SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Sarmad Hameed
2007-EE-543

BLUETOOTH

Bluetooth is an open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short
wavelength radio transmissions) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs)
with high levels of security. Created by telecoms vendor Ericsson in 1994,[1] it was originally conceived as
a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of
synchronization. Today Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group.

Name and logo

The word Bluetooth is an anglicised version of Danish/Swedish Blåtand, the epithet of the tenth-century
king Harald I of Denmark and parts of Norway who united dissonant Danish tribes into a single kingdom.
The implication is that Bluetooth does the same with communications protocols, uniting them into one
universal standard.

The Bluetooth logo is a bind rune merging the Younger Futhark runes (Hagall) (ᚼ) and (Bjarkan) (ᛒ),
Harald's initials.

Implementation

Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum, which chops up the data
being sent and transmits chunks of it on up to 79 bands (1 MHz each) in the range 2402-2480 MHz. This
range is in the globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range radio
frequency band.

Originally Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) modulation was the only modulation scheme available;
subsequently, since the introduction of Bluetooth 2.0+EDR, π/4-DQPSK and 8DPSK modulation may also
be used between compatible devices. Devices functioning with GFSK are said to be operating in basic rate
(BR) mode where a gross data rate of 1 Mbit/s is possible. The term enhanced data rate (EDR) is used to
describe π/4-DPSK and 8DPSK schemes, each giving 2 and 3 Mbit/s respectively. The combination of
these (BR and EDR) modes in Bluetooth radio technology is classified as a "BR/EDR radio".

Bluetooth is a packet-based protocol with a master-slave structure. One master may communicate with up
to 7 slaves in a piconet; all devices share the master's clock. Packet exchange is based on the basic clock,
defined by the master, which ticks at 312.5 µs intervals. Two clock ticks make up a slot of 625 µs; two
slots make up a slot pair of 1250 µs. In the simple case of single-slot packets the master transmits in even
slots and receives in odd slots; the slave, conversely, receives in even slots and transmits in odd slots.
Packets may be 1, 3 or 5 slots long but in all cases the master transmit will begin in even slots and the slave
transmit in odd slots.

Bluetooth provides a secure way to connect and exchange information between devices such as faxes,
mobile phones, telephones, laptops, personal computers, printers, Global Positioning System (GPS)
receivers, digital cameras, and video game consoles.

The Bluetooth specifications are developed and licensed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG).
The Bluetooth SIG consists of more than 13,000 companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing,
networking, and consumer electronics.[5]

To be marketed as a Bluetooth device, it must be qualified to standards defined by the SIG.

 SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Sarmad Hameed
2007-EE-543
Communication and connection

A master Bluetooth device can communicate with up to seven devices in a Wireless User Group. This
network group of up to eight devices is called a piconet. The devices can switch roles, by agreement, and
the slave can become the master at any time.

At any given time, data can be transferred between the master and one other device.

The master switches rapidly from one device to another in a round-robin fashion. Simultaneous
transmission from the master to multiple other devices is possible via broadcast mode, but this capability is
infrequently used in practice.

The Bluetooth Core Specification provides for the connection of two or more piconets to form a scatternet,
in which certain devices serve as bridges, simultaneously playing the master role in one piconet and the
slave role in another.

Many USB Bluetooth adapters or "dongles" are available, some of which also include an IrDA adapter.
Older (pre-2003) Bluetooth dongles, however, have limited capabilities, offering only the Bluetooth
Enumerator and a less-powerful Bluetooth Radio incarnation. Such devices can link computers with
Bluetooth with a distance of 100 meters, but they do not offer much in the way of services that modern
adapters do.

Uses

Bluetooth is a standard communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a
short range (power-class-dependent: 100 m, 10 m and 1 m, but ranges vary in practice; see table
below) based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device.[6] Because the devices use a radio
(broadcast) communications system, they do not have to be in line of sight of each other

Maximum Permitted Power Range

Class
mW dBm (approximate)
Class 1 100 20 ~100 meters
Class 2 2.5 4 ~10 meters
Class 3 1 0 ~1 meters

In most cases the effective range of class 2 devices is extended if they connect to a class 1 transceiver,
compared to a pure class 2 network. This is accomplished by the higher sensitivity and transmission power
of Class 1 devices.

Version Data Rate

Version 1.2 1 Mbit/s
Version 2.0 + EDR 3 Mbit/s
Version 3.0 + HS 24 Mbit/s

While the Bluetooth Core Specification does mandate minimums for range, the range of the technology is
application specific and is not limited. Manufacturers may tune their implementations to the range needed
to support individual use cases.
 SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Sarmad Hameed
2007-EE-543
Bluetooth profiles

To use Bluetooth wireless technology, a device must be able to interpret certain Bluetooth profiles, which
are definitions of possible applications and specify general behaviors that Bluetooth enabled devices use to
communicate with other Bluetooth devices. There are a wide range of Bluetooth profiles that describe
many different types of applications or use cases for devices.

List of applications

A typical Bluetooth mobile phone headset.

• Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a handsfree headset. This
was one of the earliest applications to become popular.
• Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little bandwidth is required.
• Wireless communication with PC input and output devices, the most common being the mouse,
keyboard and printer.
• Transfer of files, contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders between devices with
OBEX.
• Replacement of traditional wired serial communications in test equipment, GPS receivers, medical
equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic control devices.
• For controls where infrared was traditionally used.
• For low bandwidth applications where higher USB bandwidth is not required and cable-free
connection desired.
• Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth-enabled advertising hoardings to other,
discoverable, Bluetooth devices
• Wireless bridge between two Industrial Ethernet (e.g., PROFINET) networks.
• Three seventh-generation game consoles, Nintendo's Wii[10] and Sony's PlayStation 3 and PSP Go,
use Bluetooth for their respective wireless controllers.
• Dial-up internet access on personal computers or PDAs using a data-capable mobile phone as a
wireless modem like Novatel mifi.
• Short range transmission of health sensor data from medical devices to mobile phone, set-top box
or dedicated telehealth devices.
• Allowing a DECT phone to ring and answer calls on behalf of a nearby cell phone
• Real-time location systems (RTLS), are used to track and identify the location of objects in real-
time using “Nodes” or “tags” attached to, or embedded in the objects tracked, and “Readers” that
receive and process the wireless signals from these tags to determine their location.

Bluetooth vs. Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 in networking

Bluetooth and Wi-Fi have many applications: setting up networks, printing, or transferring files.

Wi-Fi is intended for resident equipment and its applications. The category of applications is outlined as
WLAN, the wireless local area networks. Wi-Fi is intended as a replacement for cabling for general local
area network access in work areas.
 SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Sarmad Hameed
2007-EE-543
Bluetooth is intended for non-resident equipment and its applications. The category of applications is
outlined as the wireless personal area network (WPAN). Bluetooth is a replacement for cabling in a variety
of personally carried applications in any ambience and can also support fixed location applications such as
smart energy functionality in the home (thermostats, etc.).

Wi-Fi is wireless version of a traditional Ethernet network, and requires configuration to set up shared
resources, transmit files, and to set up audio links (for example, headsets and hands-free devices). Wi-Fi
uses the same radio frequencies as Bluetooth, but with higher power, resulting in a faster connection and
better range from the base station. The nearest equivalents in Bluetooth are the DUN profile, which allows
devices to act as modem interfaces, and the PAN profile, which allows for ad-hoc networking.[citation needed]

Bluetooth devices

A Bluetooth USB dongle with a 100 m range. The MacBook Pro, shown, also has a built in Bluetooth
adaptor.

Bluetooth exists in many products, such as telephones, the Wii, PlayStation 3, PSP Go, Lego Mindstorms
NXT, iPod Touch and in some high definition watches, modems and headsets. The technology is useful
when transferring information between two or more devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth
situations. Bluetooth is commonly used to transfer sound data with telephones (i.e., with a Bluetooth
headset) or byte data with hand-held computers (transferring files).

Bluetooth protocols simplify the discovery and setup of services between devices.[citation needed] Bluetooth
devices can advertise all of the services they provide.[citation needed] This makes using services easier because
more of the security, network address and permission configuration can be automated than with many other
network types.[citation needed]

Computer requirements

A typical Bluetooth USB dongle.

An internal notebook Bluetooth card (14×36×4 mm).

 SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Sarmad Hameed
2007-EE-543
A personal computer that does not have embedded Bluetooth can be used with a Bluetooth adapter or
"dongle" that will enable the PC to communicate with other Bluetooth devices (such as mobile phones,
mice and keyboards). While some desktop computers and most recent laptops come with a built-in
Bluetooth radio, others will require an external one in the form of a dongle.

Unlike its predecessor, IrDA, which requires a separate adapter for each device, Bluetooth allows multiple
devices to communicate with a computer over a single adapter.

Operating system support

Apple has supported Bluetooth since Mac OS X v10.2 which was released in 2002.

For Microsoft platforms, Windows XP Service Pack 2 and SP3 releases have native support for Bluetooth
1.1, 2.0 and 2.0+EDR. Previous versions required users to install their Bluetooth adapter's own drivers,
which were not directly supported by Microsoft. Microsoft's own Bluetooth dongles (packaged with their
Bluetooth computer devices) have no external drivers and thus require at least Windows XP Service Pack
2. Windows Vista RTM/SP1 with the Feature Pack for Wireless or Windows Vista SP2 support Bluetooth
2.1+EDR. Windows 7 supports Bluetooth 2.1+EDR and Extended Inquiry Response (EIR).

The Windows XP and Windows Vista/Windows 7 Bluetooth stacks support the following Bluetooth
profiles natively: PAN, SPP, DUN, HID, HCRP. The Windows XP stack can be replaced by a third party
stack which may support more profiles or newer versions of Bluetooth. The Windows Vista/Windows 7
Bluetooth stack supports vendor-supplied additional profiles without requiring the Microsoft stack to be
replaced.

Linux has two popular Bluetooth stacks, BlueZ and Affix. The BlueZ stack is included with most Linux
kernels and was originally developed by Qualcomm.The Affix stack was developed by Nokia. FreeBSD
features Bluetooth support since its 5.0 release. NetBSD features Bluetooth support since its 4.0 release. Its
Bluetooth stack has been ported to OpenBSD as well.

Mobile phone requirements

A Bluetooth-enabled mobile phone is able to pair with many devices. To ensure the broadest support of
feature functionality together with legacy device support, the Open Mobile Terminal Platform (OMTP)
forum has published a recommendations paper, entitled "Bluetooth Local Connectivity".

Specifications and features

The Bluetooth specification was developed in 1994 by Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson, who were
working for Ericsson in Lund, Sweden.The specification is based on frequency-hopping spread spectrum
technology.

The specifications were formalized by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The SIG was formally
announced on May 20, 1998. Today it has a membership of over 13,000 companies worldwide. It was
established by Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba, Motorola and Nokia, and later joined by many other
companies.

Bluetooth v1.0 and v1.0B

Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had many problems, and manufacturers had difficulty making their products
interoperable. Versions 1.0 and 1.0B also included mandatory Bluetooth hardware device address
 SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Sarmad Hameed
2007-EE-543
(BD_ADDR) transmission in the Connecting process (rendering anonymity impossible at the protocol
level), which was a major setback for certain services planned for use in Bluetooth environments.

Bluetooth v1.1

• Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2002

• Many errors found in the 1.0B specifications were fixed.
• Added support for non-encrypted channels.
• Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI).

Bluetooth v1.2

This version is backward compatible with 1.1 and the major enhancements include the
following:

• Faster Connection and Discovery

• Adaptive frequency-hopping spread spectrum (AFH), which improves resistance to radio
frequency interference by avoiding the use of crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence.
• Higher transmission speeds in practice, up to 721 kbit/s, than in 1.1.
• Extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which improve voice quality of audio links by
allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets, and may optionally increase audio latency to
provide better support for concurrent data transfer.
• Host Controller Interface (HCI) support for three-wire UART.
• Ratified as IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2005
• Introduced Flow Control and Retransmission Modes for L2CAP.

Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR

This version of the Bluetooth Core Specification was released in 2004 and is backward compatible with the
previous version 1.2. The main difference is the introduction of an Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) for faster
data transfer. The nominal rate of EDR is about 3 megabits per second, although the practical data transfer
rate is 2.1 megabits per second.EDR uses a combination of GFSK and Phase Shift Keying modulation
(PSK) with two variants, π/4-DQPSK and 8DPSK.EDR can provide a lower power consumption through a
reduced duty cycle.

The specification is published as "Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR" which implies that EDR is an optional feature.
Aside from EDR, there are other minor improvements to the 2.0 specification, and products may claim
compliance to "Bluetooth v2.0" without supporting the higher data rate. At least one commercial device
states "Bluetooth v2.0 without EDR" on its data sheet

Bluetooth v2.1 + EDR

Bluetooth Core Specification Version 2.1 + EDR is fully backward compatible with 1.2, and was adopted
by the Bluetooth SIG on July 26, 2007.

The headline feature of 2.1 is secure simple pairing (SSP): this improves the pairing experience for
Bluetooth devices, while increasing the use and strength of security. See the section on Pairing below for
more details
 SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Sarmad Hameed
2007-EE-543
2.1 allows various other improvements, including "Extended inquiry response" (EIR), which provides more
information during the inquiry procedure to allow better filtering of devices before connection; sniff
subrating, which reduces the power consumption in low-power mode

Bluetooth v3.0 + HS

Version 3.0 + HS of the Bluetooth Core Specification was adopted by the Bluetooth SIG on April 21, 2009.
It supports theoretical data transfer speeds of up to 24 Mbit/s, though not over the Bluetooth link itself.
Instead, the Bluetooth link is used for negotiation and establishment, and the high data rate traffic is carried
over a colocated 802.11 link. Its main new feature is AMP (Alternate MAC/PHY), the addition of 802.11
as a high speed transport. Two technologies had been anticipated for AMP: 802.11 and UWB, but UWB is
missing from the specification

Alternate MAC/PHY
Enables the use of alternative MAC and PHYs for transporting Bluetooth profile data. The
Bluetooth radio is still used for device discovery, initial connection and profile configuration,
however when large quantities of data need to be sent, the high speed alternate MAC PHY 802.11
(typically associated with Wi-Fi) will be used to transport the data. This means that the proven low
power connection models of Bluetooth are used when the system is idle, and the low power per bit
radios are used when large quantities of data need to be sent.
Unicast connectionless data
Permits service data to be sent without establishing an explicit L2CAP channel. It is intended for
use by applications that require low latency between user action and reconnection/transmission of
data. This is only appropriate for small amounts of data.
Enhanced Power Control
Updates the power control feature to remove the open loop power control, and also to clarify
ambiguities in power control introduced by the new modulation schemes added for EDR.
Enhanced power control removes the ambiguities by specifying the behaviour that is expected.
The feature also adds closed loop power control, meaning RSSI filtering can start as the response
is received. Additionally, a "go straight to maximum power" request has been introduced, this is
expected to deal with the headset link loss issue typically observed when a user puts their phone
into a pocket on the opposite side to the headset.

Bluetooth v4.0

On June 12, 2007, Nokia and Bluetooth SIG had announced that Wibree will be a part of the Bluetooth
specification, as an ultra-low power Bluetooth technology.

On December 17, 2009, the Bluetooth SIG adopted Bluetooth low energy technology as the hallmark
feature of the version 4.0. The provisional names Wibree and Bluetooth ULP (Ultra Low Power) are
abandoned.

On April 21, 2010, the Bluetooth SIG completed the Bluetooth Core Specification version 4.0, which
includes Classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth high speed and Bluetooth low energy protocols. Bluetooth high speed
is based on Wi-Fi, and Classic Bluetooth consists of legacy Bluetooth protocols.

Bluetooth low energy

Bluetooth low energy is an enhancement to the Bluetooth standard that was introduced in Bluetooth v4.0.
It allows two types of implementation, dual-mode and single-mode. In a dual-mode implementation,
Bluetooth low energy functionality is integrated into an existing Classic Bluetooth controller. The resulting
architecture shares much of Classic Bluetooth’s existing radio and functionality resulting in a minimal cost
 SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Sarmad Hameed
2007-EE-543
increase compared to Classic Bluetooth. Additionally, manufacturers can use current Classic Bluetooth
(Bluetooth v2.1 + EDR or Bluetooth v3.0 + HS) chips with the new low energy stack, enhancing the
development of Classic Bluetooth enabled devices with new capabilities.