INTRODUCTION TO MATRIX LABORATORY [ MATLAB ]

The Language of Technical & Physical Computing

Engr. Arif Hussain, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering ,SIBAU

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
INTRODUCTION TO MATRIX LABORATORY [ MATLAB ]

 MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) is a very powerful

programing Environment for performing
Scientific/Numerical and symbolic calculations

 It is a high-performance Matrix-Based language for

Technical & Physical computing

 It is an integrated development environment (IDE)

-integrates computation, visualization & programming environment

 More than 5000 colleges and universities around the

world use MATLAB and Simulink for teaching and research
in a broad range of technical disciplines.

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
 INTRODUCTION TO MATRIX LABORATORY [ MATLAB ]

MALAB is Used

 Scientific & Mathematical and Computation

 Algorithm Development & System Modeling

 Simulation & Visualization

 Analysis & Decision Making

 Scientific and Engineering graphics

 Interactive Programs & GUI development

Millions of engineers and scientists worldwide use MATLAB®

to analyze and design the systems and products.
Transforming Living Standards.

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
GETTING STARTED WITH MATRIX LABORATORY [2016]
A Minimum MATLAB Session

The goal of this minimum session (also called starting

and exiting sessions) is to learn the first fundamental
steps:
 Invoke MATLAB

 Explore MATLAB Environment & some Basic

Commands

 Do few simple calculations

 Quit MATLAB

To enter in MATLAB double click on the MATLAB icon

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
 GETTING STARTED WITH MATRIX LABORATORY [2016]

MATLAB has the following basic window components:

Command Window
– to execute commands in the MATLAB environment

Current Directory Window

– to quickly access files on the MATLAB path

Figure Window
– to display graphical output from MATLAB code

Workspace Window
– to view variable definitions and variable memory allocations

Command History Window

– displays all commands issued in MATLAB since the last session
(good for learning and verification)

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
GETTING STARTED WITH MATRIX LABORATORY [2016]

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
 SOME FUNDAMENTAL MATLAB COMMANDS
command Purpose / Functionality
help displays the help for the functionality

Ver check version of installed MATLAB & List of

toolboxes
clc clears the command window and homes the cursor

clear removes all variables from the workspace.

close ALL closes all the open figure windows.

who Lists/ display the variables in the current

workspace
whos returns a structure with the fields i.e more
details
When MATLAB starts the command prompt >> appears.
All MATLAB commands are executed from this prompt.

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
 USING MATLAB AS A CALCULATOR & QUITING
 In order to evaluate any expression type at
prompt command >>
 For example, let’s suppose you want to calculate the
expression, 1 + 2×3.
>> 1+2*3 >> 2.3+4.2 >> 2*pi
ans = 7 ans = 6.5000 ans = 6.2832

 You will have noticed that if you do not specify an

output variable, MATLAB uses a default variable ans,

 Note that the variable ans is created (or overwritten,

if it is already existed).

 To avoid this, you may assign a value to a variable or

output argument name. For example,

>> x = 1+2*3 >> 4*x

x=7 ans = 28.0000

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
MATLAB NUMERICAL EXPRESSIONS & OPERATORS
 By default MATLAB returns numerical expressions as
decimals with 5 digits.

 The format command is used to change the format of the

output.

 Type format rat to have MATLAB return rational

expressions.

>> 5.1-3.3 >> x=2+3; >> 1+2*3

ans =
1.8000 >> y=2+3 ans = 7

>> format rat y = >> (1+2)*3

>> 5.1-3.3
ans = ans = 9
5
9/5

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
 MATLAB OPERATORS & SPECIAL CHARACTERS

+ Plus; addition operator.

- Minus; subtraction operator.
* Scalar and matrix multiplication operator.
/ Division operator
.* Array multiplication operator.
^ Scalar and matrix exponentiation operator.
.^ Array exponentiation operator.
Colon; generates regularly spaced elements and represents
: an entire row or column.
Parentheses; encloses function arguments and array
() indices; overrides precedence.
[] Brackets; enclosures array elements.
. Decimal point.
… Ellipsis; line-continuation operator.
; Semicolon; separates columns and suppresses display.
= Assignment (replacement) operator.

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
PREDEFINED MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS IN MATLAB
 MATLAB offers many predefined mathematical functions for
technical computing.

 Typing help elfun and help specfun calls up full lists

of elementary and special functions respectively.

 There is a long list of mathematical functions that

are built into MATLAB. These functions are called
built-ins

 Many standard mathematical functions, such as sin(x),

cos(x), tan(x), ex, ln(x), can be evaluated.

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
 MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS IN MATLAB

List of some commonly used functions, where

variables x and y can be numbers, vectors, or
matrices.

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
 MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS IN MATLAB EXAMPLES

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
 INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES & VECTORS IN MATLAB
 Matrices are the basic elements of the MATLAB environment.

 A matrix is a two-dimensional array consisting of m rows

and n columns.

 Special cases: column vectors (n = 1)& row vectors (m = 1).

 a11 a12 ... a1n   b1 

a a22 ... a2 n  b 
 21  2
 . . . .  .  A  a1 a2 ... an 
M  B  
. . . .   . 
   
 . . . .   . 
am1 am 2 ... amn  
bn 

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES & VECTORS IN MATLAB

To create row vector A simply type in:

>>A = [2 0 1 4 7 1 5 6 4]

>>A(2) %% indexing
>>A(6:9) %% Colon operator
>> A(:) %%produces a column vector,
>> size(A)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1x9 vector

A(2) A(6:9)

>> B=A’ %% Transpose

16
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES & VECTORS IN MATLAB
To create a column vector B simply type in:

B = [3; 5; 0; 0; 1; 4; 9; -1; 1]
3 1

5 B(3)
B(1:4) 2

0 3

0 4
B = 1 5 9x1 vector
4 6

9 7

-1 8
19
B(6)
17
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES & VECTORS IN MATLAB
Practice 1: Investigate the effect of the
following commands:

V=[2 4 7 5] w=[1 3 8 9] z=[1; 1; 0; 0]

(i)diff= v – w (ii)sum = v + w (iii) v(2)

(iv) vw = [v w] (v) vw(2: 6) (vi) v’

(vii) v./w (viii) v.*w (ix) whos

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES & VECTORS IN MATLAB
Practice 2: Investigate the effect of the
following commands:

V=[2 4 7 5] w=[1 3 8 9] z=[1; 1; 0; 0]

(i) z’ (ii) z*v

(iii) [v; w] (iv) v*z
(v) [z; v’] (vi) z + v’

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES & VECTORS IN MATLAB

A matrix is an array of numbers. To type a matrix

into MATLAB you must

 begin with a square bracket,

 separate elements in a row with spaces or commas (,)

 use a semicolon (;) to separate rows

 end the matrix with another square bracket, ].

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES & VECTORS IN MATLAB

Matrix Indexing

>> A(2,1)
ans = 4

>> A(3,3)
ans = 9

>>A(3,3) = 0

A = 1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 0

Elements of a matrix are accessed as A(i,j),where i≥1 & j≥1.

Zero or negative subscripts are not supported in MATLAB.

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES & VECTORS IN MATLAB
COLON OPERATOR
 The colon operator will prove very useful and
understanding how it works is the key to efficient and
convenient usage of MATLAB.
 For example, suppose we want to enter a vector x
consisting of points (0,0.1,0.2,0.3,··· ,5).

 We can use the command

>> x = 0:0.1:5;

 Typing j:i:k defines a row vector with increment i

starting at j and ending at k.

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES & VECTORS IN MATLAB
A = 1 2 3 Deleting Row/ Column
4 5 6
7 8 0 >> A(:,2)=[]
ans = 1 3
>> A(2,:) 4 6
ans = 4 5 6 7 0
is the second row elements of A row or a column of a matrix can
be deleted by setting it to a null
A.
vector, [ ].

>> A(:,2:3) >> B = A([2 3],[1 2])

ans = 2 3
5 6 B = 4 5
8 0 7 8
A(:,2:3) is a sub-matrix with
Extracting a submatrix B consisting
the last two columns of A. of rows 2 and 3 and columns 1 and 2
of the matrix A.

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
INTRODUCTION TO MATRIX GENERATORS IN MATLAB

 MATLAB provides functions that generates elementary

matrices.
 The matrix of zeros, the matrix of ones, and the
identity matrix are returned by the functions zeros,
ones, and eye, respectively.

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC PLOTTING IN MATLAB
 MATLAB has an excellent set of graphic tools.

 Plotting a given data set or the results of computation is

possible with very few commands.

Creating simple plots

 The basic MATLAB graphing procedure, for example in 2D

1. take a vector of x coordinates, x = (x1,...,xN)

2. a vector of y-coordinates, y = (y1,...,yN)

3. The MATLAB command to plot a graph is plot(x,y).

NOTE: SIZE OF X & Y VECTOR MUST BE SAME.

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
INTRODUCTION TO BASIC PLOTTING IN MATLAB

The vectors x = (1,2,3,4,5,6) and y = (3,−1,2,4,5,1)

produce the picture

>> x = [1 2 3 4 5 6];
>> y = [3 -1 2 4 5 1];
>> plot(x,y)

>> plot(y,x)

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
INTRODUCTION TO BASIC PLOTTING IN MATLAB

The vectors x = (1,2,3,4,5,6) and y = (3,−1,2,4,5,1)

produce the picture

>> x = [1 2 3 4 5 6];
>> y = [3 -1 2 4 5 1];
>> plot(x,y)

>> plot(y,x)

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
INTRODUCTION TO BASIC PLOTTING IN MATLAB
Plot the function sin(x) on the interval [0,2π]

 first create a vector of x values ranging from 0 to 2π,

then compute the sine of these values, and finally plot
the result:
>> x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
>> y = sin(x);
>> plot(x,y)

 0:pi/100:2*pi yields a vector that

– starts at 0,
– takes steps (or increments) of π/100,
– stops when 2π is reached.

 If you omit the increment, MATLAB automatically

increments by 1.

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
 ADDING TITLES, AXIS LABELS, AND ANNOTATIONS

 MATLAB enables you to add axis labels and titles. For

example, using the graph from the previous example, add
an x- and y-axis labels.

>> x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
>> y = sin(x);
>> plot(x,y)

>> xlabel('x = 0:2\pi')

>> ylabel('Sine of x');
>> title('Plot of the Sine function')

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC PLOTTING IN MATLAB
Multiple (x,y) pairs arguments create multiple graphs with a
single call to plot.
For example, these statements plot three related functions
of x: y1 = 2cos(x), y2 = cos(x), and y3 = 0.5∗cos(x), in the
interval 0≤x≤2π

>> x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
>> y1 = 2*cos(x);
>> y2 = cos(x);
>> y3 = 0.5*cos(x);

>> plot(x,y1,'--',x,y2,'-',x,y3,':')
>> xlabel('0 \leq x \leq 2\pi')
>> ylabel('Cosine functions')
>> legend('2*cos(x)','cos(x)','0.5*cos(x)')
>> title('Typical example of multiple plots')
>> axis([0 2*pi -3 3])

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
 PLOTTING IN MATLAB

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018
 BASIC OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS ( LAB 2 )

Objective:
Following are the main objectives of this lab.
1. To perform basic operations of signals

 Time Scaling
 Time Reversal
 Time Shift

2. To perform combinations of these operations on a

signal

3. To plot the signals and their operated

counterparts using Matlab

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | MARCH 12, 2018
 BASIC OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS ( LAB 2 )

Plot x(t)=sawtooth(wt), its compressed version

x(2t), and its expanded version x(0.5t).

f=1;
w=2*pi*f;
t=-5:0.01:5;
x = sawtooth(w*t);

b = 2; % Scaling Factor
x1 = sawtooth(w*b*t);

b=0.5; % Scaling Factor

x2 = sawtooth(w*b*t);

plot(t, x, 'red', t, x1,'green', t, x2, 'blue');

axis([-3 3 -5 5]);

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | MARCH 12, 2018
 BASIC OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS ( LAB 2 )

Plot function x(t)=et, and its time reversed

version x(-t).

t=-3:0.01:3;
x = exp(t);
xrev= exp(-t);
plot(t, x, 'red', t, xrev, 'blue');
axis([-3 3 0 5]);

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | MARCH 12, 2018
 BASIC OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS ( LAB 2 )
Plot function x(t)=e-3t, its time delayed x(t-1)
and its time advanced version x(t+1).

t=-3:0.01:3;
t1 = 1;
a=3;
x = exp(-a*t); % original

x1 = exp(-a*(t-t1)); %delayed
t1=-1;
x2 = exp(-a*(t-t1)); %advanced
plot(t, x, 'red', t, x1, 'green', t, x2, 'blue');
axis([-3 3 0 5]);
grid on

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | MARCH 12, 2018
 FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS ( LAB 2 )
Generating various complex waveforms to verify
Fourier theorem.

Following are the main objectives of this lab.

1. To verify the Fourier series representation of the

following signals (Square & Sawtooth)

2. To plot the actual signals and their

approximated counterparts using Matlab.
Fourier theorem
The Fourier theorem states that an non-
sinusoidal signal of fundamental frequency f is
in fact combination of sinusoidal signal of the
same frequency (f) and its integer multiples,
i.e., 2f, 3f, 4f, etc.

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | MARCH 12, 2018
 FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS ( LAB 2 )

The above sawtooth waveform is sum of all the terms of the

Fourier series, i.e., from 1 to infinite. The
trignometric Fourier series to represent the above sawtooth
waveform is given as
AT  
f (t )  sin 2ft  
1
sin 4ft  
1
sin 4ft  
1
sin 8ft   ...
  2 3 4 

Y = sinwt + (1/2)sin2wt + (1/3) + sin3wt + …….

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | MARCH 12, 2018
 FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS ( LAB 2 )
f=1; % frequency of the signal
w=2*pi*f; % angular frequency
t=0:0.01:2; % total time of the signal

% Using the first 7 Fourier series coefficients expansion terms %

constructing the sawtooth waveform
a=1*sin(w*t);
b=(1/2)*sin(2*w*t);
c=(1/3)*sin(3*w*t);
d=(1/4)*sin(4*w*t);
e=(1/5)*sin(5*w*t);
f=(1/6)*sin(6*w*t);
g=(1/7)*sin(7*w*t);

y=a+b+c+d+e+f+g; % Adding the coefficient terms

plot(t,y) % Plotting the response

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | MARCH 12, 2018
 FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS ( LAB 2 )

The above can also be implemented using the for loop to make the things
efficient.
y=0;
f=1;
w=2*pi*f;
t=0:0.01:2;

for n=1:10
y= y + (1/n)*sin(n*w*t);
end

plot(t,y)

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | MARCH 12, 2018
 FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS ( LAB 2 )

The Square wave is mathematically approximated, using

trigonometric Fourier series, as
Y = sinwt+(1/3)sin3wt+(1/5)sin5wt + (1/7)sin7wt
+(1/9)sin9wt + (1/11)sin11wt +(1/13)sin13wt +
….

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | MARCH 12, 2018
 FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS ( LAB 2 )
% Fourier_ Square wave
f=1;
w=2*pi*f;
t=0:0.01:2;
% Using 7 terms to plot the Fourier series of a
Square wave
a=1*sin(w*t);
b=(1/3)*sin(3*w*t);
c=(1/5)*sin(5*w*t);
d=(1/7)*sin(7*w*t);
e=(1/9)*sin(9*w*t);
f=(1/11)*sin(11*w*t);
g=(1/13)*sin(13*w*t);
y = a+b+c+d+e+f+g;
plot(t,y)

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | MARCH 12, 2018
INTRODUCTION TO MATRIX LABORATORY [ MATLAB ]
The Language of Technical & Physical Computing

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

arif.hussain@iba-suk.edu.pk

SIGNALS & SYSTEMS [Spring 2018] | MATLAB WORKSHOP | JANUARY 29, 2018