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Six Sigma Intro

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28 views4 pages

Six Sigma Intro

Uploaded by

singh.abhi08
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO SIX SIGMA

MEASUREMENT SYSTEM: HOW DO WE ARRIVE AT SIGMA LEVEL?

Identify the CTQs Define Defect Look for Defects


Opportunities in Products or
• “Critical to Quality” Services
Characteristics or • Any step in the
the Customer process where a • Count Defects
Requirements for a Defect could occur or failures to
Product or Service in a CTQ meet CTQ
requirements in
all process steps

Defects per
Sigma Million of
Level Opportunity Convert DPMO to Arrive at DPMO
Sigma Level
Z PPM
• Use the SIGMA • Defects Per Million
2 308,537 TABLE Opportunities
3 66,807
4 6,210
5 233
6 3.4

SIX SIGMA STEPS

Six Sigma methodology has four phases (MAIC): Measure, Analyze, Improve,
Control. A specially trained Black Belt or Green Belt leads the team to help
identify root causes of defects and/or variation in an existing process (or product)
and then improve and control that process.

Measure Analyze Improve Control

• Identify CTQ • Benchmark and • Use Design of • Set up Control


(Critical to Quality) Baseline Processes Experiments Mechanisms
Variables
• Calculate Yield • Isolate the • Monitor Process
• Map the Process and Sigma “Vital Few” from the Variation
“Trivial Many”
• Develop and • Target Opportunities Sources of Variation • Maintain “In Control”
Validate Measurement and Establish Processes
Systems Improvement Goals • Test for Improvement
in Centering • Use of Control
• Use of Pareto Chart Charts and
& Fishbone Diagrams • Use of Brainstorming Procedures
and Action Workouts

Measuring & Eliminating Defects is the “Core” of Six Sigma

Compiled By The 1999 ASA Quality & Productivity Conference Committee 1


SIX SIGMA ROLES

Champion: A business leader who provides overall strategic direction for a Six
Sigma project team. This individual serves as a liaison between management and
the project team; facilitates the acquisition of resources and support for the
project.
Master Black Belts: Quality leaders responsible for strategy, training, mentoring
and deployment of Six Sigma.
Black Belts: Six Sigma experts who work projects across the business.
Green Belts: Fully-trained individuals who work projects in their job.

SIX SIGMA GLOSSARY

Capability Flowup
Trading off or optimizing defect levels by statistical propagation of defects from
lower level variables to higher level variables in a system (design and/or product)
CTQ flowdown.

Critical To Quality (CTQ)


An element of a design or a characteristic of a part that is essential to quality in
the eyes of the customer.

CTQ Flowdown
A system (process and/or design) block diagramming technique to identify the
transfer functions (dependencies) between Ys and Xs at various levels of the
system. The Xs at one level are the Ys at a lower level.

Defect
A failure to meet an imposed requirement on a single quality characteristic or a
single instance of nonconformance to the specification.

Defective
A unit of product containing one or more defects.

Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO)


The number of defects counted, divided by the actual number of opportunities to
make a defect, then multiplied by one million. A direct measure of sigma level.

Compiled By The 1999 ASA Quality & Productivity Conference Committee 2


Defects Per Unit (DPU)
The number of defects counted, divided by the number of products or
characteristics produced. A process of counting and reducing defects as an initial
step toward Six Sigma quality.

Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)


Creating a component, system, or process such that its capability approaches
entitlement upon initiation.

Design of Experiments (DOE)


Statistical experimental designs to economically improve product and process
quality. A major tool used during the “Improve Phase” of Six Sigma methodology.

Entitlement
The expected performance level of a process when the major sources of
variation are identified and controlled.

Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA)


A process in which each potential failure mode in every sub-item of an item is
analyzed to determine its effect on other sub-items and on the required function
of the item.

Gage Repeatability & Reproducibility (Gage R&R)


A measurement system evaluation to quantify measurement error, and its
ingredient components, e.g., equipment variability, appraiser variability, etc. This
study is critical to ensure that the collected data is accurate and to assess how
much of the total process variation is due to measurement.

Process
A particular method of doing something, generally involving a number of steps or
operations.

Process Capability
The relative ability of any process to produce consistent results centered on a
desired target value when measured over time.

Quality Functional Deployment (QFD)


Structured methodology to identify and translate customer needs and wants into
technical requirements and measurable features and characteristics. This tool is
used to identify Critical to Quality Characteristics (CTQs).

Compiled By The 1999 ASA Quality & Productivity Conference Committee 3


Sigma (σ
σ)
A measure of the consistency of a process.

Sigma Level
A statistical measure (Z value) of process variation; the distribution or spread
about the mean (average) of any process or procedure. The higher the sigma, the
better the process. Zlt (long term Z) is the sigma level of a CTQ (or a process) in
the presence of long term sources of variation. Zst (short term Z) is the sigma level
in the presence of short term sources of variation only. This typically represents
the basic entitlement of the process.

Six Sigma Quality


A combination of verified customer requirements reflected in robust designs and
matched to the capability of production processes that creates products with
fewer then 3.4 defects per million opportunities to make a defect. World-class
quality. A collection of tools and techniques for raising quality to worked-class
levels.

Transfer Function
Model for relationship (e.g., regression equation, response surface fit, simulation
model, finite element model, etc) between the Xs and Ys.

“Xs”
Designation in Six Sigma terminology for those variables which are the root causes
(“explanatory variables” in regression analysis); as opposed to “Ys” which are
dependent outputs of a process. Six Sigma focuses on measuring and improving Xs,
to see subsequent improvement in Ys.

“Ys”
Designation in Six Sigma terminology for those variables which are dependent
outputs of a process, as opposed to “Xs” which are independent root causes that
impact the Y’s.

Compiled By The 1999 ASA Quality & Productivity Conference Committee 4

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