TYPES OF AIRPORT

Based on the runway accessibility the airports are divided into two
types
Ground based airport
Amphibious airport

AIRPORT FUNCTION SYSTEM

Airport is primarily divided into two areas for the purpose of identifying the location of
functions:
a. The landside; comprising of terminal complex, parking areas, ground transportation
and support facilities
b. The airside; comprising of aircraft apron, runways, taxiways systems and the air space
for take-off and landing
Components of the system
The passenger terminal system is comprised of three major components. These
components along with the activities associated with them are as follows:
1. The access interface

When the passengers approach an airport and transfer from access mode of travel to
passenger processing interface. The activities in access interface include Circulation,
parking, and curbside loading and unloading.
2. The processing interface

The passenger processing takes place inside the terminal complex. The passenger
prepares for starting, ending or continuation of an air trip. The activities in processing
interface are ticketing, baggage check-in, baggage claim, seat assignment,
immigration and security check ups.
3. The flight interface

When the passengers leave the terminal complex and board the aeroplane. The
activities include assembly, conveyance to and from the aircraft and loading and
unloading of baggage and cargo.

PRELIMINARY STUDIES REQUIRED

GROUP I → Aircraft Standards

Runway, Taxiway and Apron Design
Ground control system

GROUP II → INTERNATIONAL TERMINAL

Passenger departure from kerb to Holding Areas
Circulation – Facilities Required
Passenger arrival – Facilities – Circulation

GROUP III → DOMESTIC TERMINAL

Passenger departure from kerbb to Holding Areas circulation –
Facilities required
Communication systems in general

GROUP IV → Airlines requirements, their offices, Retiring rooms for new

Ticketing and Information
GROUP V → Airport Maintenance, Overall Circulation and Security, Engineering
services, Structure
Fire fighting

GROUP VI → Transit facilities, Parking, Police Station and Other Facilities

Design concept and Combination

GROUP VII → Cargo complex

Reception
Booking and Delivery
Security
Handling cargo to and Fro
Insurance etc.

AIRCRAFT STANDARDS

AIRCRAFT DETAILS
The single A320 Family is a short to medium range aircraft delivering superior fuel
efficiency, passenger comfort, environmental characteristics and economics,
with a global market coverage.

The A380-800 is a subsonic, very long range and very high capacity
civil transport aircraft.

The A380-800 offers several payload capabilities

ranging from 400 passengers in o very comfortable multiclass configuration, up
to 853 passengers ¡n an all economy class configuration.
Infrastructure requirements of design aircraft
The following table provides characteristics of A380-800 Models, these data are specific
to each Weight Variant
Aircraft dimensions
ICAO code F for new large aircrafts
Summary of ICAO code F Requirements:
Runways
The runway width should be not less than 60m.
Runway shoulders are recommended and, if provided, should be at least 7.5m in
width each side, giving an overall minimum width of 75m.
The Obstacle Free Zone (OFZ) shall extend to at least 77.5m either side of the
runway.
Unless specified, ICAO Code F requirements as detailed above shall be provided.

A 380 flexible pavement data

A High Strength: CBR 15
B Medium Strength: CBR 10
C Low Strength CBR: 6
D Ultra Low Strength: CBR 3
A,B,C& D are the Subgrade categories.
 Minimum Take-off distance & landing roll is 9020ft (2750 m).

RUNWAYS
A rectangular strip on the airport prepared for the takeoff and landing of aeroplane is
called the runway. An airport may have more than one runways which are configured
in a specific manner for safe and efficient use of airport under different climatic and
operational conditions. Following are the factors which determine how a runway strip
should be designed and configured:
Weather conditions
Wind flow and intensity
Visibility in different climatic conditions
Topography of airport and the neighborhood area The air traffic to be serviced at the
airport
Determination of actual runway length
Runway Specifications for design:
Basic Runway Length: 3000m
Runway Width: 60m
Stabilised shoulder: 7.5m
Obstacle free zone: 77.5m either side of the centre line
 Effective Runway Gradient: 0.30%

TYPES OF RUNWAYS
There are 4 basic runway configurations with the rest being variations of the
original patterns.
The basic runway configurations.

AIRSIDE COMPONENTS
APRON
Aprons are designed for parking aeroplane and turning them around between flights.
They have the capacity to on and offload passengers, baggage, cargo and provide
the servicing facilities to the aircraft
An apron is a bridging point between the terminal building and the runway systems.
There are various types of aprons in terms of its purpose of use:
a) Passenger terminal apron used for enplaning and deplaning of passengers

b) General aviation terminal apron designed for special use

c) Cargo terminal apron designed specifically for cargo handling

d) Remote stand where aircrafts suffering from terrorist threat or temporarily grounded
for maintenance are parked

The physical characteristics relating to geometry or function for all apron types are the
same regardless of the purpose of use.
A) Apron sizing
The size of the apron depends upon various factors and it may vary for different airports
according to their operation:
Types of aircrafts which are intended to use the apron Shape and layout of the apron
Space required for apron taxiways and taxilanes Safety clearances for maneuvering of
aircrafts
Service roads and movement of servicing vehicles areas designated for ground
equipment
B) Apron location

The location and orientation of apron should be in accordance to following objectives:

Minimum length of taxiing of aircrafts
Minimum impact of the engine exhaust on the terminal building Room for expansion of
the terminal building
Shortest possible distance to and from aircraft in front of the terminal building

APRON CONCEPTS
Several design concepts have evolved over the time for the design of apron. It is
practically impossible to design a single terminal that is functional for all type of
requirement, so, a compromise has to made by using multiple combinations for
maximum efficiency. Each concept is discussed with respect to its function and the
respective pros and cons.
A) Simple concept
This concept is used at very small airports where aircraft movement is very small with
only few flights per day. The stands are small and only serve a small number and type of
aircrafts. Most of the stands have ‘self-maneuvering’ of aircraft and generally parked at
nose-in or nose-out angle.

B) Linear concept
Linear concept is a gradual development and extension of simple concept. The stands
are located parallel to each other in front of the terminal building. The concept is
extended sometimes to build several parallel piers or satellites that are all connected to
the same terminal building.
Advantages:
Simple access from terminal building
Simple installation of passenger loading bridges Sufficient space for technical handling
Flexible for future expansion
Disadvantages:
At large airports, walking distance is large for stand at the extreme
Large distance between central processing and loading bridges Issues of transferring transit
passengers, baggage and cargo
The problem of large moving distance can be solved by people movers or travellators.
But the problem of transfer of passenger within an airline may cause unnecessary
delays. The concept with all its flexibility, cannot handle loads beyond 25 MPPA.

C) Open concept
In this concept, the stands are located in front of terminal building at a distance in one
or more than one rows. The passengers are transported to the stand with the help of
busses or mobile lounges. There is an island between the aprons to provide servicing
facilities.

Advantages:
More aircrafts can be served from short terminal frontage Minimum
taxi distances and maneuvering times
Less fuel consumption on ground maneuvering Easily expandable

Disadvantages:
Large fleet of transport busses or mobile lounges required
Large workforce required
Complexity in moving transit passengers and baggage
Large number of movements in apron area can be dangerous
Increased possibility of accidents with aircraft and servicing vehicles

D) Pier concept
Pier concept is used for larger airports with great number of air movements. A single pier
can provide contact capacity to more number of aircrafts depending on its size and
orientation of the parked aircraft. The shape of the may vary depending upon the
design and the availability of space. The concept can be used at airports where
passenger loads are around 45 mppa.
Advantages:
All passenger loading gates are under same roof at a pier terminal All the passengers can
be centrally processed for a particular pier Easy processing and navigation for transit
passengers
Compact footprint of terminal building and piers
Disadvantages:
Limited space for servicing of aircraft
Increase in aircraft size cause congestion Long travel distances for larger piers
Engine noise and exhaust fumes create poor working environment

E) Satellite concept
In this concept the passenger loading satellite is located remotely and connected to the
main terminal building via ground tunnels or overhead corridors. The shape of satellite may
vary as per design which determines the capacity of aircraft parking at the apron. Linear
satellites can have up to 20 aircrafts connected to them; the number of aircraft attached
to a circular satellite may vary from 4 to 8. Satellite terminals has central passenger
processing as compare to unit terminals except a few security
screening processes that are performed at the satellite.
Advantages:
Good concept for hubbing airports Ample space for servicing
of aircraft
Safe and simple push-back operations
Aircraft can be parked linear or radially to side of satellite
Disadvantages:
Large total apron space
Large distance between central processing and
satellite terminal makes it necessary to provide transport
between terminals

F) Hybrid concept
When any of the above-mentioned concepts are used in different combination then its
known as hybrid concept. The advantage of hybrid design is that it has the capacity to
accommodate different type of aircrafts and it helps in controlling peak hour traffic.
LANDSIDE COMPONENTS
AIRPORT TERMINAL BUILDING
An airport terminal building provides a link between ground transportation and air
travel. The passengers who are taking a flight approach the terminal building by an
automobile, taxi, bus, train or any other mode of ground transport and then they enter
the terminal building to approach towards their flight. Inside a terminal building,
passengers can make an inquiry, book a ticket, transfer their luggage and go through
various check points like passport, boarding, security etc. small airports may have only
one terminal but modern airports will large air and passenger movements have many
terminals; terminals are connected to connected to each other by:
Walkways
Sky bridges
Underground tunnels
Sky trains (such as Changi Airport Singapore)
Main terminal building is comprised of following activities in different sections:
Lobbies for passenger/ visitors, pax circulation and other services
Office of different airlines, airline ticket counters, flight information and administrative
backup
Circulation areas for airport users such as escalators, elevators, travellators, stairways,
lobbies and corridors
Services including restaurants, storage areas, rest rooms, food preparations etc.
Inbound baggage handling area for an incoming flight and baggage claim areas for
passengers to pick up their baggage
Interline baggage handling facility to transfer baggage from one flight to another for
transit passengers
Outbound baggage handling facility for sorting and processing of baggage for the
departing flights
TYPES OF TERMINAL
The terminals are classified into 3 types based on the operating levels of the
Terminal building .The types of terminal are
One level system
Two level system
Multi level systems

TERMINAL LEVELS CONFIGURATION

Passenger building concepts can be also be considered bg levels on which
passenger arrival, processing and departure takes place.

There ore four typical configurations.

Single-level rood/single-level
Arrival and departure processing in the terminal ¡s done at some level but is
separated horizontally.Passenger boarding to aircraft is by means of stairs.
Single-level road/double level
This is a variation of Double-level road/double level terminal, with access road
and curb-side for arrival and departure separated horizontally bur not vertically.

Double-level rood/double level

Access roads and curb-side ore on different levels, to allow vertical separation
of arrival and departure
processing in the terminal [usually the upper level is for departure and lower
level for arrival].

Single-level road/double level

This ¡s a variation of Double-level road/double level terminal, with access road
and curb-side for arrival
and departure separated horizontally bur not vertically.

SET OF REQUIREMENTS:
1- PARKING:

Long-Term Parking
Short- Term Parking
Remote parking
2- CONCOURSE (DEP. & ARRIVAL)

Ticketing and reservation offices

Flight Information
Baggage Inquiry cell
 Post office
Bank (Foreign Exchange)

Travel Agents
Hotel Reservations
PCO
Tourists Information Office
CAA facilitation office
Traffic Police office
Rent a car service
Porter Service
Snack Bars & Public restaurants
Shops
Visitors seating areas
Stair, regulators and lifts
Prayer Area
Public toilets, Water coolers and janitors room
A.S.F Control Room
FIDS ( Flight Information & Display System)

3- DOMESTIC DEPARTURE:

Gate Ticket check

X- ray security machines along with rest rooms
Check-in counters
Out bound baggage conveyer Belts
Digital Weight bridge
Passenger Seating
Facilitation Counter
Prayer hall with Ablution area and toilets ( male & female)
Edibles (shop/ trolley)
Toilets ( males & females) & janitor room
FIDS
Phone Booths
Airline operational offices
Early baggage store
 ASF site office and rest room
Boarding card and stamp counter
Snack Bar
Departure Lounge
VIP/CIP lounge
Buss lounges
Child Care Nursery
First Aid Center

4- INTERNATIONAL DEPARTURE:

X-ray security machines

Custom Control
Airline Check-in Counters
Out-Bound Baggage conveyor Belt
Digital Weight Bridge
FIDS
Passport Control
Flight Information & Facilitation Counters
Over Seas Pakistani Foundation
Passenger Seating
Prayer hall (Male and Female)
Edibles & Snacks
Toilets
Early baggage stores
Lift for heavy baggage
Phone Booths
Support Offices for ASF, Custom and Immigration
Shift In charge
Head Constable
Record room
Detention Room ( Male & Female)
Detainees Luggage room
Staff rest Room
Computer Room/ CCTV room
Airline offices.
 First Aid Counters
Duty Free Shops
Handicraft Shops
Child Care Nursery
VIP & CIP lounges
Bus Lounges
Transit Lounges and storage room for left baggage
Security check for Transit Park.

5- DOMESTIC ARRIVALS:

Baggage Claim Devices

Sealing
Baggage cart parking space
P.C.O
Porter Service & counter
Porter rest room
Car Rented
Mishandled Baggage & related offices
Prayer Area
Flight Inquiry

6- INTERNATIONAL ARRIVALS:

Health Control Counters

Passport Control Counters
Baggage Claim Devices
Sitting Spaces
Baggage cart parking
PCO and Phone Booths
Porter Service Counter
Car Rental
Overseas Pakistani Foundation
Banks (currency exchange)
Lost & found Baggage & related Offices
Facilitation Counter
Duty free Shops
 Custom Control and Cash Counter for duty payable items
Health Control Offices
Immigration Offices
Custom offices
7- BAGGAGE HANDLING AREAS:

Commanding officer
Personal Assistant office
Company Commander
Duty officer & working
Company Clerk, Runners room & waiting
Storage Room
CCTV room
ASF Ladies Staff Room
ASF Ladies Officer Room
Intelligence Bureau Office
Special branch office ( Int’l Dept)

8- RENTEL SHOPS FACULTIES:

Chemist
Sweets Shop
Books & Stationary
Jewelry Shops
Flower Shop
Souvenirs shops
Duty Free Shops & their storage areas
Handicrafts Shops

9- COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS:
(a) Operational systems
FIDS
Public Address System
Master Clock
(b) Management Systems
Telephone (central Exchange)
Radio paging
Data Transmission Network
 Intercom System
(c) Security Systems
Detection & Surveillance ( CCTV room)
Fire Warning System Network

10- SERVICE & UTILITIES:

HVAC Plant Rooms ( Substations)

Elect/ Mech. Rooms (Substations)
Water Supply Machine Room
Fire Escapes
Kitchen Services, Stairs, Lifts
Garbage Disposal System
Plumbing Systems for Washrooms.