PHYSICS SMART LEARNING FORM 4

STUDENT EDITION
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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Mechanical Energy

CONCEPT MAP

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1.1 Understanding Physics

1 A phenomena is an occurrence that can be perceived by our senses. Some examples of

natural phenomena are :
(a) sunrise and sunset
(b) lighting and thunder
(c) rainbow and blue sky
(d) earthquake and tsunami

2 Physics is a branch of science centred on the study of matter, energy and the connection
between them.

3 They are many fields of study in physics including force, motion, heat, light, waves,
electricity, electromagnetism, electronics and nuclear physics.

1.2 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

Base quantity
1 A physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured.

2 A physical quantity can be reprensented by a symbol of the quantity, a numerical value

for magnitude of the quantity and the unit of measurement of the quantity.

3 There are 2 types of physical quantities:(i) base quantities

(ii) derived quantities

4 A base quantity is a physical quantity which cannot be defined in terms of other physical
quantities.

5 List of 5 basic physical quantities and their units.

Base quantity Symbol S.I. Unit Symbol for S.I. Unit
Length l Metre m
Mass m Kilogram kg
Time t second s
Current I ampere A

Temperature T Kelvin K

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Derived quantities

1 A derived quantity is a physical quantity produced from the combination of base

quantities through multiplication, division or both.
2 Determine the derived unit for the following derived quantities.

Derived Name of
Formula Derived unit
quantity derived unit

area area = length x width mmmmm-

volume volume = length x width x height m3mmmmmm –

mass
density density  –
volume

displacement
velocity velocity  –
time
momentum momentum = mass x velocity kg m s-1 –

change in velocity
Acceleration acceleration  –
time

Force force = mass x acceleration kg m s-2 Newton (N)

force
pressure pressure 
area

Note that the physical quantities such as width, thickness, height, distance, displacement,
perimeter, radius and diameter are equivalent to length.

Standard Form or Scientific Notation

1 Standard form = A x 10n , 1 < A < 10 and n = integer

2 Standard form is used to represent data in a very big or very small numerical value.
3 Some physical quantities have extremely small magnitudes. Write the following
quantities in standard form :
a. Radius of the earth = 6 370 000 m = 6.3x 10 6 m
b. Size of a particle = 0.000 03 m = 3 x 10-5 m
c Diameter of an atom = 0.000 000 072 m = 7.2 x 10 -8.
d. Wavelength of light = 0.000 000 55 m = 5.5 x10 -7

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Prefixes

1. Prefixes are usually used to represent physical quantities which are very big or very
small in SI units.
2. It will be written in a multiplication factor
3. The list of prefixes :
1012 Tera (T)
109 Eg :
Giga (G)
106 1 1 Tm = …1 x 10 12 m
Mega (M)
3
10
102 Hekto (ha) 2 3.6 mA = …3.6 x 10-3 A
101 kilo (k) Deka (da)
10-10
10-2 desi (d)
centi (s)
10-3
mili (m)
10-6
micro ()
10-9
nano (n)
10-12
pico (p)

4. Some physical quantities have extremely large magnitudes. These extremely large and
small values can be written in standard form or using standard prefixes. Write the
quantities in standard prefixes:

a. Frequency of radio wave = 91 000 000 Hz = 9.1 x 107.

= 9.1 x 106 x 101
= 91 MHz
b. Diameter of the earth = 12 800 000 m = 1.28 x 107
= 12.8 M m
b. Distance between the moon and the earth = 383 000 000 m = 3.83 x 107
= 38.3 M m

EXERCISE 1.2
1 How to convert the unit ;
a. 12 000 000 J to MJ c 7300 nm to Gm
= 1.2 x 107 J = 7.3 x 103 x 10-9
= 12 x 106 = 7.3 x 10-6
= 12MJ = 7.3 x 10-6 x 1015 x 10-15
= 7.3 x 10-15 Gm

b 4.58 cN to kN d 0.004 72 mA to nA
= 4.58 x 10-2 = 4.72 x10 -3 x 10 -3
-2 5 -5
= 4.58 x10 x 10 x 10 = 4.72 x 10 -6 x 10 -3 x 10 3
= 4.58 x 10– 5 x 103 = 4.72 x 10 3 nA
-5
= 4.58 x 10 kN
2 Change the following quantities to the units shown,

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a. 1 cm3 = ................. m3 b. 13.6 g cm-3 = ..........................kgm-3
-2
1 cm = 10 m
1 cm2 = (10 -2 m )2
1 cm3 = (10 -2 m) 3 = 10-6 m3

c 72 kmh-1 =........................... ms-1

72 km = 72 x 10 2 m
1h 3600 s

1.3 SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

1 Scalar quantities are physical quantities that have magnitude only

2 Vector quantities are physical quantities .that have both magnitude and direction .
3 Table shows a few example of scalar and vector quantity
Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities
Density
Distance
Energy
Length Acceleration
Mass Displacement
Power Force
Speed Momentum
Temperature Velocity
Time
Volume
Work

4 Distance refers to how much ground an object has covered.

5 Displacement refers to how far an object is from a reference point.

EXERCISE 1.3

1 Categorise the following physical quantities into scalar and vector quantities.
Length, area, density, velocity, temperature, force, acceleration, work, energy

SCALAR QUANTITIES VECTOR QUANTITIES

Length , work,energy Velocity

Area force
Density, temperature Acceleration,

2 Gerald ran 20 m west and then 50 m east

a How far did Gerald run? b What was Gerald’s final displacement?

= 70 mt = 30 m due east

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3 On his way to school, Kim Joo cycled 5 km due east and then 3 km due south.
a What is the total distance covered by Kim Joo

b What was Kim Joo’s final displacement?

1.4 MEASUREMENTS

Using Appropriate Instruments to Measure

1 Measurements of various physical quantities involved are part of observation of

experiments.

2 We must know how to choose the appropriate instrument to ensure that the
measurements are accurate and reproducible/reliable

3 The smallest scale division on the measuring instruments show the sensitivity of the
instrument

3 Examples of instrument and its measuring ability.

Measuring instrument Range of measurement Smallest scale division

Measuring tape 1.0 cm
Meter rule
Vernier caliper 0.01cm
Micrometer screw gauge 0.01 mm
4 Sample of measuring instruments :
4.1 Ammeter : An instrument used to measure the quantity of electric current
(miliammeter) and is connected in series in an electrical circuit.
Voltmeter : A instrument used to measure the voltage between 2 points and is
connected in parallel in an electrical circuit.
Accuracy of voltmeter is 0.1 V or 0.2 V.
incorret reading 1 2 3 correct
1 2 3
0 4 reading
0 4

pointer mirror
pointer mirror
Pointer’s image can be seen Pointer’s image is behind the pointer

Dry cell Dry cell

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ammeter resistor resistor Voltmeter

switch switch
z z

4.2 Measuring cylinder :

wrong position of eye
Right position of eye (eye are in a line perpendicular to the plane of
the scale)
wrong position of eye

water

4.3 Ruler: wrong right wrong

10 11 12 13 14 15

Reading = 12.8 -10.3 = 2.5 cm

4.4 Vernier calliper

A venier calliper is used to measure the length of a small object of up to 10 cm.

A vernier calliper gives readings to an accuracy of 0.01 cm.

inside jaws
cmVernier
0 scale1 2 3 4 Main scale
SKALA
UTAMA
0
outside jaws Main scale in cm
5 10
0 1

Length of vernier scale = 0.9 cm 0 5 10 Vernier scale

Vernier scale is divided into 10 divisions

Length of the divisions = 0.09 cm

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The difference between the main scale and
vernier scale is = 0.1- 0.09 = 0.01 cm

0 1 cm

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Find the division of
vernier scale which is
coincides with any part of
the main scale
Vernier scale = 0.06 cm.

Final reading = Reading on the main scale + reading on the vernier scale
= 0.2 + 0.06 = 0.26 cm

The diagram below shows a vernier caliper with reading

0 1

0 5 10

Vernier calliper reading = 0.15 cm

4.5 Micrometer screw gauge.

A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure the thickness or diameter of a small
object.

One complete turn of the thimble

(50 division) moves the spindle by
0.50 mm.
Division of thimble
= …0.5/50…mm..
= …0.01 mm.

A accuracy of micrometer
screw gauge = 0.01mm or 0.001cm.

Sleeve scale : 4.5 mm

Thimble scale : 0.12 mm.
Total reading : 4.62 mm.

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Example :

Sleeve scale : ……………

Thimble scale : ………….

Total reading : …………...

The rachet can be rotated and it exerts the correct amount of pressure on the object to be
measured.

4.6 Some others measuring instruments :

analog digital voltmeter

stopwatch stopwatch thermometer

metre tape measuring cylinder beaker

Exercise: Vernier Callipers And Micrometer Screw Gauge

1. Write down the readings shown by the following

(a)

Answer: 7.79 cm.

(b)

Answer: 4.27 cm.

(c)
6 7
Answer: 6.18 cm

0 5 1
0

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(d)
0 1
Answer: 0.02cm.

0 5 10

2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are
closed.

0 1

0 5 10

Zero error = …0.02 cm

(b). The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier calliper when there
are 40 pieces of cardboard between the jaws.
5 6

Reading shown = 5.54.cm

0 5 1 (Corrected reading = caliper reading – zero error)
0 Corrected reading = …5.54 – 0.02..cm
= 5.52 cm

3. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
(a) (b)

0 5 40 0 35
5 10

35 30

Answer: …………………………. Answer:…………………..

(c) (d)
0
25 0 5 20

20 15

Answer:………………………… Answer:…………………….

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4. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

0 0 5
0

45
0
Zero error = …0.02…….. mm
Zero error = …0.03…….. mm

(b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

0 5 20
0 5

0 15

Zero error = 0.03………mm Reading shown = 6.67………..mm

Corrected reading = 6.64………..mm

5. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
(a) (b)

0 5 40 0 35
5 10

35 30

Answer: …6.88 mm………… Answer: …..12.32 mm……

(c) (d)
0
25 0 5 20

20 15

Answer:………4.71 mm………… Answer: 9.17 mm…………

6. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

0 0 0 5

45 0

Zero error = …-0.02 mm Zero error = …0.03.. mm

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5 Accuracy and consistency in measurements.
1. Accuracy : Degree of closeness of the measurements to the true/accepted value.
1.2 To improve the accuracy of a measurements:
a Repeated readings are taken and the average value is calculated.
b Avoid parallax errors.
c Avoid zero errors
d Use measuring instruments with a higher accuracy. Eg: vernier caliper more
accurate than a ruler.

2. Consistency (Precision) : Degree of uniformity of the measurements

1.2 To improve the consistency of a measurements:

a Eliminating parallax errors during measurement.
b Using an instrument which is not defective.
1.3 A deviation is the difference between a measured value and its mean value.

3. Sensitivity : to detect small physical or differences.

. 3.1 A measuring instrument that has a scale with smaller divisions is more sensitive.

target
………………………… ……………………… ……………………………..

target
…………………….. …………………………….. ………………………………

6 Errors in measurements
1. All measurements are values ………………………………………………………………
2. In other word, it is a matter of ……………………………………………………………
3. This is because ……………………………………………………………………………

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4. Two main types of errors:

(1) SYSTEMATIC ERROR (b) RANDOM ERROR

DEFINITION Is an error caused by the Occurs from the

instrument, the individual taking unpredictable variations in
the reading and the environment. condition and a different error
is produced each time we
repeat the measurement.
OCCURS DUE TO 1 Zero error- the reading 1 Mistake made when
shown on the instrument taking measurement
is not zero when nothing either through incorrect
is being measured. positioning of the eye
(parallax error)
2 The measuring
instrument is not being 2 .Natural error
properly calibrated. environment factors like
wind, temperature,
3 Slow reaction time of the
lighting, regractionand
individual taking the
magnetic field.
measurement.
4 A faulty measuring
instrument
1 examining the 1 the eyes are
instruments carefully positioned directly
REDUCE THE ERROR
before using them perpendicular in front
of the pointer or sale
2 compencating the
of an instrument
reading of zero error
when taking
measurements.
2 Repeat the
measurement and
find the average or
mean value of the
readings.
EXAMPLE Zero error Parallax Error – occurs from
the error in reading an
instrument because the
observer’s eye and the
pointer are not in a line
perpendicular to the plane of
the scale.

Absolute error : ……………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

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Parallax error :
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Zero error :
…………………………………………………………………………………....................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Correct reading = observed reading – zero error

Positive zero error negative zero error

Horizontal 3 divisions above

Horizontal
reference 2 divisions below
horizontal reference
reference
horizontal reference

Zero error of screw meter gauge

Zero error = Zero error =

7 The sensitivity of a thermometer can be increased by:

(a) decreasing the volume of mercury contained in the glass bulb.

(b) Reducing the diameter of the capillary tube

(c) Using a liquid tha expands more with increasing temperature.

A mercury thermometer uses the principle of expansion and contraction of

mercury measure temperature.

7.1 A mercury thermometer is used because :

(a) expands and contracts uniformly towards changes in temperature.

(b) Be sensitive to any temperature changes.

(c) The thin wall of the mercury bulb ensures that the transfer of heat from the
surroundings to the mercury is rapid.

(d) Mercury is easily visible in the glass tube

(e) Mercury does not stick to the glass wall

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1.4 SCIENCETIFIC INVESTIGATION

Process in a science investigation

Steps Explanation
– Collect all information and make observations based on
Making the object and phenomenon.
observation
– Make observations by using the senses such as hearing,
1 and identifying
sight,smell, taste and touch.
a suitable
question. – Identify a suitable question for scientific investigation
based on the information gathered.
– Draw inference about the object or phenomenon studied.
Drawing
2 – Draw inference about the first conclusion based on the
inferences
observation.

Identifying and Identify 3 varibles :

controlling (a) Manipulated Variables:
variables
Physical quantities which we can control and change
(b) Responding variables:
Physical quantities which are the result of the changes made
3
from
the manipulated variable.
(c ) Fixed variables:
Physical quantities which are kept constant through out the
experiment

Formulating a General statement that describes the relationship between the

4
hypothesis responding variable and manipulated variables.

– State the aim of the experiment.

Conducting
5 – List of the apparatus and materials needed.
experiments
– Plan the procedures and method of the experiment.

Tabulating – The resuls from the experiment are collected and

6
Data tabulated in a suitable form

Analysing – Plot and draw a graph

7
Data – Interpret data and draw a conclusion

Writing of
8 – A complete report of the investigation
report

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a a a

1
aF a
m

0 F 0 m 1
0
m

a is directly proportional to F a is Inversely proportional to m

or
a is directly proportional to 1/m
GRAPH PLOTTING

1 The title of the graph must be shown with manipulated variable on the x-axis and
responding variable is placed on the y-axis.

2 The axes must be labeled correctly together with the units used.

3 The scales must be uniform and easy to locate the position of those points. Avoid
using odd scale such as:
1cm: 7 units
1cm: 6 units
1cm: 3 units
1cm: 15 units

4 If there are 6 different ( X, Y) points on the table, there must be 6 points on the graph
marked with a symbol such as a cross.

5 In straight line graphs, a straight line must be drawn using a ruler with all the points
uniformly distributed about it.

6 The area covered by the plotted points must not be less than 50% of the area of the
graph paper.

To determine the gradient of the graph.

A straight-line graph
a) The two point A and B are connected by a straight line.

B (x 2 , y1)

A (x 1 ,y1)

b) The gradient of the line connecting A and B given by the formula

y 2  y1
gradient =
x 2  x1

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ANSWER FORMAT FOR PAPER 3B [12 MARKS]

Manipulated variable is influenced by the responding variable

(a) Inference 0r
Responding variable depends on manipulated variable

The higher/larger/bigger the manipulated variable, the higher/smaller

(b) Hypothesis
the responding variable
To determine the relationship between manipulated variable and
(c) Aim
responding variable
(i) manipu
lated variable
:
(ii) respon
(d) Variables :
ding variable
: only one fixed variable
(iii) fixed
*[ list all the variables that are measurable].
variable

Apparatus /
materials

Method : 1.1
1.
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure.
2. Turn on the switch and adjust the rheostat so thatw
Tabulation of :
data manipulated variable responding variable
0.2 b1.0
0.3 1.5
0.4 2.0
0.5 2.5
0.6 3.0
0.7 3.5

Analysis of : State : Sketch a graph of responding variable against manipulated

data variable
OR
1. Start the experiment
Plottingwith manipulated
a graph variablemv
of rv against = …… .unit (practical
value)
2 The responding variable is measured ……………………………
3 Repeat the experiment 4 times for manipulated variable using 4
different values

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Plan and report an experiment

Situation:
Figure 1.1 and 1.2 show Rizal who is swinging to and fro by using swings of different length.

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2

He notices that when the swing is shorter, he swings faster.
Based on observation,
(a) state one suitable inference [1 mark]
(b) state one suitable hypothesis [1 mark]
(c) design an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in (b) by using suitable
apparatus such as a stopwatch, plasticine and others.
In your description, state clearly the following:
(i) Aim of experiment
(ii) Variables of the experiment
(iii) List of apparatus and materials
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus
(v) The procedure of the experiment which includes the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable
(vi) The way you tabulate the data
(vii) The way you would analyse the data [10 marks]

Table below shows data recorded in tabulated form

Steps Example : refer to the situation above

1 Inference

2 Hypothesis

3 Aim

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4 Variables

5 List of
apparatus and
materials
6 Arrangement of
the apparatus

7 Procedures

8 Tabulate the
data

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9 Analyse the
data

10 Conclision

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REVIEW CHAPTER 1

Part A :Objective Question

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Which comparison is correct about the sensitivity

SPM EXAMINATION PAPER of the vernier calipers and the metre rule when
measuring the thickness of a wire?
1 Which physical quantity has the Vernier calipers Metre rule
correct S.I. unit? A Low Low
Physical quantity S.I. unit B Low High
A Temperature Celcius C High Low
B Time Minute D High High
C Mass Newton
D Length metre 5 Which of the following frequencies is the
v same as 106.8 MHz?
2 The A 1.068 x 10-4 Hz
p B 1.068 x 10-1 Hz
C 1.068 x 10+2 Hz
D 1.068 x 10+6 Hz
E 1.068 x 10 +8Hz

t 6 The graph shows the relationship

q between physical quantities P and Q.
graph shows the relationship between
v and t.

The relationship between v and t is

reprensented by the equation
A v = (pt)/q + p
B v = (pt)/q + q
C v = (- pt)/q + p
D v = (- pt)/q + q
Which statements about the graph is
3 30 miliseconds is equivalent to correct?
A 3 x 10-6 seconds A If Q = 1 the P = 2
B 3 x 10-5 seconds B The gradient of the graphs is 1
C 3 x 10-4 seconds C P is directly proportional to Q
D 3 x 10-3 seconds D The equation of the graph is
E 3 x 10-2 seconds P= 1 + 3Q

7 The diagram shows the scale of a

4 The diagrams show the scales on a micrometer screw gauge.
pair of vernier calipers and a metre
rule.

What is the reading of the micrometer?

A 7.02 mm C 7.52 mm
B 7.03 mm D 5.58 mm

SPM 2005

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8 A,B,C, and D show the shooting marks on

a target. Which marks can explain the
concept of precision of a
measurement?

SPM 2005

9 The relationship between stretching

force, F, with the extension,x, of a SPM 2006
spring, is given by the equation:
F= kx 12 A radio station airs its programmes by
where k is the spring constant. transmitting waves at a frequency of
What is the unit of k? 102.3 MHz. How much is this
frequency, in Hz?
A Nm-1 A 1.023 x 10 +2
B Nm-2 B 1.023 x 10 +5
C kgm-1 C 1.023 x 10 +6
D kgm-2 D 1.023 x 10 +8
SPM 2005 SPM 2006

13 Which of the following values is equal to

10 Which of the following physical 470 pF?
quantities is not a base quantity? A 4.7 x 10-10F
A Weight B 4.7 x 10- 7 F
B Time C 4.7 x 10+ 2F
C Temperature D 4.7 x 10+11F
D Electric Current SPM 2007
SPM 2006
14 Which of the following quantities is a
11 Which of the following graphs obeys vector quantity?
the equation F=kx where k is a A Energy C Force
constant? B Power D Pressure
SPM 2007

15 A,B, C and D show parts of four

different balance scales. Which
balance is the most sensitive?

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SPM 2007

PART B : STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

1. A car moves with an average speed of 75 km h-1 from town P to town Q in 2 hours as
shown in Figure 1. By using this information, you may calculate the distance between the
two towns.
P Q

Figure 1
(a) (i) Based on the statements given, state two basic quantities and their respective
SI units.
Distance ; m and time ;s
………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) State a derived quantity and its SI unit.
Speed –ms-1
………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Convert the value 1 . m to standard form.
5 x 10-3
3
= 0.2 x 10 m
= 2.0 x 102 m

(c) Complete Table 1 by writing the value of each given prefix.

10-9
10-6
10 6
10 9
Table 1
(d) Power is defined as the rate of change of work done. Derive the unit for power in
terms of its basic units.

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work force  displacement kgms 2  m

Power = = Unit = = kgm2s-3
time time s

(e) Calculate the volume of a wooden block with dimension of 7 cm, 5 cm breadth and
12 cm height in m3 and convert its value in standard form.

Volume = (7 x 10-2) (5 x 10-2)(12 x 10-2)

= 420 x 10-6
= 4.2 x 10-4 m3

2. Figure 2 shows an ammeter of 0—3 A range.

Figure 2

(a) (i) Name component X. Mirror

(b) What is the function of X? to avoid the parallax error.

(c) Table 2 shows three current readings obtained by three students.

Table 2

(i) Did all the students use the ammeter in Figure2? No

(ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i).
3rd readings obtained by student 2 and 3 are out of meter range.

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