VOLUME 2 The Digging Stick: Can you dig it?

March 2011

VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

BUSHCRAFT USA
Magazine

Learning Multiple
Use Plants
Alternative to
flint and steel
A Guide to Winter Knot Review
Prusik and Canadian Jam

Clothing Heat Loss

Cause and Prevention

Childhood Bushcraft
Bushcraft Real Winter Camping

Checklist
©2011
Bushcraft On The
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VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

Contents:
Page 3: The Digging Stick: Can you dig it?
Kevin Estela!

Page 4: Alternative To Flint And Steel

Je" Wagner!

Page 6: Knot Reviews: Prusik And Canadian Jam

Skab0311!

Page 7: Bushcraft On The Go

Marc Hallee!

Page 8: Learning Multiple Use Plants

Terry Barney!

Page 9: Heat Loss: Cause And Prevention

GreyOne

Page 10: The Bushcraft Checklist

Iz Turley

Page 11: Real Winter Camping

Robert Jinks

Page 14: A Guide to Winter Clothing

Kevin Kinney

Page 18: Childhood Bushcraft

Randy Haskins

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VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

The Digging Stick: Can you dig it? by Kevin Estela

Background make the wider end the digging end. suggestions) with my knife in rich
The development and use of hand You will have to taper the end starting soil for various edible plant roots. I
tools marks a turning point in the about 9” to 12” back from the tip. Do would never do this in anything rocky
history of man. I’m not referring to not simply make a shallow taper as or sandy as it could potentially
the latest and greatest power tool, but this will make digging harder. You damage my most important tool. With
primitive technology. ! Amazingly, want as little material in the way to the digging stick, I don’t have to
many cultures left isolated from the create drag as you dig deeper. Don’t worry as I can always carve another.
industrial revolution continued to use remove all the bark as this will To use it, you can either probe slowly
wooden tools until converging provide grip. I prefer making my tip around the intended plant root for
patterns of trade and exploration in the center of the wood near the harvesting or jab it aggressively in the
made the world smaller. Even more heart wood. You can also make it a ground like a shovel. Keep in mind, it
amazing, there are presently some wedge shape tapering from one side is a wooden tool and it will not take
indigenous cultures living the old to the other. Try to make the carved the same aggressive prying motions
way and using only what mother section as smooth as possible and as its steel counterparts. It will also
nature provides. Then of course, there keep it a consistent thickness. Once wear quickly if used in rocky soil.
are the bushcraft and survival you have carved your wooden tool to The benefit of this type of tool comes
practitioners like you and me who your liking, you need to fire-harden it in the deep but small diameter holes it
“dig” the primitive technology and for best results. This process rapidly can make. It leaves a minimal trace
wish to keep it alive. removes moisture from the wood and doesn’t disrupt the soil as much
using heat. To do this, you need to as a wide shovel.! On a recent course,
insert the digging portion of your one student of mine found a section
stick into the ashes of your fire of tree with a crook forming a natural
(please read ashes, not coals!) The foot rest. He used it effectively to
ashes will be very hot but there will gather Indian Cucumber and wild
be no oxygen within. Without oxygen leeks. Ultimately, you can modify
your wooden digging stick will not your tool to your personal style. If
burn. Genius right? For this article’s you can’t carry a small spade, trowel
digging stick, I left mine in the ashes or shovel, you will have the
Construction: for 30 minutes. The length of time knowhow to make a digging tool
Digging sticks are best made from you leave it in for will vary. when you need it. Good luck and
green hardwood. Osage Orange, Hop happy foraging!
Hornbeam, Oak, Beech and Plum are
just a few of the proven woods for Kevin Estela
tool making. To start, you should look Survival Instructor
for a section of tree, straight if Wilderness Learning Center
possible but not necessary, about 2 to
3 feet in length. I prefer the longer
style as I don’t want to bend down as
far when I use it. Make sure your
section is anywhere from 1.5” to 3”
wide. There is no exact width
necessary and everyone will have a Use:
personal preference to what size stick The beauty of the digging stick is
they use. Just remember, the tool will how well it works, considering what
be heavier the longer and wider it is. it is. Sure, I occasionally slowly
After your section is cut, you need to probe (going against many

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VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

Alternative to Flint and Steel

!"#$%&&#'()*%+#,-./*0.1234

Of all the fire starting methods the late 1800’s may have actually piston from generating the necessary
discovered over the millennia, none come from witnessing a fire piston heat. While difficult and tedious to
are more remarkable than the Fire demonstration. When molecules of fabricate, fire pistons represent a
Piston. Patented in Europe in 1801, air are forcefully compressed, they durable and effective fire-starting
this palm-sized device, constructed become hot. As the shaft of the fire device able to create innumerable
completely from natural materials, is piston is thrust into the cylinder, the lights. When a piston eventually
capable of instantly creating a air inside is compressed and raised becomes worn from repeated use,
burning ember with a single push of to a temperature in excess of 800 original performance can be restored
the piston. It utilizes natural tinders degrees Fahrenheit in a brief burst of in minutes by simply re-wrapping
that can be collected in the woods energy. A single push of the piston the gasket.
and fields without special with the hand is all that is required
preparation and unlike other to instantaneously ignite the tinder. Fire pistons can be used to ignite a
primitive fire starting methods, the variety of natural tinder, plus the
fire piston performs well in a wet same cotton charcloth so familiar to
environment because the live coal is flint and steel users. Some of the
created by compressed air.... more useful and common of the
Incredible! natural tinders for the fire piston
include milkweed pod ovum (the
Many buck skinners, re-enactors and puffy structure remaining inside the
living history buffs as well as pod after the fluff has been
modern survival enthusiasts are dispersed), milkweed down, poplar
familiar with primitive fire starting cotton, the pith of the mullein stalk
techniques. These methods include and cattail fluff. In a hardwood
the bow drill, hand drill, flint and forest environment, decayed wood
steel and burning lens. However, punk, collected from dead standing
most are also completely unaware of trees, represents a very useful and
the existence of the Fire Piston, an abundant wild tinder. Wood punk
amazing device that enjoyed a brief lights very easily in the fire piston,
period of popularity in England catches a spark from flint and steel
around the year 1800, about the without charring and can be blown
same time as the development of the into flame in place of a fiber nest.
phosphorous match. However, the best of the natural
A traditional fire piston consists of a tinders is actually a fungus. True
wood, horn or brass cylinder Tinder Fungus or Inonotus obliquus
approximately 4 to 5 inches long is parasitic growth common to birch
and a precisely fitted piston. To trees and may develop at the site of
achieve the necessary compression, an injury to the tree such as a broken
the piston must create an airtight limb. This fungus has a blackened,
seal, yet be able to move freely charred looking exterior with an
within the cylinder. To accomplish interior the color of buckskin and
this, the piston is wrapped a short consistency of cork. The interior of
distance with string or leather to this fungus makes remarkable tinder
create a gasket. Grease is applied to that is difficult to extinguish once
the gasket for lubrication and to aid ignited. In addition to use in fire
The Fire Piston represents a in creating the seal. pistons, tinder fungus will also catch
remarkable combination of primitive a spark from flint and steel without
yet sophisticated technology. Similar In construction, great care must be special treatment and it makes an
to the modern diesel engine, its exercised to assure the bore is excellent hearth board for hand drill
operating principle is compression. concentric and free of imperfections. and bow drill fire making.
If fact, there is speculation among Minor dimensional variations in
scholars that the inspiration leading either the bore or piston can result in
Rudolf Diesel to invent his engine in loss of compression preventing the

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VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

To create a fire using a fire piston, a A glowing ember is more lasting

small amount of tinder is placed in a than an isolated flame, and unlike a
cavity carved into the end of the flame, it is made stronger by moving
piston. The piston is inserted a short air. When an ember is placed in
distance into the cylinder. The tinder such as the shredded inner
cylinder is gasped firmly and the bark of certain trees, fungus, or punk
piston given a quick push or sharp wood, it expands rapidly, increases
blow with the palm. The piston is in temperature and bursts into open
immediately withdrawn to reveal a flame with a few breaths. This coal
smoldering ember in its tip. The initiated fire making process is
ember is placed into a bundle of precisely how fire was made for
shredded bark or punk wood and thousands of years prior to the
blown into flame. With a small development of matches and instant
amount of practice, the entire flame technology. Jeff Wagner
sequence can be performed in well Wilderness Solutions
under 30 seconds. The fire piston represents a unique, www.wildersol.com
effective and period-correct fire
making tool worthy of inclusion in
any possibles bag. With just a little
practice, your next rendezvous
campfire can be ignited in only a
few seconds and everyone who sees
the fire piston in use will be
completely amazed.

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VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

Knot Review
by Skab0311

Prusik
" A Prusik is a friction
hitch or knot used to put a several mountaineering routes of of self-rescue situations as well
moveable loop of cord around a the era to ascend the final as other bushcraft scenarios.
fixed rope, applied in climbing, summit peak, where a rope " In bushcraft and,
safety lanyards, rope rescues, could be thrown over the top camping the knot is mainly used
and by bushcrafters. The term and anchored so that climbers for setting up shelters. When
Prusik is a name for both the could attain the summit by using it for a tarp shelter it not
loops of cord and the hitch. prusiking up the other side of only allows you to secure the
" The Prusik hitch is the rope. The benefit of the knot tarp to the ridge line but also
named for its inventor, Austrian is that when weighted, it grips allows easy tensioning of the
mountaineer Dr. Karl Prusik. It the rope that it is tied around. tarp.
was shown in a 1931 Austrian When the weight or tension is
mountaineering manual for rope removed, it is free to slide. This
ascending. It was used on enables it to be used in a number

Canadian Jam
" I present to you the
Canadian Jam Knot (aka the
arbor knot) made famous by our
very own Terry Barney but first
described by Mors Kochanski in
one of his booklets, “Top Seven " simply pull the tag you left
Bush Knots and the Use of the All you need to know is the hanging out after the first
Windlass.” It is fast becoming simple overhand knot. Tie one at overhand knot.
one of my go to knots for the end, leaving a “tag” to pull
bushcraft use. on later. Be prepared to lose
" It can be used to lash that knot and the little bit after it
your bed roll to your pack, put if you use the Jam knot hard on Instructions and illustrations by
up poles for your tarp, bind something. Next, tie a second Skab0311
snowshoes, compress your overhand knot a ways down
sleeping bag and even used to from the other and run the end
attach fishing line to your reel. of the cord back through. Pull
And the great part is this knot is on the end of the cordage that
easy to learn, if you can tie your has no knots and “jam” the other
shoes you can tie this knot. two knots together. To loosen,

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 VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

Bushcraft On The Go burying them for winter storage.

Which limbs do they use most
are endless. And try to include your
your children; make it like a game
By Marc Ha!e" frequently? Which tree do you think for them. Explain the differences
they are living in? Do they have a and have them explain it back to you.
route that they prefer over another? Then quiz them as you walk down
What obstacles do they seem to the street. Teach them to be
avoid and which ones do they observant and have the Bushcraft
ignore? By answering as many mindset.
questions as you can, you have just
" Bushcraft can be practiced put your mind on a task that will
anywhere, everywhere and just about provide valuable information the
all the time. The key to enhancing next time you are out trapping
your skills is to keep applying them squirrels as your next meal. Not that
to everyday life, wherever your you’ll be at the local park trapping
travels may take you. Most of us squirrels, but gaining knowledge on
probably relate Bushcraft and/or animal behavior is extremely
Woodlore to being out in the valuable when you really need to
wilderness, sitting by a campfire find a food source. And while
while a small tin hangs from a tripod you’re at it, talk to your kids about
heating up some pine needle tea. the behavior and have them answer " Using your skills and
Yes ,that does sound like a great the same questions. You’ll be knowledge can help keep you sane
time, but Bushcraft can mean so amazed at what they actually pick when you can’t make it out to your
much more than that. up for details and the things that you bushcraft playground. So start
" To really apply the missed. It’s just as important to pass training yourself to have that
Bushcraft mindset, you need to be the Bushcraft skill on as it is to bushcraft on the go mentality and
thinking about your resources every apply it. open your eyes to what’s around you.
moment you can. Keep a sharp eye " As you can see, bushcraft And the next time you go for a stroll
for something that can be used for on the go is just a matter of putting to the local park, by all means try not
when we do actually make the time your mind to it. But before you to step in that big pile of dog poop.
for that campfire retreat. Look for even get to the park, take it back one For a real test, ask yourself what can
items all around you every day and step. As you’re strolling down the you actually use that dog poop for?
try to think of a Bushcraft type use sidewalk and avoiding the dangers Till next time, always remember…
for it. Just keep an open mind and of modern man, you can test your Bushcraft is everywhere and
open your eyes to a whole new plant skills. Is that an edible anywhere.
world. plantain weed coming through the
" Let’s create a few scenarios cracks? Is that a sugar maple tree in Marc is a New Hampshire native
to help illustrate and put it into a that guy’s yard? Is this a red or who's ! a passionate Bushcrafter
better perspective. Say you’re a city white oak and how do you know? practicing his traditional arts in a
dweller like me and you can’t make Have you ever noticed just how modern world.
it out to the forest today because time much Queen Anne’s Lace was h t t p : / / w w w. y o u t u b e . c o m / u s e r /
just won’t allow it. So after actually growing next to that shrub? LowBudgetBushcraft
work ,you decide to take the family " They say that one man’s
to the local park, which is about a # trash is another man’s treasure. You
acre in size. There’s a nice statue, a can use this old soda bottle to collect
couple of huge oak trees, and a bench some pine sap or tar when you get to
to rest your tired feet at. As the kids the park. Will this quartz stone give
are playing, watch how the squirrels a spark? I could go on all day of the
and chipmunks act. This time of possibilities of trying to find a use
year, the squirrels are starting to for every little piece of trash, but I’ll
gather acorns from the oak tree and leave that up to you. The options

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VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

Learning Multiple Use Plants

By Terry Barney
Several months ago, I authored spoon, you can use the shavings are not only edible, but they make
a thread on what skills most to start your fire. Speaking of fire, great platters for the prepping of
people would like to learn at a the Cottonwood is a great wood food. The dry wood is some of the
bushcraft school and received a for your bow and drill set. All in best in my area to use when
lot of good input. The one subject all, a great tree to learn. making the bow and drill. It
that people really wanted to learn carves very easily, making it a
was plant ID and uses. I found prime wood to make utensils. The
this a little surprising since this is inner bark can be twisted into a
a subject that can get you into thick cord and charred in a sealed
trouble due to the poisonous tin. The charred rope catches a
nature of certain plants. So, before spark very quickly. Probably one
we go any further make sure that of the quickest cordages in the
the plant you are going to eat or Midwest is the bark of the
use is what you think it is. If you basswood. I have several of these
are unsure, please leave it alone. Cattail trees on my property so I have the
ability to strip the bark off of low
In my area, I have tried to learn Another staple of many branches or small saplings. I have
plants that have more than one woodsmen is the cattail. Almost used this quick “rope” for many
use. What uses am I talking every part of this plant is tasty! projects from shelter lashings to a
about? For me, edibility, cordage, The roots are a great starch, the makeshift sling for my marlin.
firecraft, and workability are the young shoots taste a lot like
traits I am looking for. In my cucumber, and the heads can be
opinion, if you can learn just a eaten like corn on the cob in the
few plants that have these spring. The leaves can be twisted
characteristics, you are way ahead into cordage or used to make
of the curve. The trees and plants insulation beds. When the heads
I use the most are fairly common go to seed, the fluff makes for a
in most areas. The key is learning great flash tinder and coal
the species in your area that will extender. If you cut the stalk
meet your needs. Here are a few green and let it dry, it is a great These are only a few of the
of my favorites. spindle for the hand drill. multiple use plants in my area. I
would encourage you to get out
Cottonwood and learn a few in your own
backyard.
These trees are found in almost
every area I frequent. It is very
easy to identify and has many Terry Barney is a former Air Forc"
great uses. It is not really edible, Survival Instructor #now referred
but the buds can be used to make to as SERE Specialist$ and owner of
Balm of Gilead. The bark on the the Midwest School of Bushcra%.
larger trees makes a near Basswood www.midwestschoolofbushcraft.com
frictionless bearing block. It also
makes some great looking spoons. This has to be one of my
After you are done carving your favorite trees. The large leaves

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VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

Heat Loss: Cause And Prevention

By GreyOne
In colder weather, we all know browse bed to sleep off the ground, inch radiates heat into the air. This
that it is easy to get chilled, and using a coat or pad to set on, etc. loss of body heat is especially
this can have serious This is one form of heat loss we great for the head, hands and feet,
consequences, from Hypothermia can usually do a lot to control. and the groin and armpit areas.
to Frostbite. What most people To control this radiation heat loss,
never think about are the causes of Convection cover your hands, and head, and
heat loss: the actual physical This is heat loss from air currents wear proper clothing to keep heat
mechanisms that steal our body carrying away warmer air and close to your body. Most of my
heat, and leave us colder than we causing the body to work harder to generation grew up hearing "If
were. There are five major heat maintain its surface temperature. your feet are cold , wear a hat".
loss mechanisms, and I want to The solution is to use windproof Radiation heat loss is why.
discuss each of them briefly, and clothing, or a shelter that breaks
point out things that help to defeat the wind. The well known "Wind The total answer to heat loss is
each one, and keep us warmer. Chill" factor is what we are trying good clothing that insulates, keeps
to defeat, and simply staying out of us dry and gives wind protection.
Respiration the wind can make a 20*F to 40*F It is also important to cover
The first cause, respiration, is also difference in the chill factor, vulnerable areas and maintain
the one we can do the least about depending on actual temperatures. awareness of physical exertion to
under normal circumstances. keep respiration and perspiration
We all have to breathe, and with Evaporation (evaporation) under control.
every breath, warm air from our This is the heat lost from
lungs is exhaled, taking body heat moisture (sweat) evaporating from There is another side to some of
with it. Then cold air is inhaled, your body or clothing. In hot these factors, and that is how we
and body heat is used to warm it weather this is a blessing, but in can use them to gain warmth.
up as we inhale it. the cold, it is deadly. It matters When we build a fire, we can gain
By avoiding overexertion, and little whether you get wet from heat from it by both convection
panting, we can at least control the rain, falling in the river, or and radiation. The control of warm
heat loss to some extent. A scarf or sweating from overexertion, the air currents can help a lot, and a
other wrap loosely covering the effect is the same: a potentially reflector behind a fire will
nostrils can also help, by holding deadly heat loss. dramatically increase the heat
some of the warmer exhaled air To prevent this, the answer is to thrown into a shelter. Warm stones
close, to mix with the new and stay dry, or get dry if already wet. or water bottles can give us
colder air we inhale. This is why in cold weather you conductive heat for the night as
need to keep your physical well. A tent or tarp that blocks rain
Conduction exertion under control, so you do and wind helps to limit evaporative
Conduction is heat loss by not start to sweat. This relates to and convective heat loss, as well as
contact with a colder surface. Pick the answer for the Respiration radiative heat loss.
up a cold metal pole, or set on a factor above, so pay attention, you
cold rock for a minute, and you get two problems controlled with Stay dry, stay warm, and have fun
can feel the heat being conducted one simple step. Don't over exert! out there.
away from your body. Sleeping on
the cold ground is another major Radiation
example of conductive heat loss. Our skin is supplied with a large
Insulation is the answer here- number of blood vessels, and has a
gloves on head, a ground pad or lot of surface area. Every square

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VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

arrived at some peak that has that I see as unnecessary for

The eluded them until this point.

They’re at the top of the skills and
knowledge ladder in the bushcraft
having a good time or for survival
in the woods. Here’s an example:
The hand drill would be a skill that

Bushcraft community and now all is well,

they will be looked at with respect.
All of this usually happens without
the individual even knowing it.
is high on the bushcraft list but
near the bottom of mine. Why, you
ask? First of all because I’m lazy
and the hand drill method looks

Checklist ! ! ! ! In my opinion that list is

worthless. Plain and simple, a
waste of time and energy. Not the
like too much work and secondly,
because I always have cordage or
can make cordage for the bow and
By Iz Turley skills themselves, but the drill method. Yeah, yeah, I know
perceived or real peer pressure that there’s always a chance I’ll get
created the list in the first place. dropped buck naked (nobody
Never heard of the bushcraft Everyone wants to measure up and wants to see that) into a wilderness
checklist? That’s because it’s not be accepted in their chosen hobby that has no cordage plants
really a tangible thing. There’s or profession, and bushcraft is no whatsoever, but that’s a risk I’m
nothing of it written down exception. I don’t look down on willing to take.
anywhere; you can’t send off to anyone who is on the journey of !!!! I guess what I’m saying is this:
Ray Mears and get one to hang on checking off all the skills on the don’t let your lack of mastery of
your wall or stick in your pack, but bushcraft list. I do feel bad for the bushcraft list keep you from
it does exist. You’ve probably them though. I feel bad that they feeling valuable to the bushcraft
seen evidence of it and may might be missing the entire point community. Don’t let that feeling
unknowingly use it yourself at of it all. Missing what probably of not knowing the proper reverse
times. It usually goes something brought them to these skills in the lever, back fist, super duper knife
like this: first place; the woods and the love grip make you learn something
1. Learn to build a fire. 2. Learn of being there. I’m afraid that they that is useless to you and worst of
the chest lever knife grip, the are concentrating so hard on all, not fun. Don’t do it for
hammer grip, the reverse super completing the list that they’re acceptance. Do it for the love of
high energy chest grip and all other missing the trees and the forest all doing it.
conceivable knife grips 3. Learn in one smooth pass, and that’s a Now it could so happen that you
the bow and drill friction fire tragedy. feel that every skill on the
method 4. Learn the bow and drill !!!! I’m not a list teetotaler by any bushcraft list is truly essential and
using natural cordage. And on and means myself; I don’t want you to fun; if that’s the case then proceed
on up the mythical bushcraft skills come away thinking that. I have as planned. Forget all my
ladder. my own list and it goes something blithering because it doesn’t apply
!!!! It’s the unwritten list that some like this: to you.!
feel they have to follow in order to ! ! ! ! On the opposite side of the
be taken seriously, to be respected. 1. Go to the woods coin, if your ego is so big that your
You can see this phenomenon 2. Have fun head can’t fit through the door
displayed in internet posts and because you’ve checked off all the
youtube videos at times. It’s subtle That’s about it. Any skill I practice skills on the list then I’m glad. I
but it’s there. Every skill that is is for fun or what I consider a don’t want you coming through my
learned is posted up in still or requirement for myself because of door anyway.
moving pictures for posterity’s the area I live in. Not because it‘s
sake and then checked off the list. on the accepted, official bushcraft Iz Turley is the owner of Turley
Once all the skills on the list are list. And when I practice those Custom Knives
learned (not necessarily mastered),! skills, I have fun. I won’t practice www.turleyknives.com
then the person feels like they have something that does me no good or

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VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

Real Winter Camping

by Robert Jinks

" My father had a this every year for the past

childhood friend that lived in twenty-five years. I brought " We followed Denny
Harbor Springs, Michigan along a camping buddy of down a country road in the
whom we would visit in the mine that I knew would share woods and pulled up to a spot
summers when I was young. the same enthusiasm as myself that he had found while on
His name was Denny, and he about freezing our butts off patrol on his snowmobile. This
was a sheriff's deputy. Summer sitting in the woods. was a trail that wasn't
would mean he was on the frequented by sleds in the area,
Harbor, and winter would find " Denny sent us out a so it would be a great trail head
him on a snowmobile as part letter detailing the equipment to start our hike, and we could
of the sled patrol. Every time that was suggested to help also leave the vehicles there.
we took vacation to travel keep us comfortable and safe We packed our gear in sleds
north in the summer, we during the weekend. This that Denny had brought with
would stop to visit and he would be a simulated survival him. This was a great choice
would have stories about what situation, so we were allowed because as we would find out,
I think of as “real” winter to bring our own gear, and then learning how to use snow
camping. This meant sleeping we would gradually learn how shoes with a full pack on is
in a shelter built from locally to live without it as the nights very difficult! So we packed
gathered materials and passed. The drive up there was everything in the sleds and
practicing survival skills the usual “we can't wait to pulled them behind us as we
during the day. finally be up there and in the walked in our snowshoes for
woods” kind of drive. We two miles to our destination.
" Before I was able to knew from talking to Denny Once we got to our camp site,
drive, I had wanted to go on that there was over three feet we walked around for a while
one of his outings. This is not of snow on the ground. In fact, to pack down the snow so that
surprising since Denny is one that year was so cold, waves it would support our weight,
of those types that could get were freezing to create glacier making it so we would no
people excited to do just about type ice formations. This was a longer need the snow shoes.
anything. I would wait for good indication that we would
about ten years before I would be in for a really cold
finally get my chance to get weekend! We met Denny at a
out there with him and learn gas station in Harbor Springs
from a guy that had been doing and we were off to the woods.

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 VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

" At this point, it was time pit in the snow. A channel was ahead of time how we were going
to build what Denny called an dug so that the wind would blow to do this, but insisted he would
Alaskan A-Frame. This type of through it to help keep the fire teach us. It drove me crazy trying
shelter is also called a Thermal fueled with oxygen. We were in a to think of how this trick would
Shelter or Thermal A-Frame. This frozen swamp, so fallen wood be done. In the end, it was more
is where you dig into the snow was plentiful. We all had axes, basic than I would have guessed.
until you hit the ground, find two and we all worked at gathering Again, the ground under the snow
branches with a fork at the top to wood to keep our fire going for would come into play. The trick
create the front of the shelter and most of the weekend. We were was to dig a hole in the snow, line
then you get a longer, third not to use any lighters, only the sides with pine boughs, and
branch to create the body of the sparking devices to start our fires. then cover it all with snow after
shelter. You lash the three Our first one was started with a placing the water inside. I was
together to make sure it keeps its magnesium match and with skeptical about this, but it was my
shape. This is exactly like a proper tinder, we had a small fire first time and Denny's twenty-
debris shelter, but digging the going in no time. As the weekend fifth year at this, so I decided to
snow out to uncover the ground is progressed, we went from putting go with what he said. This trick is
important. You finish this off with small branches in the fire to using not needed for survival, but it is
putting ribs on and weaving in larger wood in order to conserve nice to keep a large amount of
pine boughs to create the roof. To energy. This meant our tiny fire drinkable water accessible
this, you add enough pine boughs that has been lit the first day grew without having to melt it again.
to the floor to create a six inch to a ring in the snow about six This is good for times when you
barrier between you and the feet in diameter. won't have a fire the next day.
ground. Show would be piled on
top of the shelter for insulation, " We went over venting
and a “door” would be fashioned techniques for when we were
from pine boughs that you would working hard so we didn't sweat
be able to pull in to close off the as badly. This is when you use
shelter. The idea behind this convection and evaporation by
shelter is that the ground will be leaving the top of your coat open
kept at a constant temperature while hiking or doing harder jobs
from the blanket of snow. The like cutting wood. This prevents
triangle shape also lets heat be sweat from building up under
reflected back towards you. your layers, keeping you warmer
Another tip about this shelter is when you are not moving.
that you don't want to make it Closing everything up when you
super high. Keeping the ceiling sit down to take a break is
low will keep heat closer to you important. While sitting by the
since heat will rise. If done fire, drying your socks and “felts”
correctly, this shelter will stay at from pack boots is important as
or around 45 degrees. This shelter " well. Keeping dry is a key to
does not require a fire near the surviving in sub zero
opening. The occupants body temperatures! This goes double
heat, combined with the " for your feet! Drying things off
insulating effect of the snow, while in front of the fire will
maintains the temperature. " After this, we learned make your night ten times more
" After we created our about keeping water from comfortable, believe me.
shelters, we set out to start a fire. freezing during the cold nights. I
We gathered wood from around explained this before in a post on
the area while Denny dug out a the forums. Denny didn't tell us

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VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

" Before we went to bed, anything the whole weekend, so I thinking might help you make it
Denny described how we could am glad we brought food in with through the night. I hope this
use our legs to “bicycle” to us. guide can also help some people
generate heat once in the shelter. out by passing on what I have
This is better than doing jumping " One more trick comes to learned and used. I go winter
jacks outside of the shelter mind that might help you know camping every year now to
because the heat generated stays when the sun might go down, continue my learning.
inside and is not wasted. This is leaving you very cold if not by
another conservation lesson. the fire. We learned how to
Remember, in a real survival fashion a sun dial with sticks in
situation, having little or no food the snow. Start with one stick in
means waste is not an option. the center. This will cast will cast
the moving shadow. When the
" That night, we did not sun comes up, you put a stick
feed the fire. This was probably where the shadow is cast. Place a
due to not wanting to leave our stick under the shadow each hour
shelters! That morning, I found until the sun goes down. This will
out later that the rules had been give you a good estimate of when
broken. Someone other than darkness will fall, letting you
myself had tried to use a regular finish any tasks that might need to
lighter to start the morning fire. be done for the day. This way,
To his dismay, the freezing temps you can be by the fire instead of
in the morning prevented the out hunting or trying to gather
lighter from working. This wasted wood.
valuable time while his hands The premier bushcraft and survival
were not in gloves. Denny " The last night was by far school offering convenient weekend
showed us that ferro rods worked the coldest of the whole weekend! classes in rural Iowa.
in any temperature. Later, fire After returning to civilization, we Become proficient in core skills
would become more difficult and found out that it had hit 20 below including shelter, fire, cordage,
challenging as we learned how to zero! Even though I was in a water collection and purification,
do bow and drill fires. After we sleeping bag it was satisfying to edged tools, first aid, land
ate breakfast, we learned to set know that I had spent the night in navigation, camp cooking, and wild
some snares for rabbits and other a natural shelter with no heat edibles. ! Basic and specialized
small animals that we might eat. source. courses available for all skill levels.
These were simple spring snares
created by bending small saplings " I finally got to go winter www.midwestschoolo#ushcraft.com
over and cutting notches to hold camping with Denny and learn
them in place. A wire loop was what he learned twenty-five years
made and attached to the sapling. ago. I also found out he learned
The idea is that the loop would be from a survival class in college of
placed in path of a rabbit. “Props” all places! They didn't offer
can be used to corral the animal anything like that when I was
into using that path. Walking going to college. So if you are
through the loop would spring the caught in the woods on a hunting
trap, and hopefully the trap would trip or some other disaster in the
not throw the prey into the winter, conservation and clear
woods! We didn't end up catching

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 VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

Don't freeze your assets off

A Closer Look at Cold Weather Clothing
By Kevin Kinney

Why do we get cold?

! •! Convection- Cold air replaces the warm air next to your skin. You
lose.
! •! Conduction- Cold surfaces rob heat through direct contact with
your skin. You lose again.
! •! Radiation- Heat leaves your body as infrared energy. You lose,
but don’t realize it.
! •! Evaporation- Water consumes energy when it turns from liquid to
vapor. This can happen even in the dead of winter. The same holds
true whether you’re sweating or wearing pants that are soaked
from melting snow. As moisture leaves the protective envelope of
your clothes, it takes your body heat with it. Guess what…

Dress for the C.O.L.D.

! •! Clean your clothes. Dirt and body oils reduce the effectiveness of
insulation by matting fibers together and retaining moisture.
! •! Oversized clothing traps more warm air within its fibers and
won’t restrict the circulation of blood.
! •! Layer your clothing. Adding or removing different pieces allows
you to tailor your protective coverings to the environment. Wearing a single, thick garment does not.
! •! Dry clothes, from both the weather and perspiration. Synthetics, wool, silk, and other blends do not retain excessive
moisture from perspiration like cotton will. It’s important to keep your skin dry, and allow for water to exit your
clothing so it will not draw heat from your skin.

A good system to follow:

! •! Next to your skin, wear a thin, loosely fitted layer that will draw perspiration and allow the heat from your body to
push it away. Avoid cotton and other fibers that take a long time to dry when they’re wet. Look for synthetic fibers
like polypropylene, polyester, or natural fibers like wool or silk.
! •! Insulation does the work of retaining air that is warmed by your skin. Loose fitting layers with bulky fibers are
perfect for trapping small pockets of warm air. Keep in mind that your perspiration will be passing through this
layer, so these garments should remain warm when wet, and dry quickly. Polyester fleece, high loft synthetic
filament batting, wool sweaters, and acrylic pile are excellent choices. Avoid cotton, which may be warm at first, but
soaks up plenty of heat-robbing sweat.
! •! Shell Layers must act as a barrier to the environment. Wind, cold air, and precipitation will affect your insulation
layers and make you cold. At the same time, perspiration must be allowed to escape to the outside. There are
hundreds of shells to choose from, but a few very simple guidelines to follow:
" •" Find a garment that’s roomy enough to hold a few layers underneath without constricting your movement.
Big pockets and a hood are nice.
" •" Consider the climate your shell will be used in. In rainy weather you’ll need a guarantee of water proofing.
In colder areas, a simple windproof shell will allow perspiration to exit while retaining the effectiveness of
your insulation.
" •" Zippers and other mechanical vents allow you to tailor the amount of coverage you need without having to
remove whole layers.

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VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

Know your vowels: A, E, I, O, U, and Y.

! •! Anticipate- add or remove layers before your skin temperature changes. This helps you avoid unnecessary
perspiration or getting chilled when you rest. Shed an outer shell or layer of insulation before you begin any
strenuous activities. Put your jacket back on as soon as you finish working. Once you’re uncomfortable, it’s costly to
recover.
! •! Extremities- Your head, hands, and feet are your most vulnerable areas. Keep them covered and cozy. Wear a hat,
even if it’s only a thin one. A balaclava protects the delicate skin of your neck, ears, and face. Wear mittens instead
of gloves in cold weather. Gloves have more surface area to rob heat from your lonely fingers. Cold feet can be
dangerous, especially since they take considerable effort to reheat. Invest in a pair of durable pac boots or mukluks.
Regular foot wear simply doesn’t insulate you from the cold.
! •! Inventory- Bring extra layers of clothing and accessories. You may get wet, dirty, or damage something during your
endeavors. Have an extra hat or three handy for different weather conditions. Bring extra mitten liners or thin gloves
so you can perform dexterous tasks without contacting cold surfaces. If your insulation layers aren’t dry, change
them for new ones. Bring extra socks and an extra set of boot liners to keep your feet warm and dry.
! •! Organize your clothes so you won’t lose time or temperature. Keep dry clothing accessible, and arrange some way
to remove the moisture from your used items, i.e. – hanging them near the fire, laid on the hood of the car, inside
your parka, etc.
! •! Understand your body’s signals to recognize the onset of hypothermia. Even if you’re used to having chilly hands
or feet for short periods, you’re fighting a losing battle with the laws of nature. As you get colder, your ability to
react and recover drops at an alarming rate. React quickly, add a layer, notify someone else, and seek shelter.
! •! Your body is a furnace that heats your microclimate. Without the proper internal conditions you may never stay
warm. Cold has tremendous effect on our systems as a whole, but it is possible to train your metabolism to produce
plenty of heat.

Keeping your furnace stoked.

! •! Hydrate. You need water for every cell of your body. You may not feel thirsty because of the cold weather, but you
should drink at regular intervals to stave off dehydration. Keep water handy inside your parka, or in an insulated
container. If you’re going to store water for any period of time, place the container upside down so ice will not form
on the opening.
! •! Eat. Calories are a blessing. Food produces heat when you digest it. Instead of eating large meals, switch to a parka
pocket buffet of candy, nuts, and rich snacks. When you consume small quantities all day long your metabolism
adjusts to provide a constant stream of energy and body heat. Fat and protein will provide more sustained fuel, but
mix in plenty of carbohydrates as kindling. You’ll never go wrong with a 10 pound bag of trail mix. Drop a stick of
butter in your coffee too.
! •! Move. Movement burns extra calories. Stay active to stay warm. Chopping wood, shoveling snow, or working with
dogs are all good ways to boost your output.
! •! Potty. Don’t skimp on the snowbank breaks. A full bladder or bowels are uncomfortable, and they sap heat from the
rest of your innards.
! •! Rest. When you’re simply too tired to continue, you need to recover. Find a sheltered spot and cover up quickly. If
you’ve got a chance to sleep, add an extra blanket or two to ensure your comfort and safety.

OK. Now that we’ve covered the boring basics, let’s get to the truth of it.
The $65K question- “What should I wear?”
The cop-out answer: “Well, that depends. Winter is a relative term.”
And now the qualifier. I kinda know about clothing. I’ve been making it for decades: long enough to learn the absolute rule
and the fuzzy ones. Here are two certainties that each of us understands at the genetic level:
" •" Cold wins, eventually. Without shelter, food, water, and rest you’re gonna get hypothermic.
" •" Warm and dry must be mutually inclusive. One without the other just hastens victory for the ice.

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VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011
" Proper clothing buys you a " I’ve got it easy in January. It rose to prominence because it does
bit of time, that’s all. “Proper?” you Minnesota cold is dry and absolute. what wool won’t. Polyester ignores
chuckle.”Is this the part where you Not Canada dry, but still good water. Got it wet? Shake it off. Voila.
tell us how your brand works better enough. Cold air sucks, literally. We Plastic avoids moisture so well that
than ….” Nope. Winter clothing isn’t lose several inches from Lake most next to skin layers perform
that simple. Winter is a relative term , Superior every winter to sublimation. simply by letting your body heat
after all. Where is your winter? Are The water molecules are snorked push perspiration right past them.
you pining in Truckee, chipping ice right into vapor by the cold air. The same holds true for fleece, pile,
in Tennessee, or skinning a Moose in *Poof* In that type of air mass, and high loft filaments. That’s fine to
Ontario? Contrary to what you might creative layering keeps me warm and a point. Stay active and you keep
think, misery does not always dry as long as my calories hold out. I producing the heat that drives sweat
increase relative to latitude. need only worry about ejecting water away. But cool down, and the magic
from my skin and lungs. Once it’s stops. The farther the sweat must
clear, my insulation layers work travel, the more likely that it will
really, really well. stop and rest. Sure, the fibers are
" What is that insulation? ready to release it, but why would
What shell works best? Aha! Let the they? One very famous polar
debate begin. Some swear by their explorer reported that their sleeping
natural fibers, some at them. I’ll stop bags weighed almost 80 pounds by
short of drawing the line. At my age, the time they reached their
I’ve learned that I might be wrong. I destination.
" By my estimation, January think there is no correct answer, only " Even after a short journey
sucks the most from Arkansas to a paradox that you must work through a single fleece, perspiration
Virginia. Why? Answer this: If you through. I love my work with wool, bounces right up against your shell.
take both a loaded 2.75” stainless canvas, and leather for a host of Is it coated? Laminated? Treated with
Ruger Security Six and a 1 quart reasons, from their longevity to their a serious DWR? Those are all fine at
water bottle from your kitchen table simple aesthetic- I am in the Moose keeping rain out, but they do an
and put them inside your coat, which Belt, after all. But I’ve also equally good job at keeping sweat in.
one will reach body temperature first bivouacked at 12,500’, played Water molecules must navigate
while you’re bumming? Assuming freeway with chunks of ice on class 4 through small pores, or be absorbed
my math on the wheel gun is correct, whitewater, and ridden a double directly into a monolithic membrane,
the steel, lead, wood/rubber, and century. I dig synthetics for what then keep on trucking through to the
components of the ammunition will they have to offer. Put simply, long other side. What happens if they get
warm up long before the flask chain polymers leveled the playing there and the outer surface is soaked?
containing its weight in water. Water field so that we can all expect Well, at least they’re out. There may
is evil. No other substance is quite so reasonable protection from the be a traffic jam behind them. In the
good at bringing you to ambient elements at a good price. short run (ie; the bicycle commute)
temperatures. Winter below the " How do you choose? Here’s this works fine. Now don’t read me
uppermost tier of the country and the rub. Got a 30 minute bike wrong on this. The off the shelf
east of the mountains is an exercise commute in Chicago? Hit the R.E.I. performance for synthetics is
in staying dry. The air is damp, the and load up. You’ll need the unmatched. I’ve passed more
ground is damp, and the snow is performance and washability of their petroleum under my needles than
damp. That’s a penetrating laminates and fleece. Are you on a 30 I’ve put in my car. I still run, bike,
combination. Now shovel your way day Caribou survey in Manitoba? ski, and paddle. Rarely am I clad in
to the carport and chip the ice from You might prefer a nice Mackinaw. clunky wool and canvas for those
your windshield, and you’re wet too. To understand both scenarios, let’s activities when there are so many
Joy! You folks are definitely tougher look at how these contrary textiles sports car textiles to choose from.
than me, and that’s coming from a deal with water and organic Just dry off your gear after your
guy who looks south towards contaminants. Polyester, the go-to workout, and wash it now and then.
Minneapolis. fiber for insulation, is plastic- period. Washing is easy after all. Things

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VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

" Polypropylene underwear Sounds like the kind of flinty right, and guaranteed to enjoy the
was lauded as the savior for active clothing that would thrive in slightly process. #3. Ask around. You’re in
athletes. But it has a darker and damp conditions at a slow to the best company at BCUSA. We try
stinkier side too, because synthetics moderate pace, without washing. not to kill each other off with bad
don’t know what to do with organic Anyone hear bagpipes? Little did you advice because that cuts down on the
contaminants like body oils and dirt. know that Scotch was the first energy bartering and the meets.
Armpits, butts, hairy drink.
backs…..Ewww. Body oils hit the " At this point in our outdoor Happy Winter!
fibers and kinda latch on. Then all history, clothing designers, textile
those little bacteria hunker down and engineers, and marketing wizards
enjoy the warm, moist microclimate have driven both types of fibers off a
you’ve produced for them. Read a cliff. We’ve got poly that looks and
few ads in a sporting magazine and feels like fuzzy sheep, and slick
you’ll see all the strategies we’ve looking Merino racing skin suits.
employed to help water and gunk Good luck telling who’s who at a
move on. We’ve spun silver fibers distance. If you’re confused, then
into the fabric, bred antibacterial you’re equally enlightened. But if
chemical into their matrix, then there’s steam coming from your ears,
scraped, scoured, scratched, twisted, find the nearest door frame and start
twirled, and even electrically charged pounding your head. The simple truth
the yarns in an effort to give them is that winter is relative, so your
more surface area to pull moisture clothing must be as well. We’re
along and kill the bugs. We’ve even blessed with 24 different seasons Woodsy child turned rabid designer
mixed them with wool. here in my neighborhood. We pride and self proclaimed exile from the
" What was that? Wool? ourselves on 60 degree days in June mainstream outdoor industry, Kevin
Weird, huh? Now we’re using that and 40 below in January, but I own Kinney runs Empire Canvas Works
very fiber that we tried to best more outerwear than street clothes from his neighborhood garage in
because it held too much water-30% because 6-8 of those seasons are quiet Duluth, MN.
of its own weight in fact. You would miserable and wet. My personal www.empirecanvasworks.com
think that sheep would drown in a canvas and wool rock for 4-6 of the
single wet season. Why don’t the others. The remaining months are a
Border Collies have to wring the crap shoot. If you’re not already the
flock out after the rain? (Well, mine expert in your portion of the globe,
would pee himself if he saw a sheep.) you’re left with a simple choice:
Because wool loves water, and tinker with your layers and see what
knows what to do with it. Those your thermostat reads, or stay inside.
hollow, kinky, scaly fibers are adept " We could ramble on for
at actively transporting moisture days about this. What about shell
away. Not all of it. A good deal fabric coatings? Dirt? Cooking oils?
remains inside the fibers themselves, Sparks? Colors? What’s a
where it warms up to body bushcrafter to do? I have only 3
temperature. Think of it like a very thoughts in closing. #1. Trust the
slow thermostat. Sure it might take a military, for they have done the math.
bit to warm it up, but it’s there when Surplus gear is the bargain of
you need a thermal mass. Not only bargains. Find a country that matches
that, but the Keratin proteins in the your climate, and see how they do it.
hairs spend their days whacking #2. Make your own. That’s right- the
bacteria. This fiber moves with the guy in the garage encourages you to
speed and durability of a truck. do the nasty. You’re likely to get it

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VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

Childhood Bushcraft By Randy Haskins "ironridger"

" I was taking a break at " Well, except for one time hammock, they come back with a
work the other day when I started when I had a grey squirrel in my glance that says maybe she
thinking back on 35 years of sights that was clinging to the should have taken a second look
paying the bills when it popped side of an old barn attached to my at that retirement home flyer she
into the old grey cells: I was parents’ property.! I squeezed the got in the mail.
bushcrafting back in 1967 but trigger and…nothing. So in the
was too young to realize it. Then heat of the battle, I hurriedly " Yet today in a lot of
again, a lot of us were probably in grabbed the end of the barrel that circles, this type of daily activity
the same boat back then, if you you had to twist to open the hole for an adolescent would surely be
were lucky enough to grow up in and pore in the BBs and POP! construed as some type of child
a country atmosphere. ! Building One shiny brass regulation-sized endangerment.! I definitely don’t
lean-tos, setting snares, and trying BB embedded into the palm of feel I was ever abused or
to build traps were just a part of my hand. Try explaining that one neglected. Going out on those
our daily routine of fun. We ran to your dad. types of adventures was
out of the house as early as we something I looked forward to
were allowed with hatchet " For some of us now who every summer day. !I can’t help
attached to belt and BB gun in are a birthday or two away from but think our kids and grandkids
hand, shouting back at Mom that receiving our morning coffee would benefit greatly from being
we were heading to the woods. discount at McDonald’s, we may allowed to create their own
She would not know when we be trying to rekindle some of memories of childhood
would be seen again until we those younger days spent out in bushcrafting.
finally returned hours later wet, the bush. When we mention to
muddy, and hungry. !And, I might our wives that we’re headed to www.myworldofbushcrafting.com
add, with both eyes and all of our the woods for the day to try and
digits still intact.! start a fire by rubbing some sticks
together and hang out in our

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VOLUME 2 MARCH 2011

Thank you to everyone who made this magazine possible. Without the overwhelming
support of the Bushcraft USA membership, we could not have brought you this second
edition. In keeping with the ideals of Bushcraft USA, we o"er this resource absolutely free
to use for your entertainment as well as education.

Sincerely,
Koa and Faol

More than just survival

Now Introducing! Editors:

Koa
Faol
Homeslice

Contributors:
Kevin Estela
Jeff Wagner
Skab0311
Marc Hallee
Terry Barney
Bushcraft USA is proud to bring you Bushcraft Outfitters, our GreyOne
brand new online store. We will be stocking a wide variety of Iz Turley
outdoor products to suit all of your bushcraft needs. The store Robert Jinks
is currently open with limited products including Bushcraft Randy Haskins
USA tarps in MultiCam, coyote tan, and woodland camo, as Kevin Kinney
well as pack covers and patches. Look for our Grand Opening
soon to see the full line of products. Supporting members of the
forum will receive special discounts on merchandise.

www.bushcraftoutfitters.com

©2011 WWW.BUSHCRAFTUSA.COM PAGE 19