Gravitational Wave Detector Circuits

by

Gregory Hodowanec

rexresearch.com

These articles are part of InFolio H10-HG5 / G. Hodowanec: GWD Circuits

Contents:

(1)    Gravimeters: A New Window to the Universe?

(2)    Simple Gravimeters for the Amateur Scientists
(3)    G-Factor Gravimeter Circuit #600-A
(4)    Impulse Gravimeter Circuit #1500
(5)    Impulse Gravimeter Circuit #2005
(6)    Simplest Gravimeter Circuit #910
(7)    A Simple Electronic-Type Gravity Meter
(8)    Circuit #333-B (11-12-1993)
(9)    Opto-Isolator GW Detector Test (11-25-1993)
(10)  Optically-Coupled GW Detector Circuit #42 (10-31-1985)
(11)  GWD Circuit #15-D (6-1--1994)
(12)  Pendulum Tests (Continued) (7-26-1994)
(13)  Experimental Interface for Rustrak 288 Unit (1-28-1992)
(14)  Cosmic Winds II Circuitry by Bill Ramsay (7-8-1994)
(15)  Gravimeter Ciruit #2000 (12-1-1988)

(1)    Gravimeters: A New Window to the Universe?

by

Gregory Hodowanec

Abstract:

Described here is a very simple electronic-type gravity meter (gravimeter) which can measure
fluctuations in the earth’s gravity field (g-field). These fluctuations, in turn, may be related to
cosmic effects of a gravitational nature. The author has developed many such instruments over the
past 15 years and has ‘observed’ many interesting cosmic gravitational phenomena which appear to
also affect the earth’s gravitational field. Some of this data has been released in the past. In recent
years (and months) the gravimeters have noted some ‘catastrophic’ cosmic events which appeared
to have a direct effect on the earth’s jet stream patterns and thus also on the weather pattern on
earth. The same effects may have helped to initiate some of the recent earthquake activity also.
Some of these catastrophic events are briefly noted here. The author hopes to increase the interest of
the private experimenter-researcher in these studies. The apparatus is very low in cost and simple
and does not require any expensive set-up. This area of investigation is yet quite unexplored and
thus wide open to the inquisitive and knowledgeable electronic experimenter and amateur scientist.
Introduction:

Gravity in terms of the author’s rhysmonic cosmology theory (Ref 1) is a kinetic force, i.e., a
Newtonian force field gradient, which can directly affect material bodies. This force is well known
as the force of ‘free fall’ or the g-field of the earth, i.e., it accelerates any mass at about 32 ft/sec2
and thus makes itself known as ‘weight’ on earth. Less well known is that these same gradients can
also affect certain structures in an electrical manner. In particular, the ‘bound’ dipole structures in
the dielectric of an ordinary capacitor are affected by these gradients. These result in ‘polarization’
variations which can be coupled out of the capacitor as electrical current impulses and/or current
levels. These impulses can be highly amplified to voltage impulses (or voltage levels in the case of
a ‘steady’ gradient force field) using very simple circuitry.

While the earth’s gravity field (g-field) is a relatively constant gradient force field which is directed
toward the center of the earth, the author has long surmised and actually that there would be
fluctuations in these earth gravity gradients. These are due to certain cosmic gravitational effects,
such as the rapid and large movement of mass, e.g., a supernova ‘blast’, or very dense
concentrations of mass, e.g., a ‘black hole’ type of structure. The rapid movement of mass could be
considered as causing a ‘shadow’ in the gradient. These effects actually ‘modulate’ the earth’s g-
field by superposition when the cosmic gradients are directly in parallel with the earth’s gravity
field gradient. The field gradients in this case may be considered to be scalar fields since they have
a common direction and thus the potentials interact in simple algebraic rules. This is particularly
true of the cosmic gradient arrives on earth from the direction of the gravimeter’s meridian location,
especially along the unit’s nadir line, i.e., the line running from the zenith through the center of the
earth. Thus the cosmic effects are most pronounced when they ‘transit’ the observer’s meridian
position, to use the astronomer’s terminology. While the interaction is maximum only along the
nadir line, there is interaction from the cosmic gradients arriving from anywhere along the meridian
line. Thus some very strong cosmic gradients off the nadir line may sometimes override weak nadir
line gradients. This was found useful in observing strong cosmic signals, e.g., the Milky Way
Galaxy Center, which lies well off the nadir line at the author’s latitude. However, it must be
remembered that detection response weakens with departure from the nadir line since only the
gradient component which is parallel to the earth’s gradient will interact and thus modulate the
earth’s gravity field levels. However, the author has also developed a more complex gravity
‘telescope’ unit which improves the responses from various declination positions along the
observer’s meridian line.

That such gravity gradient detections are valid and useful, as well as meaningful, will be briefly
considered here. The reader is referred to the References for additional data and information.

A Simple Electronic Gravimeter:

The author (over the years) has developed many types of gravimeters, some mechanical, but most
electrical in nature. The units varied from the extremely simple to the more complex, depending on
the particular components used and the end application. The unit shown in Figure (1) is a simple
circuit (using generally available parts) and was designed with this particular article in mind. It was
designed to measure the slow variations in the earth’s gravity field, but also to demonstrate
supernova ‘blasts’ in terms of an audio signal as well as a display on an oscilloscope.

The unit was constructed on a small plastic box about 1.5” x 2” x 5” which had an aluminum panel.
A small 50 uA meter movement was used to display the averaged g-field levels and the sensitivity
and off-set controls were brought out on the panel as were also the output jack and on/of switch.
The 9-volt battery supply was also self-contained within the plastic box.

The detection unit is a basic GW detection circuit as developed by the author and uses the
workhorse 741 operational amplifier (op-amp) device. Some slight revisions were included to
optimize the circuit for this particular application. The circuit is the basic Quantum Non-Demolition
(QND) type of circuit and thus will respond to supernova ‘burst’ frequencies and amplitudes as well
as the general l/f noise background (which is generated by the multitude of GW signals present in
this universe). These signals are developed in the input capacitor, C1, as current impulses and
changed into output voltage signals by the 741 device operated as a current-to-voltage converter.
The ‘ring’ frequency and also the output voltage gain is controlled by the feedback potentiometer
resistance, R1. The circuit was placed in an ac operating mode by off-setting the non-inverting input
(pin 3) of the op-amp device to approximately the midpoint of the nine-volt power supply. The off-
set positioning is provided by the resistance string of R2, R3, and R4. Capacitor, C2, is used to
bypass the low-frequency components from the meter circuit, while capacitors, C3 and C4 were
intended to bypass possible RF components, since the plastic box enclosure used does not fully
protect against possible RF interference signals. The meter, M1, is used directly between the output
and the non-inverting input as an approximately 50 mV voltmeter, using only the internal resistance
of the meter as a multiplier resistance. The resistance of the meter used should be 1K or better. The
typical voltage output at this point is in the order of 30 mV, when the potentiometers are set at their
midpoint levels. The meter will respond only to the averaged dc levels present at the output and not
to any ac components. Thus, the circuit parameters can be adjusted to have the meter read 32 on the
meter scale, this being equivalent to the typical g-field value of 32 ft/sec2. While this response is
linear and can be made accurate, unfortunately, in this particular circuit, the g-field response is
inverse, i.e., an increase in the g-field will read down-scale, while a reduction in the g-field will
read up-scale. While this could be corrected with a following inverter amplifier stage, it was
deemed unnecessary. The averaged daily variation in the g-field seen with this unit since about
November 25, 1989 was in the order of 6%, ranging between 31 and 33 ft/sec2!!! This larger than
usual variation will be discussed later.

The component values for this gravimeter unit are not overly critical and the reader may use values
in the order of these shown, or even use quite different values. For example, the feedback resistance
could be a 2M or even a 5M potentiometer, while a 100K or even a 200K potentiometer could be
used for the off-set resistance string. Other op-amps could also be used but may require some
adjustment in the parameters. Thus, the reader has much leeway in this design.

Cosmic Gravity Signals:

Electronic gravity detectors are capable of detecting many types of cosmic gravitational gradient
signals, depending on the design and the operating mode used. Only some of the more common
responses will be described here in order to help the researcher recognize the mature of these
signals. The gravimeter of Figure (1) was designed to detect only the highly averaged, i.e.,
relatively constant, but slowly varying levels in the earth’s g-field, and these detections will be
discussed in the next section. Some single-stage op-amp detectors can be made to respond to fast
gravity changes, but generally two-stage gravity detectors can be made more sensitive and thus will
respond better to the fast-changing earth gravity levels generated by the cosmic events shown in
Figure (2). These are novae, supernovae, and the resulting ‘clack hole’ type structures in some
cases.

A typical nova response is shown in Figure (2a). The typical nova is a star which becomes unstable
for some reason and ‘blasts’ off a good portion of its outer atmosphere, but still leaves a fairly large
amount of star behind. In Figure (2a), the blast of star material can be at a and a ‘tailing’ response
is seen at b. The tailing response is generated by the process of the earth’s movement, as it pulls
away from the star, i.e., the observer’s meridian position moves off the meridian position at which
the star was located. Novae are quite common and many are ‘observed’ during a ‘scan’ of the
universe by the gravimeter. They generally do not leave a lasting trace and thus may not show up in
a scan 12 or 24 hours later.

Shown in Figure (2b) is a typical supernova response. In this case the star is above a certain
‘critical’ mass when it becomes unstable, and it leads to an ‘implosion’ causing the creation of a
very dense star as is seen at a here. This is followed by an ‘explosion’ of much of the star’s mass as
is seen at b. This is again followed by a tailing response as the detector moves off the star’s
meridian position with the rotation of the earth. With a supernova, two other general effects are
noted: the development of the super dense star at c and signs of a shock front at d. Some supernovae
show signs of more than one shock front. Another factor is that supernova generally show lasting
traces. A scan 12 or 24 hours later will show the dense star of a neutron star or black hole nature at c
again, but the shock front has now become an ‘accretion’ ring on both sides of the object at c as is
seen in the scan Figure (2c). Further scans in time, generally show the accretion ring to be pulling
away from the central dense object and this results in a discernable gravity ‘wind’ from these
events. In other scans, black hole structures are seen where there is no sign of an accretion ring.
These are believed to be ancient supernovae where the accretion ring has either dissipated or
returned to the central dense object.

In many instances the ‘blasts’ of mass create gravity ‘winds’ which not only can affect the gravity
levels on earth, but also can be ‘heard’ aurally on the detectors as an increased rushing sound
disturbance in the general l/f background noise of the universe. The creation of the dense object,
e.g., a black hole, cause a ‘shadow’ to appear in the earth’s g-field response, and thus appears as a
very sharp dip in the g-field levels, either a rise or fall, depending upon the object’s position at the
observing location, i.e., above or below the earth.

While these responses are very common occurrences seen with the very fast gravimeters, the slow
highly averaged gravity changes in the earth’s g-field also reveal much interesting information
about our universe as will be described next.

Gravity Field Revelations:

The meter of the gravimeter circuit of Figure (1) displays only the highly averaged (damped) g-
field levels of the earth. While the meter will not display the short-term fluctuations that were
shown in Figure (2), the long term fluctuations apparently show other interesting aspects of our
universe. A typical scan of these highly averaged g-field variations (over a period of 24 hours) is
shown in Figure (3). In this scan some of the more rapid fluctuations have been smoothed out and
only the broad changes in the earth’s g-field levels are shown.

From the analysis of such scans, the author has surmised the following conclusions:

1) The universe as a whole may have a basic spiral structure quite similar to that of the Milky Way
and Andromeda Galaxies.

2) The Milky Way Galaxy may be located in an outer spiral of this Super Universe, very much like
the earth is located in an outer spiral arm of the Milky Way Galaxy.

3) Just as the Milky Way Galaxy may contain a massive ‘black hole’ type structure in its nucleus, so
may the Super Universe Galaxy, only it would be much more massive.

4) There may be another very massive ‘black hole’ type structure located in the Virgo region of our
universe, and this may have already been recognized by many as the ‘Great Attractor’.

Since these are very massive and dense structures, they possibly could affect our earth g-fields and
thus they are believed to be causing the structures seen in the scan of Figure (3). It is further
surmised that perhaps effects of these types may have altered the earth’s g-fields to the extent o
affecting the jet stream patterns (and thus the earth’s weather) over the eons. It is offered as another
datum to be used in analyzing the weather on earth and possibly all the planets. Some recent
‘drastic’ g-field variations noted with these gravimeters are now presented:

1) On about December 6, 1986 it was noted that the previously ‘seen’ Milky Way Galaxy structure
had changed from a weaker two massive dense structures to a more defined single ‘black hole’ type
structure with a new ‘accretion’ ring! At the same time, this event appeared to have possibly
‘triggered off’ a supernova type event relatively close to us (possibly Betelgeuse in Orion?) which
lies on about the same meridian as the Galaxy Center. It is surmised that the strong gravity ‘winds’
from Betelgeuse (?) may have sufficiently disturbed out earth g-fields to have caused severe
changes in the earth’s weather for the past two years (and it may have also been responsible for
helping initiate some of the recent earthquake activity seen in the northern hemisphere and
elsewhere.

2) Another event was noted on about March 14, 1987 which may have been from the Super Galaxy
Center. As a result of the December and march events, the gravimeters which had previously only
noted a daily variation in the earth’s g-field in the order of +/- 1% were now seeing variations of
about +/- 2%. Also, strong gravity winds were being noted in the aural responses of the gravimeters.

3) On about November 25, 1989, a new gravity wind was noticed and the gravimeters were now
showing a daily variation in the g-field of about +/1 3%! The winds appeared to be coming from the
direction of the Great Attractor in the Virgo Region. This apparently very massive event appears to
have affected the jet stream patterns of the northern hemisphere mainly, and thus the weather
patterns here. At this time (New Years Day, 1990) the winds appear to be abating somewhat and
perhaps the weather may return to more normal later in the year. Based on the apparent size of the
jet stream disturbance, it is surmised that the very dense structure in the Great Attractor region may
be in the order of 500 to 1000 miles in diameter. This area of investigation should be of great
interest to the meteorologists and thus more research into these aspects should be made by them.
The effects appear to be real and thus of very great importance to mankind.

Conclusions:

The many aspects of a possible new gravitational ‘window’ to our universe requires more
investigation than one ‘observer’ with limited time and facilities (as well as funds) can undertake. A
few independent experimenter-researchers have entered these studies at this time. The author hopes
he has instilled sufficient interest on the part of the private researcher to look further into these
aspects and thus help the author further determine the reality and validity of these observations.
Good experimenting to all!

References:

1) G. Hodowanec: Rhsymonic Cosmology, 1985.

2) G. Hodowanec: “All About Gravitational Waves”; Radio-Electronics, April 1986.
3) G. Hodowanec: ““All About Gravitational Impulses”, Radio-Electronics’ Electronic
Experimenters Handbook; January 1989.

Note (May 1990): It is to be noted that the gravimeters have noted additional severe disturbances to
the earth’s g-field since January 1990. Apparently our Galaxy and the Universe are going through a
period of instability? The daily g-field variations at this time are in the order of 7%!! Perhaps this is
why the weather this spring has been so unusual?
Figure (1): A Simple Electronic-Type Gravimeter ~

Figure (2): Typical 'Fast' Gravity Signal Responses ~

Figure (3): The 'Slow' daily variation of the earth's g-field as measured with an electronic-
type gravimeter unit ~

Remarks:
(1) The nucleus of the Super Galaxy may be at the peak seen at A. The one side of thespiral mass
may be at B, but the other side is 'lost' because ofthe apparent dense mass at C, which may be the
Great Attractor.
(2) The nucleus of the Milky Way Galaxy may be the peak seen at D. The spiral masses may be the
structures seen at E and F.
(3) It is believed that after about November 25, 1989, the depth of the 'black hole' at the Great
Attractor region increased in depth (and this also deepened the response of the Milky Way Center)
and this may have resulted in the increase of the g-field variation to the order of +/- 3%.
(4) The gravimeter used in this scan was a two-stage unit in order to better drive the author's analog-
type strip chart recorder unit.

(2)    Simple Gravimeters for the Amateur Scientists

by

Gregory Hodowanec

Abstract:

Gravimeters (gravity meters) are devices which measure the averaged acceleration of the earth’s
gravity field. Such instrumentation is best known for its use in determining changes in the earth’s
gravity field which may be due to variations in buried masses in the earth. Such mass density
variations could indicate the presence of oil or mineral deposits and thus gravimeters are used in
prospecting. Most such gravimeters are but specialized sensitive scale systems in which the position
of a fixed mass as a function of gravity field variations can be suitably recorded. However, in order
to minimize spurious responses due to local vibrations, temperature changes, winds, etc.,
complicated suspension methods are employed making such instruments much too costly for the
average electronic experimenter-scientist. Described here, however, are a number of simple
gravimeters, both mechanical and electronic in design, which can easily be built by the average
electronic experimenter. While the units are sensitive enough for prospecting purposes, the amateur
scientist may be more interested in observing gravity variations which are believed to be due to
extraterrestrial gravitational effects. A number of repeatable variations are described and possible
sources for these variations are given. Moreover, a number of other applications for the gravimeter
are also described which should interest the experimenter. It is hoped that this material will foster
increased interest in gravity and gravitation by the young experimenter-scientist who will be the
foundation of our future scientific community.

Introduction:

Gravitation, per se, is a well-known force which is experienced by all people. Many see it in the
actions of falling bodies, but especially notice its effect on their very own bodies as their weight.
The force is unique in that while it is a matter of common everyday experience, it yet remains quite
an enigma with respect to its true nature. Many also realize that the force of gravity is related to an
object’s mass, e.g., if one has more body mass, one is ‘heavier’, and that such ‘heaviness’ can be
measured by scale systems. But how such gravity fields interact with mass remains very much a
mystery to mankind even though many theories have been advanced to explain that effect. Foremost
among these have been the relations as developed by Newton and Einstein, but those relations really
only ‘describe the effect’ and do not explain the true nature of gravitation. Yet such explanations are
useful in providing a basis for a study of the earth’s gravity field.

Gravity Defined:

The effect where bodies apparently ‘attract’ each other is quantitatively summed up in the law of
Universal gravitation as developed by Newton. Here, the force of attraction between two bodies, m,
M, separated by a distance r is given by:

F = Gm M / r2,
Where G is the so-called gravitational constant and has a value of about 6.67 x 10-8 if the
centimeter-gram-second (CGS)system of units are used. The gravitational field at any point is given
by the force exerted on a unit mass at that point. The field intensity at a distance r from a point mass
m is thus Gm/r2 and acts toward m. The gravitational potential V at that point is the work done in
moving a unit mass from infinity to that point against the field. Therefore,

V = -Gm/r

And it is a scalar quantity measured in ergs per gram when the CGS units are used. While
Newtonian gravity is describable as an ‘attraction’ between two masses as depicted in Figure (1a),
Einstein gravity is visualized as a curvature or warping of space and time around a massive body
and us usually depicted as shown in Figure (1b). However, here we will be more concerned with
the earth’s gravity field as defined by the ‘weight’ of an object.

Figure (1): Simplified present-day views on the phenomenon of gravitation ~

(1a) Newtonian Gravitation: F = Gmm / r2 . For example, when the masses m are one gram each,
and the spacing between the mass centers is one centimeter, then the force of attraction F is equal
to:
6.67 x 10-8 dynes.

(1b):Einstein Gravitation: (top) Curved path of a small particle around a larer mass due to the
warping of space-time in the region around this more massive particle, M.; (bottom) Path of a small
particle in space-time in the absence of the more massive particle, M.

Weight Defined:
In its simplest terms, weight is generally defined as the force with which a test body is attracted
toward the center of the earth. In terms of Newton’s Law this becomes:

Force = Weight = W = mMG / R2 ,

Where m is the test mass, M is the mass of the earth, R is the radius of the earth, and G is the
gravitational constant. This weight will be in poundals (using English units) and in dynes (using
metric units). The above equation may be simplified to:

W = mg , where g = MG / R2 .

The value of g is a measure of the acceleration of the earth’s gravity field (free fall) near the earth’s
surface and is generally considered to be constant at a particular location on earth. Thus this relation
is similar to the familiar F = ma seen in mechanics. The value of g is in the order of 32 ft/sec2 or
980 cm/sec2. Since weight depends upon the amount of mass and the acceleration of gravity, a
definition of a standard weight would require the fixation of this mass amount and also a location
on earth where this weight was determined. By international convention, the standard mass is the
International Prototype Kilogramme and is represented by a platinum-iridium standard preserved
near Paris, France. Other secondary standards, based upon this primary standard, are located in
other countries as well.

Dependency of Weight on Geographical Location:

It can be seen from the above equations that weight on earth is dependent on the earth mass, M, the
earth radius, R, and the gravitational constant, G. The earth mass may be assumed constant and if
the gravitational constant is assumed constant, then the earth radius is the only variable. Its value
depends upon one’s latitude position and height with respect to the surface of the earth. The radius
of the earth is about 15 miles less at the poles than at the equator. In addition, centrifugal forces due
to the earth’s rotation can reduce the ‘pull’ of gravity, being greatest at the equator and zero at the
poles. Therefore, when consideration is taken of these factors, a ton weight (2000 lbs) that is first
measured at sea-level at the north pole will be found to weigh about 7 lbs less at sea-level at the
equator. Also, for example, the value of g at Paris, France, is about 32.184 ft/sec2, while the value of
g at New Orleans USA would be about 32.129 ft/sec2, or about 0.17% less. While the overall mass
of the earth is assumed to be constant, there may be localized variations in earth density which can
and do affect the value of g locally and thus the weight. For example, the presence of a salt dome
(which can signify oil deposits) may reduce the value of g above such a deposit, while ‘heavy ore’
deposits may significantly increase the value of g as depicted in Figure (2). Also, it will be shown
later that the gravitational constant, G, may not really be constant in that it can be affected by
certain ‘cosmological events’, both as very short term effects as well as somewhat longer term
effects. Thus the accelerating factor, g, may vary at any particular location, and such variations may
actually be measurable with devices which can be termed gravity meters or gravimeters.
Figure (2): Variations in g-factor due to some localized 'buried' masses.
Left: decreased g-factor; Center: nominal g-factor; Right: increaed g-factor

Mechanical Gravimeters:

Gravity meters, presently, fall into two general classes of devices of a mechanical nature, but the
author will later describe gravimeter devices which are of an electronic nature. Present day
mechanical gravimeters are mostly either of the pendulum type or the sensitive balance scale type.

Pendulum Gravimeters: These systems have been used to obtain the most accurate determinations
of the value of g at a particular location. It is shown in its most simple form in Figure (3a). Here, a
small bob (weight) is suspended from a point by a light thread. The period of oscillation for small
amplitude swings is determined by the formula T = 2 pi x square root of l/g, where l is the length of
the thread and g is the acceleration of free fall. Thus g is simply determined here for any particular
location. The most accurate measurements are made with specially protected torsion-type
pendulums, such as was used in the many Cavendish type experiments in the past.

Balance Scale Gravimeters: These are, in effect, simply very sensitive spring balances in which the
change in weight of a fixed mass is measured. It is shown in its simplest form in Figure (3b). A
somewhat practical form of this type of gravimeter is provided by a well-made postal scale which
reads but a maximum of 8 ounces. Such a scale should be able to read to the nearest 0.01 ounce.
That such a scale is a valid gravimeter is seen in Figure (3c) where the unit responded to a major
cosmic mass structure which always appears in the Leo region of the celestial sphere. Note the
diurnal repeatability as seen with this simple device. More on this later. Some digital type scales
(based on Hooke’s Law, e.g., springs) may also serve as simple gravimeters.

Figure (3a): Basic Pendulum-type Gravimeter ~

T = 2 pi x square root of l/g, from which, g = 4 pi squared x l /T2
Figure (3b): Basic Spring Scale Gravimeter ~
W = mg, then if m is kept constant, and the spring obeys Hooke's Law, then: g a W.

Figure (3c): Response seen with Postal Scale Gravimeter ~

Practical mechanical gravimeters should respond only to the actual vertical variations in the value
of g. Commercial gravimeters of this type are constructed so as to not only limit lateral movements
due to winds, temperature variations, vibrations, etc., but also to provide for an electrical-type
readout rather than a purely mechanical readout so that the variations could be electrically scored
and/or displayed on some recorder unit. Therefore, these types of gravimeters are generally quite
complicated and expensive, and thus beyond the means of the average amateur scientist. A depiction
of a possible unit of this type is given in Figure (4a).

A more practical mechanical gravimeter for the amateur scientist is shown in simplest form in
Figure (4b). This is a typical spring balance system, but the ‘spring’ of this system is a conductive
compressible foam material, such as that which is used to safely ship very static-sensitive integrated
circuits. Here, any variations in weight will appear as variation in compression of the foam and thus
as variations in the resistivity of the material. The resistance can be directly measured with an
ohmmeter, preferably one of the digital type. That such a device is a viable gravimeter for the
amateur scientist is seen in Figure (4c) where the response of the unit to what may have been a
super-nova type event in the celestial sphere was recorded. More on this later. The experimenter
may wish to try different sizes of foam as well as reference weights for different sensitivity to
gravity events. The amateur scientist is also cautioned to remain within the elastic limits of the foam
material.

Figure (4a): Possible Commercial Gravimeter ~

 
Figure (4b): Novel Scale-type Gravimeter ~

Figure (4c): Typical Response with above Gravimeter ~

Electronic Gravimeters: Over the past 15 years or so, the author has also developed many
electronic-type gravimeters. Besides simplicity, the units have the advantage of ruggedness and
freedom from many external influences such as vibrations, temperature effects, and electrical
disturbances, and respond only to pure gravitational effects. Typical units have been described in
some other publications in the past, but one of the basic low-cost units will be described here.

Practical Electronic Gravimeter: The circuit shown in Figure (5a) is extremely simple but it
contains the three elements of the electronic gravity meters as developed by the author. These are
(1), a detector section, (2), a low-pass filter section, and (3), the output meter. The detector section
has been designed around a readily available low cost programmable operational amplifier, the
TLC271 device. The unit operates at about 1 mA of current from a single 9-volt self-contained
battery supply. This op-amp has extremely high input impedance and low output bias and off-set
currents. It is operated with the non-inverting input off-set to approximately the midpoint of  the
battery supply, primarily to enable the output voltage to remain near the center of the 0-10 volt
output meter scale. Some limited positioning of this operating point is provided by the calibration
control, R3, so as to set a reference point for any series of measurements. Such off-set operation
also enables the unit to respond to AC variations in the g-factor as well as the averaged DC
component. The AC component is due to certain cosmic gravity impulses while the DC component
largely reflects the relatively steady flux due to the earth’s gravity. Therefore, the detector output is
passed through a very low cut-off low-pass filter to smooth out (filter or integrate) these AC
variations and thus this unit is truly a gravity meter or gravimeter.

The detector section (IC1) is operated as a current-to-voltage converter device of very high gain due
to the use of a very large feedback resistance, RF. The Newtonian-type gravity impulses which are
superimposed upon the earth’s averaged gravity field will develop small currents from the 400 uF
electrolytic input capacitor, C1, due to a gravity induced ‘polarization process’ in the dielectric
material of the capacitor. The more rapid current variations may be due to such factors as cosmic
novae and supernovae, but the longer term variations are largely caused by the presence of large
density variations in certain masses which may be in line with the detector capacitor and the earth’s
gravity field. In other words, when such dense masses are located on the detector’s meridian
position (i.e., the great circle on the celestial sphere which runs on a north-south line through the
zenith), the density variations are superimposed upon the earth’s gravity flux and thus are detectable
with this device as changes in the DC output levels. Density variations of nearby masses are
detectable as well as extremely dense remote masses such as astronomically distant ‘black hole’
structures. Thus this electronic-type gravimeter has extreme sensitivity without the problems of
most mechanical type units.

For use as a g-factor measuring device (which is the role which we are considering here), the output
of the unit is heavily filtered by the low pass filter made up of resistor, R4, and capacitor, C2.
Capacitor C2 used here is a small 0.1 farad unit which was primarily intended for use as a keep-
alive voltage unit for short term power supply failures for Cmos devices in computer units. It is
available from radio Shack. Thus this gravimeter will respond only to the very slowly changing
variations in the earth’s gravity field. To summarize: Capacitor, C1, is an almost ideal current
generator (excited by the earth’s gravity flux) which is coupled to an operational amplifier
configured as a current-to-voltage converter. This is an almost lossless current measuring scheme
where the output voltage is proportional to the product of the input current and the feedback
resistance. Thus the output voltage can be reasonably high even with the very low picoampere
currents developed by gravity flux in the input capacitor detection element. Linearity is assured as
the open circuit of the capacitor maintains the input terminal voltages to the op-amp near virtual
ground, but slightly current biased by the gravity-induced polarization. The output voltage is read
on the built-in voltmeter, but may also be couple out to an external meter or a recording device such
as a computer or strip chart recorder by means of jack, J1.

Although the current drain for the unit is low, an on-off switch is provided to conserve battery
power during non-use periods. It must be remembered that due to the long time constant of the
output filter, the unit must be allowed several minutes to stabilize after turn-on. While the unit is
best constructed within a metal enclosure to avoid possible RF interference (RFI), the author found
that the presence of the input protective networks within the op-amp device tended to suppress such
RFI responses. Thus the prototype unit was constructed in a plastic box and no RFI problems were
experienced.
Figure (5a): Schematic of Simple Electronic Gravimeter ~

Figure (5b): Typical diurnal variation of the earth's gravity flux as measured with an
electronic gravimeter ~

Electronic Gravimeter Performance:

While good performance as gravimeters may be obtainable from properly constructed and operated
mechanical-type devices, the sensitivity of such units to external effects such as local vibrations or
other movements generally limits their use to the amateur scientists lab area unless proper
safeguards are used. The electronic gravimeter, however, does not suffer from any of these
limitations and can be used anywhere, especially if a god grade of well-damped output meter is
used. For a somewhat faster response to some gravity level variations, the amateur may want to
reduce the value of the output filter capacitor. Perhaps a second 0.1 farad capacitor could be
connected across one of the capacitors to short it out if the longer time constant filter is desired. In
this way, two levels of output integration will be available, e.g., with 0.1 farad in the filter circuit, or
with 0.05 farad in the filter circuit.

Therefore, it is recommended that the amateur scientist who wishes to enter this fascinating study of
the earth's gravity field, begin by constructing the electronic gravimeter shown in Figure (5a). A
typical diurnal variation in the measured g-factor is shown in Figure (5b). This particular
gravimeter had an extra stage of DC amplification in order to better emphasize the DC variations on
a strip chart recorder unit. As can be seen here, the earth's gravity flux varied about +/- 2% over a
24 hour period. These variations have been noted on all gravimeters built by the author (including
mechanical-type units) and have been related by the author to the masses represented by two very
large structures in our universe. One is the Milky Way Galaxy, our home galaxy, which is also
optically visible to the unaided eye. The other structure, which was originally but a conjecture in the
mind of the author, has since been consistently confirmed by several gravimeters. This is apparently
a gigantic Super Galaxy System which forms the main body of our universe. It appears to have a
spiral structure quite similar to the Milky Way galaxy. As the earth rotates on its axis, the response
of the detector varies as the unit 'scans' a different meridian with this rotation. The scanning ‘beam’
size here is essentially equal to the volume of the active portion of the dielectric in the detection
capacitor element, C1. Thus the gravimeter has extreme resolution. The presence of dense masses in
line with the detector-meridian position will ‘modulate’ the g-factor levels, very much like
translucent or opaque objects can also modulate the transmission of light beams in its path. A
gravimeter using a heavily filtered (integrated) output is thus able to follow the slow changes in
earth gravity levels due to ‘shadows’ introduced by our own Galaxy masses (due to its close
proximity), and also the slow changes caused by the Super Galaxy masses (due to its over-riding
concentration of masses). If the variation due to our Galaxy is made much more apparent as shown
by the dotted line response in Figure (5b).

Since the dense structures in the universe are ‘seen’ on a daily basis, the response shown in Figure
(5b) is shown extended for a 48 hour period in Figure 6. Plotted in this way, the response illustrates
very well a cosine-type variation which also correlates very well with a cosine-type variation in the
microwave background radiation levels which have been determined by a number of experimental
astrophysicists in the past. These evaluations strongly suggest that the so-called microwave
background radiation is but the heating manifestation of the gravitational impulse background in the
universe and thus the two are one and the same. Thus this may be an alternate explanation of the
background radiation rather than the so-called Big Bang theory.

Figure (6): Possible correlation between the g-factor variation and the cosine variation noted
in the Microwave Background Radiation (MBR) ~

Applications of Gravimeters:

The experimenter or amateur scientist may by now be asking the question: but of what use are these
gravimeters? The answer to that is that there are a great many applications once the amateur has
gotten a firm understanding of the earth’s gravity and how it is affected. One very common
application has already been mentioned. That is its use in mineral and oil exploration, i.e.,
prospecting. Generally, very expensive mechanical-type gravimeters are used by the professionals
here, but the amateur prospector should be able to use this electronic gravimeter effectively in such
an application. It has sufficient sensitivity to respond to earth gravity changes introduced by
bending one’s own body over the unit! Allowing for the long time constant for the unit, a reduction
in g-factor in the order of 1% can be observed! Based on this observation, it should be possible for a
submerged submarine to determine the presence of a surface vessel directly above it by purely
passive methods, and thus of some use in the military.

Another possible use for the gravimeter device, especially the more sensitive and faster responding
units, are as a navigation aid device. For there are fixed dense masses in the universe, such as the
Galaxy Centers shown in Figure (5b), and many, many others, which will appear on the
gravimeter’s meridian position on a daily basis. Thus, the longitudinal position of a submerged
submarine can be determined by this gravitational method. The celestial sphere does not have to be
observed visually, and the depth of the sea waters has no effect on this response.

Another very important effect is that the gravity levels on earth may have a direct effect on the
upper stratosphere jet stream patterns and thus could affect our weather patterns. As shown in
Figure (5b), the gravity flux variations are now about +/- 2% daily. Prior to about December 5,
1986, the gravity flux variations were only about +/- 1%! Gravity flux changes due to a Milky Way
Galaxy Center ‘event’ noted December 6, 1986 (where a possible supernova-type event had
generated a new very deep ‘black hole’ (?) and accretion ring structure there) and a possible new
Super Galaxy Center ‘event’ on march 14, 1988 (which also appeared to increase the depth of the
‘black hole’ there), may have been responsible for the increase in variations from 1% to 2%. These
increased variations in the levels of the earth’s gravity are believed to be (in part) responsible for
much of the most unusual weather conditions seen world-wide in recent months and years, as well
as an increased potential for earthquakes in unstable regions of the earth.

Another use for such gravimeters has been in the detection of the many supernova events occurring
in this universe. Such events are best detected with reduced filtering in the output of the detector
units. Presently, the author is concerned with the possible demise of the star Betelgeuse in the
constellation of Orion. The Galaxy Center event of December 6, 1986 apparently triggered another
very strong supernova event which appears to lie on the same meridian as Betelgeuse. Since
gravitational impulses are essentially instantaneous, the optical, i.e., electromagnetic effects, from a
possible demise of Betelgeuse will not reach us for about 300 years, since Betelgeuse is about 300
light years away from us. However, if such an event did indeed occur, then we are in for one
‘helluva visual supernova’ at that time!

Another application for the electronic gravimeter is to provide a correction signal to ordinary scales
based on Hooke’s Law mechanisms, i.e., springs. These errors are introduced by the earth gravity
flux variations seen in Figure (5b) and appear on most such scale systems, including the most
common digital-type bathroom scales. Many consumers complain of the weight variations they see
on such scales – they are real variations, but do not imply that one’s body mass is changing that
rapidly! The author has demonstrated that such scale errors are correctable with gravimeters fed-
back to the electrical readout of such units. However, these ‘errors’ should bring home to the
amateur scientist the reality of these variations.

There are a great many other applications for gravimeters, especially the electronic versions, which
will not be discussed here, but will come to the amateur researcher with increased understanding of
the earth’s gravity as well as gravitation in general.

Conclusion:

This article is an attempt on the part of the author to introduce to the serious experimenter and the
amateur scientist (and hopefully to the professional scientist as well) a new approach to the field of
gravitation, especially the earth’s gravity field. Good experimetning to all!
 (3)    G-Factor Gravimeter Circuit #600-A

by

Greg Hodowanec
(4-3-1990)

Introduction:

G-Factor Gravimeter Circuit #600-A was fabricated in an aluminum box 2” x 3” x 5” in size. All
operating controls were brought out on the top face, including an output jack and a large (2.75”
wide) calibrated meter to give a display of the output voltage. A dual 9-volt battery supply is self-
contained in the unit. The unit was primarily designed as a g-field gravimeter, to give the long-term
highly averaged value of the earth’s g-field, although a somewhat faster response time is also
provided for.

The Circuit:

The circuit used in this unit is a bipolar device version of the gravimeter described in the article
“Simple Gravimeter Meters Display Interesting Gravity Effects”. It uses the readily available 1458
operational amplifier (op-amp) device in a typical gravimeter circuit, but where the operating
parameters were adjusted for this particular mode of operation. A wide range of sensitivity and gain
control were provided for, as well as two levels of output integration. The output meter is used to
give a relative indication of the g-field levels (on a 1 mA meter movement having a full scale
reading of 5 volts). The gain and off-set controls are nominally set to above their mid-positions so
as to keep the output voltage on scale. Normally, the filter is kept in the Low position for a highly
integrated output as a g-factor meter, but may be switched to the High position to enable the
observation of gravity ‘impulses and ‘shadows’ which are mainly due to events in our own Milky
Way Galaxy system.

Operation:

Operation of this unit is simple: Set the gain and off-set controls to slightly above their mid-
positions; set the filter to High and the sensitivity control to about its mid-position. Now turn on the
power supply and allow the unit a minute or two to stabilize. Some slow fluctuations in the output
voltage should now be noted. Slowly adjust the gain and off-set controls upwards, so that the
nominal output voltage is near the 0.6 reading on the meter scale (i.e., 3 volts). The unit is now
responding to the Milky Way Galaxy fluctuations (to a large measure).

Now turn the filter switch to its Low position. This will introduce a very long time constant in the
output, due to the 0.1 farad capacitor now switched in. The unit is now a sensitive g-factor type of
gravimeter, where a scale reading of say 0.6, can now be related to a g-factor of 32 ft/sec. Squared
(or 980 cm/sec squared). The daily (diurnal) variations in the earth’s g-field can be noted in this
mode of operation and the relative (per cent) change can be determined from these readings.
However, note that the unit will read an increase in the g-factor as a down scale reading on the
meter.

Conclusions:

Unit #600-A is primarily a sensitive gravimeter as used by the oil and mineral prospectors.
However, it is also very useful to follow the subtle daily variations in the earth’s g-field which are
due to massive effects in this universe and note the possible severe variations which cold possibly
affect out jet stream patterns and thus our earth weather patterns! It is believed that such variations
were responsible for much of the anomalous weather conditions seen since about December 1986!

Good experimenting to all!

Figure 1: Gravimeter Circuit #600-A ~ 

Notes: (1) Circuit is bipolar version of Circuit in Figure (1) of the article “Simple Electronic
Gravity meters Display Interesting Gravity Effects”; (2) To avoid going into the negative mode of
operation, place a 10K resistor in the ground leg of the gain control; (3) Built-in meter range: 0-5
volts; (4) Filter range: High in Galaxy; Low for g-factor; (5) Increase in g-factor reads down-scale!

(4)    Impulse Gravimeter Circuit #1500

by

Greg Hodowanec
(3-12-1990)

Introduction:

Impulse Gravimeter Circuit #1500 was fabricated in a plastic box 1.5” x 2.5” x 5” in size but with
an aluminum cover plate. All operating controls are brought out on this panel, as well as an output
jack and a small (1.5” square) tuning-type meter used to give an indication of the output pulses
developed by this unit. The unit was primarily designed to demonstrate the gravitational ‘impulses’
and ‘shadows’ generated by the numerous Newtonian-type gradients developed in this universe.

Figure (1): Impulse Gravimeter Circuit #1500 ~

Note: (1) Meter is approx +/- 1.5 volts; (2) Meter as obove reads impulses; place 470 uF to 21,000
uF capacitor (or higher!) across input for use as g-field gravimeter; (3) Meter will read up or down
scale for increase in g-field, depending on which side of zero scale the off-set is placed; (4) Detector
sensitivity (Gain) is controlled with SW1 for high or low gain; (5) SW2 is on-off; SW3 is filter on-
off.
 
The Circuit:

The circuit used in this unit is a typical electronic-type gravimeter but has had the parameters
adjusted for this particular application. The detector section (IC1) is typical, but the sensing
capacitor, Cin, and the feedback resistance, Rf, have been made very large to: (1) increase the basic
sensitivity (gain) for the unit, and (2), to keep the input resonances very much below 1 Hz, so as to
avoid the many ELF ‘resonances’ seen in the universe. Two levels of sensitivity (gain) are available
with the switch, SW1.

The output of the detector is fed directly to an amplifier stage (IC2) having a gain of about 10x. The
ICs are J-FET input op-amps with high slew rates and input impedances and thus are well-suited for
this application. An off-set control is included to enable the shifting of the unit’s operating point to
either side of the zero unit. This enables operation of the unit with a choice of pulse polarity, e.g.,
the negative mode of operation will allow an increase in the detected value of the earth’s g-field to
read up-scale on the meter.

The internal low-pass filter is fixed at about 10 Hz in the cut-off frequency for a good response to
the gravitational signals from the Local Supercluster Group of Galaxies, as well as our own Milky
Way Galaxy. This filter can be cut out if you wish to follow the more remote events in the universe.
The built-in 1.5 volt voltmeter (a tuning meter) is not calibrated, but is used to determine the proper
operating point and levels for use with an external calibrated meter, a strip chart recorder, or even a
computer unit.

Operation:

Operation of this unit is quite simple: Turn on the power supply and allow the unit a minute or so to
stabilize. Set the off-set control to its mid-position. Place the sensitivity (gain) control to its low
position and the filter to its off position. The gravitational signals should be quite apparent as fairly
rapid meter excursions. Switch the gain control to its high position and the excursions should now
be more pronounced. The actual output voltages may now be read on an external voltmeter or the
strip chart recorder unit. Use the off-set control to properly position the response on the meter or the
recorder unit. The output polarity can be reversed with the of-set control or by actually exchanging
the output leads. The experimenter should become adept at using this unit in very short order.

Conclusions:

While this unit was primarily intended for response to fairly rapid ‘universe’ gravitational
responses, it may also be used as a g-factor gravimeter by loading the output with a capacitor of
about 21,000 uF to 100,000 uF, to increase the output time constant to such a long time that the unit
would respond only to the very slow changes in the earth’s g-field levels. With the judicious
selection of the operating parameters it should be possible to set the unit to a reading of (32) on the
meter scale and have this conform to the value of 32 fet per second squared, or possibly (98) to
conform to the value of 980 centimeters per second squared. The unit can thus be made into a direct
reading gravimeter for many purposes. This type of operation will disclose to the experimenter the
subtle changes in the earth’s gravity which are affecting our weather patterns!

While the current requirements for this unit are low, for best results the experimenter should ensure
that ‘good’ batteries are used. This unit is a good introduction to the new field of gravitational
astronomy. Good experimenting to all!

Greg Hodowanec
(3-12-1990)

(5)    Impulse Gravimeter Circuit #2005

Introduction:

Impulse gravimeter Circuit #2005 is fabricated in a plastic box 1.5” x 2.5” x 5” in size but with an
aluminum cover plate. All operating controls are brought out on this panel, as well as an output jack
and a small (1.5” square) zero-center calibrated meter, used to give a display of the output voltage
of the unit. A dual 1.5 volt battery supply is self-contained in the unit. The unit is primarily designed
to demonstrate the gravitational ‘impulses’ generated by the numerous Newtonian-type gradients
developed in this universe.

The Circuit:

The circuit used in this unit (Figure 1) is a typical electronic-type gravimeter, but has had the
parameters adjusted for this particular application. The unit was designed around a quad-type C-
MOS IC op-amp which performs very well with a 1.5 volt power supply. This ICL7641 device can
operate over the full range of the supply voltage, i.e., over the rail-to-rail range of 1.5 volts.
However, the operating parameters for this unit were adjusted to that the unit operates in the
sensitive range of =/- 0.5 volts in order to agree with the scale calibration on the display meter used.

The detector section (IC1) is typical, but the sensing capacitor, Cin, and the feedback resistance, Rf,
have been adjusted to this particular device for optimum performance at the +/- 1.5 volt supply
operation with an output in the +/- 0.5 volt range and also to keep the input circuit resonances very
much below 1 Hz, so as to avoid the many ELF ‘resonances’ seen in this universe (which would
complicate the desired responses). Some measure of sensitivity control was provided by the gain
control in the feedback circuit. The output of the detector section is buffered by IC2 before being
fed into the amplifier stage.

The amplifier stage, IC3, is an inverting-type having a gain of only about 5x to limit the response of
the unit to the desired output ranges. An off-set control (Set) is included here to enable the
adjustment of the averaged output signals of the unit to about center-scale on either side of the zero-
center meter circuit. This enables operation of the unit with a choice of pulse polarity, e.g., the
negative mode of operation would allow an increase in the detected value of the earth’s g-field to
read up-scale on the meter circuit.

The output of the gain stage is also buffered by IC4 before it is fed to the internal low-pass filter and
meter sections of the unit. In this particular unit, the filter and meter sections were combined for use
as a portable calibrated gravimeter unit. However, an output jack was provided for use with an
external high impedance meter or a strip chart recorder unit. The filter section was designed for a
cut-off frequency of about 10 Hz for a good response to the gravitational signals from the Local
Supercluster of Galaxies, as well as the Milky Way Galaxy. However, this internal filter can be cut-
out (in the filter of position) if one desires to follow the very fast responses of the very remote
events in the universe.
Operation:

Operation of the unit is very simple: Turn on the power supply and allow the unit a minute or two to
stabilize. Set the off-set and gain controls to about their mid-positions, and the filter to the off
position. The gravity signals should now be quite apparent as fairly rapid excursions on the meter.
The gain control can now be adjusted for the desired level of excursions – higher gain means
greater amounts of excursion. The off-set control should now be adjusted to read the impulses on
either side of the zero center scale, depending on the desired pulse polarity. Place the filter switch to
the on position to limit the unit response to the nearby galaxies (normal mode of operation). The
off-set control should be used to properly position the response on the built-in meter or an external
meter or strip chart recorder unit. The output polarity is adjustable with the off-set control or just the
reversing of the output leads. The experimenter should become quite adept at using this unit in very
short order.

Conclusions:

While this unit was primarily intended for response to the fairly rapid ‘universe’ gravitational
response, it may also be used as a g-factor gravimeter by loading the output with a capacitor in the
range of 21,000 uF to 100,000 uF (observing proper polarity), to increase the output time constant
to such long periods that the unit will respond to only the very slow changes in the earth’s g-field
levels. This is best done with the output jack brought out to an external meter and capacitor load,
using the output jack provided. With the judicious selection of the operating parameters it should be
possible to set the unit to read (32) or (98) on a meter scale to conform to a g-factor of 32 ft/sec
squared or 980 cm/sec squared. Thus the unit would be a direct reading g-factor gravimeter for
many purposes. This type of operation will also disclose to the experimenter the subtle daily
changes in the earth’s gravity field which are presently affecting our weather patterns (not always to
the good!)

While the current requirements for this unit are very low, the experimenter should use ‘good’
batteries for best results. The unit is a very good introduction to the new field of gravitational
astronomy for the serious experimenter or researcher. Good experimenting to all!

Greg Hodowanec
(3-25-1990)

Figure (1): Portable Impulse Gravimeter Circuit #2005 ~

Notes: (1) Gravimeter may read up or down scale for an increase in the g-field, depending on the
set-control position; (2) Use gain control to set sensitivity levels; (3) Place filter on for Local
Galaxy responses; off for distant responses; (4) Built-in meter is roughly +/- 0.5 volts.

(6)    Simplest Gravimeter Circuit #910

Introduction:

Simplest gravimeter Circuit #910 was fabricated in a 1.5” x 2.5” x 5” plastic box with an aluminum
cover plate. All operating controls were brought out on this panel, including an output jack and a
2.25” wide meter to display the output voltage. A single 9-volt battery supply is contained within
the unit. While this unit was primarily designed as an earth g-field gravimeter unit, it will also
display the QND type gravity impulses and l/f noise on an external oscilloscope and/or audio
amplifier unit.

The Circuit:

The circuit is a standard GW detector unit designed around the readily available 741 operational
amplifier (op-amp) device. This unit is more fully described in the article “Gravimeters: A New
Window to the Universe?” Circuit parameters and controls were adjusted for this particular
application to provide for both the gravimeter and GW signal modes of operation with very simple
circuitry. This circuitry is shown in Figure (1).

Operation:

Operation of this unit is very simple: For the gravimeter mode – place the sensitivity and set
controls to their mid-positions and then turn on the power supply. Initial turn-on will result in the
over-ranging of the meter output, but the output will quickly settle down to about mid-range when
the power supply capacitor fully charges. The sensitivity control may now be used to adjust the
output to say, 32, on the meter scale to conform to a nominal g-field acceleration of 32 ft/sec
squared. However, this unit will display an increase in the g-field as a down-scale reading (and vice
versa)! However, it will be an accurate and sensitive gravimeter: e.g., bending one’s body over the
unit (to shield some of the earth’s g-field) will result in a 0.5 to 0.8% reduction in the g-factor seen!

For use as a QND type gravity signal detector, just connect the output to an oscilloscope and/or
audio amplifier unit. Displayed now in ‘sight and sound’ will be the many supernovae ‘bursts’ as
well as the general l/f background noise. Due to the low levels of output from this unit (no gain
stage used), the oscilloscope or audio amplifier used should have sufficient gain to properly display
these effects.

Figure (1): Simplest Gravimeter Circuit #910

Remarks: (1) Unit may be 'calibrated' with a judicious selection of sensitivity and set controls.
Reasonable 'close' calibration is achieved with set control at mid-range, and sensitivity control set
for 32 (i.e., 32 ft/sec2).
Conclusions:

Gravimeter unit Circuit #910 is a good introduction to both the dynamic GW detection of rapid
‘violent’ events in the universe, and also to observe the long-term highly averaged effects of these
events on the earth’s gravity, i.e., the g-factor. The author believes that unusual variations in the
earth’s g-factor in recent years has resulted in the ‘strange’ weather patterns seen in this time period.

This circuit’s simplicity, low cost, and good performance makes it an ideal unit for the newcomer to
the study of gravitation in terms of rhysmonic cosmology theory. Good experimenting to all!

Greg Hodowanec
(4-12-1990)

(7)    A Simple Electronic-Type Gravity Meter

Abstract:

Gravity meters (also called gravimeters) are devices used to measure the relative acceleration of the
force of gravity at some particular location. Present day gravimeters are mostly but very sensitive
forms of spring-type scale systems in which changes in the weight o a fixed mass is measured. Such
units are also very sensitive to other disturbances, e/g/., local vibrations. They are generally
fabricated with complex suspension systems to avoid such problems and thus are very expensive.
Described here, however, is a very simple low-cost electronic type gravimeter, which while very
sensitive, is also relatively free from local disturbances such as vibrations. Thus it is a rugged
portable-type unit which can be easily constructed by the average electronic experimenter. With its
high sensitivity to ‘local’ variations in the gravity field, it could thus be used by the amateur
prospector in search for oil and mineral deposits. Moreover, it could be used as an effective device
(supplementary) by the professionals in this area.

Introduction:

The force of gravity is unique in that while it is a matter of common everyday experience for most
people, it also remains as quite an enigma with respect to its true nature. The average person is well
aware that the force of the Earth’s gravity is reflected in the mass of an object, i.e., if one has more
body mass, one is ‘heavier’, and that such ‘heaviness’ can be measured by scale systems. However,
just how such gravity fields interact with mass has been a mystery to mankind ever since man first
realized that all objects ‘fell’. Moreover, it remains a mystery to most scientists even to this day,
although many theories have been advanced to explain the effect.

While the true nature of gravity is as yet unclear, it will be considered as a ‘force field’ for the
purposes of this article. The nature of this force field has been considered by the author in many
other presentations, including two papers published by this very magazine [Radio-Electronics] (Ref.
1,2). However, here we will be concerned mainly with the earth’s gravitational field, how we can
measure it, and how we can use these measurements in specific applications. We will do this with
devices which may be called gravity meters, or gravimeters.

Basic Gravimeters:

On earth, the unimpeded downward motion of a mass in the earth’s gravitational field is called the
acceleration of free fall, or g, and it is in the order of 32 feet per second squared (or 980 centimeters
per second squared). This value of g varies slightly with the earth latitudes and distances from the
earth’s center. It is also known that g is affected by local mass anomalies such as light or heavy
mineral deposits, or the presence (laterally) of dense rocks, such as may be found in nearby
mountains. The value of g at a particular location has been most accurately determined from the
oscillation period of a pendulum. However, reasonable accurate determinations may be made wit
the use of sensitive spring-type scales which can determine small changes in the ‘weight’ of a fixed
mass.

In the simple spring-type scale system, the downward acceleration of a mass (as imparted by
gravity) is impeded or retarded by the restoring force presented by the spring as shown in Figure
(1a). Here, the change in the position of the mass is shown by a pointer and a calibrated scale. The
pointer position is generally amplified by a lever or system of levers. For an accurate small weight
variation determination the scale system must have a linear response to the weight variations, i.e.,
the system must obey Hooke’s Law, that is the restoring force constant must also be linear. In this
case, the relationship that the weight would be equal to the mass times the accelerating factor, i.e.,
W = mg, holds, since the mass is held constant, any change in weight would imply a change in g.
Rather than the purely mechanical type of readout for weight variations, an electrical type of
readout is preferred. The author has previously developed a very simple mechanical-type of
gravimeter with an electrical readout as shown in Figure (1b)(Ref. 3). Here, the restoring force in
the scale system was provided by a conductive foam material in which resistance changes due to
weight variations were read directly by an ohmmeter which could be calibrated in terms of weight
instead of resistance.

Based upon the above principles, many types of mechanical gravity meters can be designed. Such
mechanical systems are quite sensitive since the earth’s gravity field interacts with the great many
atoms (ions) to be founding the mass of the reference weight. For example, in the author’s test of
the system shown in Figure (1b), the unit responded noticeably to the movements of a person
located directly two floors above the location of this test unit. However, such devices are also
highly susceptible to other disturbances such as vibrations, air currents, or temperature differentials.
For an effective gravimeter based on mechanical methods, the system must be guarded against these
unwanted effects, or compensated for such effects, and thus such systems are quite complex and
thus expensive. Also unrecognized by most designers of such systems are the effects of cosmic
gravity ‘events’ on such gravimeters (as described in Refs 1, 2 , and 3). Such cosmic effects may be
circumvented to some extent in gravimeters which balance one mass against another (the typical
old-fashioned balance scale), but the vibration, air current, and temperature problems would still
remain. A more practical solution to these problems will be given by the electronic-type gravimeter
as developed by the author.

Electronic Gravimeter Basics:

This electronic gravimeter is intended specifically for the measurement of the averaged earth
gravitational field, i.e., the acceleration factor, g. It is but a special modification of the author’s
basic gravity detection devices, which are adequately described in References 1-5, and thus will not
be further considered here except in respect to their use in earth gravity measurements.

The gravity detectors respond to both a dynamic (AC) gravity component, due to variable terrestrial
and cosmic events, as well as an averaged (DC) gravity component, which largely reflects the
earth’s gravitational field, i.e., the acceleration factor, g. In order to emphasize this DC component
the detector sections, IC1, is made high in sensitivity (but adjustable), and the output is further
amplified in the amplifier section, IC2. Moreover, in order to further emphasize the DC component
only, the output is heavily filtered in order to minimize the AC components as much as feasible. It
may not be possible to remove all AC components in this process, since there exists in the cosmic
radiation some very-large-amplitude but very-low frequency components. However, the averaged
earth gravitational field (as detected here) can be made sufficiently stabilized so that the unit will
now respond with sufficient sensitivity to the more local gravity field ‘modulations’ due to factors
as either the presence of dense man-made masses in line with the earth’s gravity field, or the
presence of hidden mass anomalies in the earth’s structure which are also in line with the earth’s
gravity field. Thus this unit will serve many of the ordinary purposes of a gravimeter device. But
most important here, the electronic gravimeter will be found to be insensitive to local vibrations, air
currents, temperature variations, and acoustical or electrical noises, and thus respond only to the
effects of a gravity field itself. Thus it will be useful in many areas of scientific research and
technology. Most of all, it is a simple device and very low in cost, and thus within the reach and
capabilities of researchers, scientists, and technologists, both the amateur and the professional.

Practical Electronic Gravimeter:

A typical electronic gravimeter circuit is given in Figure (2). Since the unit was intended for
portable use and long battery life, it was constructed around a CMOS type operational amplifier, the
Intersil type ICL7621. That device works very well with a +/- 1.5 volt battery supply and is also
fairly insensitive to RF fields due to the presence of input diode protection. Also the very high input
resistance for this device enables the use of a smaller value gravity sensing input capacitor, C1,
which will still keep any possible input resonances at 1 Hz or lower.

The sensitivity of the detector is controlled mainly by the feedback resistance, R1. While the unit
normally uses the full gain of 100 times of the amplifier stage, IC2, some gain control, R2, is used to
calibrate the unit or just to set the output meter, M, to a particular point on the scale.

Three levels of output integration in the output filter are provided by the selector switch, SW2,
which was made of the shorting type in order to progressively sum the capacitors in the filter unit.
This was done in order to conserve capacitor space in the portable unit. However, the researcher or
experimenter may add additional capacitance, if desired, by means of the output jack, J1. This jack
is normally used to provide an output to an external meter device or some recording unit, such as a
strip chart recorder or a computer.

The self-contained voltmeter, M, is used to visually monitor the averaged gravity field, i.e., the g
factor, in terms of an output voltage. With the use of the calibration control, R2, the averaged
gravity response can be adjusted over the range of about 500 to 700 millivolts. Therefore, the full
range scale of this meter circuit was made one volt.

The prototype unit was constructed in a 5 x 3 x 2 inch aluminum box as shown in Figure (3), with
its own self-contained battery supply. However, the experimenter has much leeway in the
construction of this unit. None of the components are critical in value. Another equivalent type
CMOS type operational amplifier could be used as well. A bipolar op-amp could also be used, but
here, the input sensing capacitor, C1, would have to be increased to at least 1000 uF and the battery
supply voltage increased to at least +/- 4.5 volts. Some adjustment in the voltmeter range will also
be required.

Applications:

While the sensitivity control, R1, in the detector stage, IC1, is adjustable, it is normally used full
sensitivity, i.e., 5 megaohms, for most applications. The calibration control, R2, is normally set for
nominal output of 600 millivolts (or 30 on the author’s 0-50 uA meter scale). It must be
remembered that due to the very long time constant of the output filter, any changes made with the
circuitry controls will take a long time to stabilize. So don’t try changing control positions in the
middle of any measurement! The fastest time (integration) for the output filter will be in position #1
of the filter switch, SW2. Progressively longer integration times will be seen in positions #2 and #3.

It may be better to keep the filter in position #3 for most earth gravitational field experiments.
Shown in Figure (4) is a typical 24-hour response in the earth’s gravity field as detected with this
unit. It will be noticed that there is a 12-hour variation in the response at times, and most of the
variation and some ‘structure’ may be related to some possible ‘super’ black holes located in the
‘center’ of our universe (See Ref. 3).
For a response to the more ‘local’ gravity anomalies, the filter response may be better set to
positions #1 or #2. With the proper adjustment of the gravimeter sensitivity, gain and filter response,
it should be possible to ‘observe’ the transit o local dense masses which are in line with the detector
and the earth gravity field. These are actually ‘shadows’ of the objects, very much like an opaque
object casting an optical shadow. An application of this which came to the author’s mind was the
possible use of such a detector by a submarine to locate the presence of a surface vessel directly
above it.

A major application of the electronic gravimeter, of course, is its use in the location of large
underground mass anomalies, which could indicate the possible presence of oil or mineral deposits.
Here, both the amateur and the professional prospector may wish to try the device in such an
application. This is presently beyond the attempts on the part of the author.

Less well known to most scientists, either amateur or professional, is the fact that severe effects in
the earth gravity field can affect the earth’s weather. This will be because changes in the earth
gravity components can affect the jet stream patterns which largely control our weather patterns.
The author believes that such noticeable gravitational disturbances did indeed occur in December
1986 and in March 1988, and these indeed did affect our weather patterns. The earth has
experienced severe weather changes in this time period!

Conclusions:

A basic electronic gravimeter device, which could supplement the existing gravimeter devices has
been described briefly here. The further development of this device could have much impact on
future earth gravity research. Its simplicity and low cost should enable both the amateur and
professional researchers, as well as technologists, to enter into this particular aspect of gravity field
research.

References:

1) Hodowanec, G.: “All About Gravitaitonal Waves”; Radio-Electronics, April 1986.

2) Hodowanec, G.: “All About Gravitaional Impulses”; Radio-Electronics Electronic Experimenters
Handbook, January 1989.
3) Hodowanec, G.: “Simple gravimeter Detects Gravity ‘Shadow’ Signals; Tesla ’86, vol. 2 (#2),
March-April 1986.
4) Hodowanec, G.: Rhysmonic Cosmology.
5) Hodowanec, G: Unpublished Works; Rex Research, PO Box 19250, Jean , NV 89019.

Parts List:

Typical Electronic Gravimeter

All resistors are 1/4 W, 5%

R1  5 megaohm, potentiometer
R2    2k ohms, potentiometer
R3, R4  4.7k ohms
R5  470k ohms
R6  1k ohms
R7  20k ohms

Capacitors
C1  220 uF, 10 volts, electrolytic
C2  2200 uF, 10 volts, electrolytic
C3, C4  9400 uF, 10 volts, electrolytic
Miscellaneous
J1  phone jack (open circuit)
SW1  DPST miniature switch
SW2  3-pole rotary switch (shorting type)
IC1, IC2 ICL7621 (Intersil) op-amp
M  50 uA meter movement

Figure (1): Basic Spring-type Gravimeters ~

(1a): Mechanical Readout ~

(1b): Electrical Readout ~

Figure (2): Typical Electronic Gravimeter ~

Figure (3): Prototype Electronic Gravimeter ~

Figure (4) Typical diurnal variation of the earth’s gravity flux as measured with the electronic
gravimeter ~

(8)    Cosmology Note
(11-12-1993)

GH Labs Demo Unit: Circuit #333-B

 

Remarks:

(1) Silicon diodes, 3 sections in actual demo unit.

(2) Meter: 2 mA, 0-200 scale; SW4 open: 2 volts; SW4 closed: 200 mV; use minimal Rin only if the
IC device used tends to ELF oscillations.
(3) This unit is similar to the basic GW Circuit #75 but has been modified to make it more useful in
both linear and 2-D type scans. It is intended to demonstrate the 'local' Supercluster and more local
galaxies.
(4) The unit is operated normally from a 7.5 volt wall plug adapter supply, but has an internal 9 volt
(6 C-cells) supply also.
(5) Two output jacks are provided to facilitate connections to an external audio amplifier, meter and/
or recorder unit.
(6) The diode off-set control provides for 0.7 volts, 1.4 volts, and 2.1 volts off-set in the dc levels of
the output in order to 'magnify' the fluctuation response.
(7) The unit was fabricated in a fairly large (vented) steel cabinet.

(9)    Cosmology Note
(11-25-1993)

Opto-Isolator GW Detector Test

Opto-Isolator GW Detector Test

(11-25-1993)
 

A. Test Circuit #OP-1:

Using early Monsanto MCA-230 Darlington unit (also tried MCT-2 device)

B. Remarks:

(1) A set control was used to be able to finely adjust the dc operating point of the LED in the
isolator unit. A current-limiting resistance (Rs) of about 150 ohms was used to keep the LED
forward current at about 15 mA. The maximum If for this particular unit is about 60 mA, thus at
least a 47 ohm Rs should be used. Lower values of Rs (or no Rs) wll result in badly degraded LED
junctions and thus poor (or no) operation of the unit as a GW detector.
(2) Opeartion of the LED near the 'knee' of the trasnfer curve will result in strong l/f and white noise
response. When the voltage is reduced below the 'firing point' of about 1.1 volts, there is very little
noise developed in the bipolar Darlington junctions!
(3) A Radio Shack Mini Speaker/Amplifier was used in the output.
 (10)    Cosmology Note
(10-31-1985)

Optically-Coupled GW Detector (Simplest)

Circuit #42

Notes:

(1) SW1 is sub-mini SPST toggle switch (on-off)

(2) Level control (2k) is mini pot (linear).
(3) Circuit is basic QND type.
(4) Increased l/f noise level noticed, but QND signals are closer.

(11)    Cosmology Note
(6-1--1994)

GWD Circuit #15-D

 

Remarks:

(1) Keep Rin at 0 ohms, unless IC used tends to oscillate; then use minimal Rin to stabilize.
(2) Keep Rs at 0 ohms, unless meter excursions are too high.
(3) Adjust RF (1 M variable) for best response to pendulum modulations of 0.25 cm noise, with
meter out of circuit.
(4) SW1 is unit on/off switch. SW2 is meter on/off.
Conclusions:

(1) Unit is primarily a demo unit to illustrate: (a) Modulations of the 0.25 cm MBR with 'local' mass
movements, e.g., the pendulum tests; (b) Modulation of the 0.25 cm MBR with direct 'thought'
messages.
(2) Unit also serves as an electronic gravimeter unit.

(12)    Cosmology Note
(7-26-1994)

Pendulum Tests (Continued)

 

A.  Test Conditions: See Figure; Detection Circuit #15-D was used here with it driving a Radio
Shack mini-amplifier coupled tp a Radio Shack 3" cube speaker. The pendulum was an 8 oz plumb
bob on a 1-1/2' string length.

B. Test Results: When the pendulum bob x swings in the B direction (toward detector), the 0.25 cm
'picket fence' modulation is slightly higher pitched than when the pendulum bob swings in the A
direction (away from the detector).

C. Speculations: (1) This result could be explained if the movement of mass (the bob) creates a
gravity impulse, or 'wind', toward the fixed detector and thus compresses some of the aether matrix
strcuture along this line, i.e., 'tightens it', and thus the 0.25 cm universal wavelength is reduced, i.e.,
the detected frequency is increased. (2) When the bob moves away from the fixed detector, a
rarefaction may take place in the aether in this line, such that the 0.25 cm wavelength may be
increased, i.e., the detected frequency is lowered! (3) If a relatively moving system can do this with
gravity impulses, it is surmised that a relatively moving system could do the same with EM waves.
Thus the velocity of EM waves from a moving system might depend upon whether the source of the
waves is moving toward or away rom the fixed detector. (4) In terms of a fixed source and detector
system, the net result might also be determined by the gravitational 'wind' direction between the
source and the detector. For example, with a possible gravitational 'wind' generated by the rotating
earth, there might by possibly a difference in one way light travel time betwen a source located east
of a detector and a source located west of the detector, even if the physical spacings are equal!

D. Conclusions: The speculations given here may or may not be the correct interpretations, but the
experimental facts of this test are real -- There is a noticeable change in 'pitch' noted in this test
which has been observed by many (as well as recorded on tape). The writer has used such
'disturbances' in the aether in long-range communication tests, in the order of 5-10 miles!
 (13)    Cosmology Note
(1-28-1992)

Experimental Interface for Rustrak 288 Unit

Remarks:

(1) A 3 diode 'pair' off-set is included -- which is switchable; no diode, 1-diode, 2 diodes, or 3
diodes. Each diode pair introduces about 0.7 volts of off-set. pairs are used in case polarity reversal
occurs in some tests.
(2) The 5k series resistor, Rs, is used to establish a voltmeter range betwen 0.5 & 5 volts, adjustable
as needed for the GW circuit parameters used.

(14)    Cosmic Winds II Circuitry

by

Bill Ramsay
(7-8-1994)

Notes:

(1) 8 ICs are used per 'bank'; 15 sections are sensors (2 diatonic octaves); 1 section is mixer-
amplifier;
(2) Current drain ~ 70 mA for 2 'banks'; (3) C values: 10 mfd (lowest  f ~ 50 Hz minimum; 0.1 mfd
(highest f ~ 1200 Hz maximum) selected; All adjustmetns are very delicate with considerable
interaction (except output volume).
 (15)    Gravimeter Ciruit #2000
(12-1-1988)

Notes:

(1) Increase in g reads up-scale?; (2) IC: OP-91; OP-90 works well here also (higher gain).

These articles are part of InFolio H10-HG5 / G. Hodowanec: GWD Circuits