Antenna Arrays

ACTIVITY 2

1
Jimel Patrick Pulvera, 2Jojimar Rosales, 3Evan Joseph Rosalita
Electronics Engineering Department, Univeristy of Cebu – Lapu-lapu and Mandaue
Mandaue City, Cebu
1
jimel_patrick@yahoo.com, 2jojimarrosales@gmail.com, 3evanrosalita16@gmail.com
 Objective/s— to identify the different types of antennas and A. Folded Dipole
antennas array

I. INTRODUCTION
Antennas are a very important component of
communication systems. That’s why, it is necessary for us,
future Electronics Engineers, to have a fundamental knowledge
of the different kinds of antennas. This activity is intended to
provide us with a basic knowledge of antenna properties and
proper antenna selection.

II. THEORY
Classifying antennas can be based on several factors:
A. Frequency and size
Antennas used for HF are different from the ones used for
VHF, which in turn are different from antennas for microwave. Fig. 1. Folded dipole antenna captured at a lottery outlet in Mandaue
The wavelength is different at different frequencies, so the
antennas must be different in size to radiate signals at the Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are
correct wavelength. We are particularly interested in antennas used in the text, even after they have been defined in the
working in the microwave range, especially in the 2.4 GHz and abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc,
5 GHz frequencies. At 2.4 GHz the wavelength is 12.5 cm, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in
while at 5 Ghz it is 6 cm. the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.

B. Directivity B. Sector Antenna

Antennas can be omnidirectional, sectorial or directive. The equations are an exception to the prescribed
Omnidirectional antennas radiate the same pattern all around specifications of this template. You will need to determine
the antenna in a complete 360 degrees pattern. The most whether or not your equation should be typed using either the
popular types of omnidirectional antennas are the Dipole-Type Times New Roman or the Symbol font (please no other font).
and the Ground Plane. Sectorial antennas radiate primarily in a To create multileveled equations, it may be necessary to treat
specific area. The beam can be as wide as 180 degrees, or as the equation as a graphic and insert it into the text after your
narrow as 60 degrees. Directive antennas are antennas in which paper is styled.
the beamwidth is much narrower than in sectorial antennas.
They have the highest gain and are therefore used for long
distance links. Types of directive antennas are the Yagi, the
biquad, the horn, the helicoidal, the patch antenna, the
Parabolic Dish and many others.

C. Physical Construction
Antennas can be constructed in many different ways,
ranging from simple wires to parabolic dishes, up to coffee
cans.

D. Application
C. Some Common Mistakes
We identify two application categories which are Base
Station and Point to Point. Each of these suggests different  The word “data” is plural, not singular.
types of antennas for their purpose. Base Stations are used for  The subscript for the permeability of vacuum 0, and
multipoint access. Two choices are Omni antennas which other common scientific constants, is zero with
radiate equally in all directions, or Sectorial antennas, which subscript formatting, not a lowercase letter “o”.
focus into a small area. In the Point-to-Point case, antennas are
used to connect two single locations together. Directive  In American English, commas, semicolons, periods,
antennas are the primary choice for this application.[1] question and exclamation marks are located within
quotation marks only when a complete thought or name
is cited, such as a title or full quotation. When quotation
marks are used, instead of a bold or italic typeface, to
III. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS highlight a word or phrase, punctuation should appear
Different kinds of antenna around Cebu and within outside of the quotation marks. A parenthetical phrase
households and establishments were captured for identification. or statement at the end of a sentence is punctuated
outside of the closing parenthesis (like this). (A
 parenthetical sentence is punctuated within the “Magnetization, M”, not just “M”. If including units in the
parentheses.) label, present them within parentheses. Do not label axes only
with units. In the example, write “Magnetization (A/m)” or
 A graph within a graph is an “inset”, not an “insert”. “Magnetization {A[m(1)]}”, not just “A/m”. Do not label axes
The word alternatively is preferred to the word with a ratio of quantities and units. For example, write
“alternately” (unless you really mean something that “Temperature (K)”, not “Temperature/K”.
alternates).
 Do not use the word “essentially” to mean IV. CONCLUSION
“approximately” or “effectively”.
In this section, write the generalizations that was obtained
 In your paper title, if the words “that uses” can during the conduct of the activity.
accurately replace the word “using”, capitalize the “u”;
if not, keep using lower-cased. REFERENCES
 Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones The template will number citations consecutively within
“affect” and “effect”, “complement” and “compliment”, brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket [2].
“discreet” and “discrete”, “principal” and “principle”. Refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]—do not use
“Ref. [3]” or “reference [3]” except at the beginning of a
 Do not confuse “imply” and “infer”. sentence: “Reference [3] was the first ...”
 The prefix “non” is not a word; it should be joined to Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the
the word it modifies, usually without a hyphen. actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it was
 There is no period after the “et” in the Latin cited. Do not put footnotes in the abstract or reference list. Use
abbreviation “et al.”. letters for table footnotes.

 The abbreviation “i.e.” means “that is”, and the Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’
abbreviation “e.g.” means “for example”. names; do not use “et al.”. Papers that have not been published,
even if they have been submitted for publication, should be
An excellent style manual for science writers is [7]. cited as “unpublished” [4]. Papers that have been accepted for
publication should be cited as “in press” [5]. Capitalize only
D. Figures and Tables the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and
element symbols.
a) Positioning Figures and Tables: Place figures and
tables at the top and bottom of columns. Avoid placing them in For papers published in translation journals, please give the
the middle of columns. Large figures and tables may span English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language
across both columns. Figure captions should be below the citation [6].
figures; table heads should appear above the tables. Insert
figures and tables after they are cited in the text. Use the [1] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals of
abbreviation “Fig. 1”, even at the beginning of a sentence. Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,” Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955.
(references)
TABLE I. TABLE TYPE STYLES
[2] J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol.
Table Table Column Head 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.
Head Table column subhead Subhead Subhead [3] I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films and exchange
anisotropy,” in Magnetism, vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New
a
copy More table copy York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271–350.
a. Sample of a Table footnote. (Table footnote) [4] K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.
[5] R. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first word capitalized,” J. Name
Fig. 2. Example of a figure caption. (figure caption) Stand. Abbrev., in press.
[6] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron spectroscopy
Figure Labels: Use 8 point Times New Roman for Figure studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,” IEEE
labels. Use words rather than symbols or abbreviations when Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August 1987 [Digests 9th
writing Figure axis labels to avoid confusing the reader. As an Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982].
example, write the quantity “Magnetization”, or [7] M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA:
University Science, 1989.