv along the radiation pathway S (Path-dependent change in the radiation intensity) - Sum
of reduction of radiation intensity by absorption and out-scattering (Radiation loss due to scattering
and absorption)
- Increase of radiation intensity by emission
- Change be in-scattering from all direction ( Change in the radiation intensity by interference from all
directions)

7.12. Which operations are to be considered in the calculation of the radiant flux (radiant
model as a "black-box")?
- Incoming radiation is absorbed, scattered or transmitted. Only the Transmitted and scattered
component is booked together with the interference from sources other than Escaping radiation.

9.12. What are the differences in the radiation and transmission behavior of real gases? - Band
radiation source: radiation emission, absorption and transmission only in specific wavelength ranges
(bands) Line radiation source: Radiation only certain wavelengths from linear (e.g. noble gases)
What are the types of discretization methods?
Time: Explicit and Implicit
Spatial: Forward, Backward and Central Difference

What is explicit and implicit? Which one of these methods is more stable and why?
Explicit methods calculate the state of a system at a later time from the state of the system at the
current time.
Implicit methods find a solution by solving an equation involving both the current state of the system
and the later one.
Implicit methods need extra computation and are harder to implement.

What are the coordinates of: Cartesian, cylinder, polar?

What is grey body, black body and define emissivity. Give value for emissivity of a grey body.
A grey body is a body with constant emissivity over all wavelengths and temperature.
A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation.

Consider the following chemical reaction:

aA+bB -> cC+dD
Which chemical reaction rate and define the parameters?
Define the reaction rate constant?

What are types of heat models?

Which model is use for very high temperature and explain why
Which molecules...... radiation
The Monte Carlo models is used for very high temperature because it is used to trace beams in
furnace.
Is it possible to solve the equation (Fundamental Fluid dynamic equations) directly by
analytical methods? If yes, how? If not, how can it be solved?
It is impossible that is why the Reynolds average Navier stoke equation is used to solve it.