100% found this document useful (2 votes)
838 views101 pages

Bryophytes To Gymnosperms PDF

This document provides information about bryophytes (non-vascular plants) and spore-bearing vascular plants. It begins with an introduction to bryophytes and their characteristics. It then describes the three divisions of bryophytes - Hepatophyta (liverworts), Anthocerophyta (hornworts), and Bryophyta (mosses), providing examples for each. The document then discusses the spore-bearing vascular plants, starting with an introduction and describing the cryptogams (non-seed plants) which include the divisions Psilophyta, Lycophyta, and Sphnenophyta. Examples are provided for genera from each division. The document concludes with an introduction to

Uploaded by

Ryan Merza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
100% found this document useful (2 votes)
838 views101 pages

Bryophytes To Gymnosperms PDF

This document provides information about bryophytes (non-vascular plants) and spore-bearing vascular plants. It begins with an introduction to bryophytes and their characteristics. It then describes the three divisions of bryophytes - Hepatophyta (liverworts), Anthocerophyta (hornworts), and Bryophyta (mosses), providing examples for each. The document then discusses the spore-bearing vascular plants, starting with an introduction and describing the cryptogams (non-seed plants) which include the divisions Psilophyta, Lycophyta, and Sphnenophyta. Examples are provided for genera from each division. The document concludes with an introduction to

Uploaded by

Ryan Merza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 101

LESSON 7:

BRYOPHYTES: NON-VASCULAR PLANTS


INTRODUCTION
• KINGDOM PLANTAE
- represents large group of mostly terrestrial organism
(eukaryotic, photosynthetic, and organ-forming)
- exhibit diplohaplontic life cycle, characterized by an
alternation of heteromorphic gametophyte and sporophyte
generations
- have ties to the Charophyceae
- have chlorophylls a and b, starch as food storage, has
cellulosic cell wall
• Adaptation features of Plants:
1. protective cells surrounding the archegonia (egg-
forming) and antheridia (sperm-forming)
2. protective layer of cells covering the spore-producing
structure (sporangia)
3. protected embryo
4. cuticle coating on the aerial parts
5. specialized cells for water and food conduction
• BRYOPHYTES or NON-VASCULAR PLANTS
- comprised of liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
- thought to be among the first plants to dominate the
ancient terrestrial environment (approx. 400 MYA)
- found in almost all terrestrial habitats but show great
diversity in moist habitats
- most are small (< 20mm) in height
- 2 distinguishing characteristics:
1. absence of xylem and phloem
2. sporophyte is nutritionally dependent upon the
gametophyte
- basic life cycle begins with a haploid spore that
germinates on moist soils and grows into filamentous protonema
- protonema will later develop into a thallus of leafy
gametophyte (mostly diouecious- either male or female)
- sperms from antheridia emerge and swim to the
archegonium, where one sperm fertilizes one egg to form
diploid zygote (sporophyte)
- sporophyte develops within archegonium and as it
matures it produces sporangium
- meiosis occurs within the sporangium resulting in the
production of haploid spores
DIVISION HEPATOPHYTA
LIVERWORTS
• Most liverworts are small
• Most familiar liverworts consists of a
prostrate, flattened, ribbon-like or branching
structure thallus (Thallose liverworts)
• However, most liverworts produce flattened
“stem” with overlapping scales or “leaves”
(Leafy liverworts)
1. Marchantia

• Thallose liverwort
• Has ribbon-like, dichotomously-branched gametophyte lying
on the surface of the ground
• Dorsal surface of the thallus is green and smooth with
several reproductive structures
• Thickest part is the midrib
• Ventral surface has hair-like projections called rhizoids which
function for anchorage
1. Marchantia
2. Riccia fluitans

• Can be found all over the world


• An aquarium favorite
• Floating plant; moderate lighting is
sufficient ability to be grown attached to
rocks and driftwood
2. Riccia
3. Cyathodium

• COMMON BRYOPHYTE AND COOMONLY FOUND


IN THE LOW LAND AREAS ALONG GROUND,
CEMENT WALLS, ON ROCKS, LADDERS OF TEMPLE,
CLAY SOIL
• THALLUS THIN, LIGHT GREEN, DICHOTOMOUSLY
DIVIDES, RHIZOIDS SMOOTH, DENSELY
OVERLAPPING, PORES ON THE DORSAL SURFACE,
NO MIDRIB,
3. Cyathodium
4. Plagiochila

• ONE OF THE BIGGEST AND MOST DIFFICULT


LIVERWORT GENERA
• LIVING MAINLY IN TROPICAL OR OCEANIC CLIMATE
AND AVOID DRY CLIMATES
• LEAVES RE OVAL; EDGE IS SMALL AND IRREGULARLY
SERRATE UNTIL NEARLY SMOOTH
4. Plagiochila
5. Bazzania
• Leafy liverwort
• Often found in large clumps or dense widespread
mats on boggy soils, rotten logs, and bases of trees
• Extracts of dichloromethane and methanol of
bazzania trilobata have been shown effective as a
natural source of alternative pest management in
crop protection be serving as an antifungal agent
5. Bazzania
DIVISION ANTHOCEROPHYTA
HORNWORTS
• Grow as a thin rosette or ribbon-like gametophyttic
thalus that is 1-5 cm in diameter
• Easily distinguished from other by:
- Erect, photosynthetic, horn-like sporophyte arising from
the thallus

• Develop internal mucilage-filled cavities that are


occupied by cyanobacteria
1. Anthoceros

• Has an orbicular thallose gametophyte with rhizoids


on the ventral side and reproductive structures on the
dorsal side
• Most are monoecious, both archegonia and
antheridia are embedded under the dorsal surface
of the thallus
• During fertilization, biflagellate sperm swims from
the artheridia to the archegonia where the eggs are
fertilized forming zygote
Anthoceros
DIVISION BRYOPHYTA
MOSSES
• Mosses are small, leafy dioecious bryophytes
typically 1-10 cm in height
• Commonly grow close together in clumps or mats in
damp or shady places
• Their simple leaves cover the thin stem that are
either erect or creeping
• At certain times, female mosses produce sporangia
or capsule borne on stalk on the tip of the their
thallus
1. Fissidens

• Exhibits erect “stem” that is anchored to a substrate by its


rhizoids
• Leaves have smooth margin and a thickened axis called
costa
• Leaves are also composed of one layer of parenchymatous
cells
• An erect sporophyte arises at the terminal end of the stem
exhibiting a long seta and a short cylindrical capsule
Fissidens
2. Sphagnum
• Leaves have large transparent hyaline cell
with thread-like fibrils traversing the cell and
one to several pores.
• Each hyaline cell is surrounded by thin
elongated chlorophyllose cells which
performs photosynthesis
Sphagnum
3. Pogonatum

• Commonly called spike moss


• Grow on the ground, often with a green felt of
thread-like cells
• Short, simple, or long and robust
• Leaves erect or spreading, base is clasping, with
large pale cells
• Leaf margins are entire or serrate
Pogonatum
LESSON 8:
SPORE BEARING VASCULAR PLANTS
INTRODUCTION
• Plants developed vascular system to adapt to life
• Vascular system facilitate conduction of water, and
minerals
• Plants with vascular tissues are known as tracheophytes
• Vascular tissues form central cylinder together with other
tissues inner to the cortex (stele)
• Vascular plants are divided into cryptogams (spore-
bearing) and phanerogams (seed-bearing)
CRYPTOGAMS
• Division psilophyta
• Division lycophyta
• Division sphenophyta
• Considered the lower vascular plants representing the earliest forms of
tracheophytes
• Possess:
1. Simple but well differentiated stele
2. Uni-veined lateral appendages (microphylls)
3. Erect, conspicuous, free-living sporophyte
4. Inconspicuous, subterranean, tuberous but free-living
gametophyte
5. One type of spores within the sporangium (homosporous)
DIVISION PSILOPHYTA
WHISKFERNS OR FORKFERNS
• The only living vascular plants to lack both roots
and leaves
• Anchored by a horizontally creeping stem
(rhizome)
• Erect portion of the stem bears paired enations,
outgrowths which look like miniature leaves but
have no vascular tissue
1. Psilotum nudum
• Grow as low herb to 30 cm
• Have dichotomously branching stems and no true leaves
• Above ground stems have small scale-like appendages
called enations and clustered yellow spherical structures
called synangia
• Synangia produce microscopic, single-celled reproductive
units called spores
• Grows in moist areas
Psilotum nudum
2. Tmesipteris

• From greek “tmesis” meaning cutting, and


“pteris” meaning fern
• Have forked appendage on fronds
• Mostly epiphytic on treess
Tmesipteris
DIVISION LYCOPHYTA
CLUBMOSSES, SPIKEFERNS, AND QUILLWORTS
• Commonly known as the lower ferns and posses true
vascularized stem, leaves and roots
• Significant features are microphylls, kind of leaf which has
arisen and evolved independently from the leaves of other
vascular plants
• Spore producing bodies is known as strobilus and found of
special branches
• Three classes:
- Lycopodiopsida
- Selaginellopsida
- Isoetopsida
1. Lycopodium
• Lives in moist, shaded woods
• Produce spores in a cone like flowering structure at the end of
the stem
• Spores are used in pyrotechnics and photography
• Chinese used to use these spores to dust pills to keep them from
sticking together
• Native Americans used this plant to create a tea that would act
as an analgesic to relieve pain after childbirth
• Roots were used as a mordant to help in fixing of natural dyes
so the color would remain in the fabric
Lycopodium
2. Selaginella

• Known as spikefern
• Diverse in size and ways of growth
• Salaginella kraussiana, (spreading club moss) grows about ½
inch high and has a limitless spread
• S. martensii, has thick, multi-branched stems filled with small
green leaves
• S. lepidophyllagets (resurrection plant), roll into tight brown
balls when there is no enough water, then once the plant gets
enough water, the leaves open up
Selaginella
3. Isoetes
• Also known as quillworts
• Commonly found in seasonally wet to aquatic
habitats
• Each plant consists of a clump of 20-30 green to
yellowish-green, grass-like, hollow leaves that taper
to a pointed tip
• Reproduce by spores that are produced in the leaf
base
• Have modified stem called a corm
Isoetes
DIVISION SPHENOPHYTA
HORSETAILS
• COMMONLY FOUND ALONG STREAM BANKS OF
TEMPERATE REGION
• IN THE PHILIPPINES, THEY ARE CULTIVATED AS
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS AND SOLD IN MOST
NURSERIES
• DISTINGUISHED BY THEIR STRAIGHT STEMS WITH
BRANCHES AND LEAVES ARRANGED IN REGULAR
WHORLS
1. Equisetum

• KNOWN AS HORSETAILS
• FOUND GROWING IN WET PLACES, SUCH AS STANDING
WATER OF SHALLOW PONDS OR DITCHES, MARSHY
AREAS, WET MEADOWS AND MOIST WOODS
• USED AS MEDICINE TO CURE KIDNEY AND BLADDER
TROUBLES, ARTHRITIS, BLEEDING ULCERS, AND
TUBERCULOSIS
• CHINESE USE IT TO COOL FEVERS
Equisetum
LESSON 9:
PTEROPHYTA: FERNS
INTRODUCTION
• FERNS BELONG TO DIVISION PTEROPHYTA
• SPORE-BEARING
• GAMETOPHYTES ARE CONSPICUOUS THOUGH REDUCED,
INDEPENDENT OF THE SPOROPHYTE AND GERMINATE OUTSIDE OF
THE SPORES (EXOSPORIC)
• HAVE MORE COMPLEX ORGANIZATION AND POSSESS
PHOTOSYNTHETIC LEAVES
• CONTAINS MEGAPHYLLS ASSOCIATED WITH LEAF TRACES AND LEAF
GAPS
• INCLUDED AMONG THE HIGHER VASCULAR PLANTS ALONG WITH THE
GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERMS
• THERE ARE ABOUT 11,000 LIVING SPECIES OF FERNS
• CONSIDERED AS THE LARGEST AND MOST DIVERSE
GROUP OF PLANTS OTHER THAN ANGIOSPERMS
• GROW IN WIDE VARIETY OF HABITATS RANGING FROM
REMOTE MOUNTAIN ELEVATIONS, DRY DESERT, ROCK
FACES, AQUATIC HABITATS TO OPEN FIELDS
• THEY EXHIBIT GREAT VARIATION IN FORM AND SIZE
WHERE SOME ARE VERY SMALL AND HAVE UNDIVIDED
LEAVES OR THEY CAN BE CLIMBING WHERE LEAVES HAVE
LONG TWINING RACHIS
• FERNS MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS EITHER
EUPOSRANGIATE OR LEPTOSPORANGIATE
• A EUSPORANGIUM ORIGINATES FROM A SERIES
OF SUPERFICIAL PARENT CELLS OR INITIALS; EACH
SPORANGIUM DEVELOPS A WALL TWO OR MORE
CELL LAYERS THICK AND A HIGH NUMBER OF
SPORES
• LEPTOSPORANGIUM ORIGINATES FROM A SINGLE
CELL INITIAL WHICH PRODUCES A STALK THEN A
CAPSULE; EACH LEPTOSPORANGIUMGIVES RISE
TO A RELATIVELY SMALL NUMBERS OF SPORES
FERN LIFE CYCLE

• BEGIN WITH THE PRODUCTION OF HAPLOID SPORES


AS DIPLOID SPOROGENOUS TISSUE WITHIN THE
SPORANGIA UNDERGOES MEIOSIS
• PHOTOSYNTHETIC HAPLOID GAMETOPHYTES EVOLVE
FROM GERMINATING SPORE
• RAIN INDUCES SWELLING IN THE ANTHERIDIA,
CAUSING THEM TO BURST AND RELEASE
MULTIFLAGELATTED SPERM THAT ARE TRANSPORTED
VIA WATER DROPLETS TO THE EGG
• FERTILIZATION RESULTS IN DIPLOID ZYGOTE THAT
MATURES INTO AN ADULT SPOROPHYTE
CONSISTING OF A ROSETTE OF LEAFY FRONDS
• SORI DEVELOP ON THE VENTRAL PORTION OF
PINNAE (LEAFLETS) AND WITHIN THESE SPORANGIA
FORM, COMPLETING THE ALTERNATION OF
GENERATION
FERN FROND
1. Ophioglossum
• RESEMBLES A SNAKE’S TONGUE
• TYPICALLY SENDS UP A SMALL UNDIVIDED LEAF BLADE
• LEAF IS CONSISTS OF TWO PARTS: A VEGETATIVE PORTION
AND A FERTILE SEGMENT WHICH BEARS TWO ROWS OF
EUSPORANGIA
• FIDDLEHEAD IS ABSENT
• GAMETOPHYTES ARE SUBTERRANEAN, TUBEROUS, ELONGATE
STRUCTURE WITH NUMEROUS RHIZOIDS
• ORDER OPHIOGLOSSALES
Ophioglossum
2. Marattia
• RECOGNIZED BY SESSILE, BIVALVE SYNANGIA (SORI)
• FRONDS USUALLY TWICE OR MORE PINNATE, AND
TRIANGULAR IN SHAPE
• PINNULES GENERALLY ALTERNATELY ARRANGED, BUT
THE PINNAE ARE OFTEN OPPOSITE
• ORDER MARATTIALES
Marattia
3. Angiopteris evecta
• GIANT OR KING FERN
• ONE OF THE LARGEST FERNS ON THE PLANET IN THE SIZE OF ITS
LEAVES
• PRODUCES MASSIVE, GLOBULAR TRUNKS AND GIGANTIC LEAVES
• FOUND IN TERRESTRIAL RAINFORESTS, CLEARINGS AND ALONG
ROADSIDES
• GROW TO 7M TALL
• LEAVES BIPINNATE, UP TO 5-7 M LONG, PETIOLE UP TO 2M LONG
• ORDER MARATTIALES
Angiopteris
4. Nephrolepis

• COMMON GARDEN FERN


• GROW AS EPIPHYTES OR TERRESTRIALLY IN
SUNNY OR SHADED AREAS
• FRONDS ARE LIGHT TO YELLOW GREEN OR DARK
GREEN
• SORI LINE LEAFLET MARGINS
• ORDER FILICALES
Nephrolepis
5. Azolla
• SMALL PLANTS (1.5-2.5CM LONG)
• UPPER SURFACE F LEAVES ARE TOTALLY WATER
REPELLANT
• OCCURS IN LAKES
• CAN SPREAD VERY QUICKLY FORMING DENSE
VEGETATIVE MASSES ON AREAS OF STILL WATER
• USEFUL AS A SOYBEAN PLANT IN RICE FIELD BECAUSE
IT CAN ASSIMILATE ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN GAS
DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF CYANOBACTERIA
Azolla
6. Salvinia
• SMALL FREE-FLOATING PLANT
• GROWS IN CLUSTER AND DEVELOPS INTO DENSE,
FLOATING MATS OR COLONIES INQUIET WATER
• LEAVES ARE MORE OR LESS ROUND WITH DISTINCT MIDRIB
ALONG WHICH LEAF MAY FOLD FORMING A CUP-SHAPED
APPEARANCE
• REPRODUCE BY SPORES OR BY FRAGMENTATION
• AGGRESSIVE INVADER SPECIES
• ORDER SALVINIALES
Salvinia
LESSON 10:
GYMNOSPERMS
INTRODUCTION
• Most significant structures to arise during evolution of
vascular plants was the seed
• Seeds provide protection for the embryo and the stored
food they contain is critical for the eventual germination and
establishment of seed plants
• Gymnosperms- “naked or exposed seeds”
- Plants without fruits around the seed; lacks
ovary
- Ovules and seeds are exposed on surfaces or
sporophylls
- Sporophylls are aggregated into a cone or strobilus
• Gymnosperms are either monoecious or dioecious
• Food storage are the cotyledons and the haploid-transformed
female gametophyte
• Four divisions:
1. Cycadophyta
2. Ginkgophyta
3. Pinophyta
4. Gnetophyta
DIVISION CYCADOPHYTA
CYCADS
• Cycads are ancient group of seed plants
characterized by a large crown of compound
leaves and a stout trunk
• They are evergreen, gymnospermous,
dioecious plants having large pinnately
compound leaves
• Stems have a broad, starch-rich cortex.
• Leaves spirally arranged in crowns on the
stem apex, pinnate and lacking stipules
1. Cycas circinalis
• Trunk covered in thick and corky bark
• Leaves arise from the apex of the trunk
• Each leaf measures 150-170 cm long; bears 54-110
flat leaflets arranged opposite each other along the
central stem
• Male plant bears yellowish-brown cones (egg shaped
to conical) and measures between 24-28cm long
• Female plant do not bear cones; instead carry ovules
and seeds on large, leaf-like sporophylls
• Seeds are quite small with a light reddish-yellow fleshy
covering
• Known as queen sago or sago palm
• Typically occurs in fairly dense, shrub-woodlands in hilly
areas
• Fairly adaptable species and can grow on both rocky hill
outcrops and coastal habits at sea level
• Plant is dioecious
• Pollinated by insects and wind
• Pith is rich in carbohydrate and a sago can be made from it
Cycas circinalis
DIVISION GINKGOPHYTA
1. Ginkgo biloba
• One of the oldest living tree species
• Can leave as long as 1,000 years and grow to a height of
120 feet
• Has short branches with fan-shaped leaves and inedible fruits
that smell bad
• Inner seed of fruits may be poisonous
• Tough, hardy trees and are sometimes planted along urban
streets
• Leaves turn brilliant colors in the fall
• Leaves have medicinal use
• Clinically used to improve memory
Ginkgo biloba
DIVISION PINOPHYTA
CONIFERS
• Usually have needle-shaped or scale like leaves and nearly
all evergreen
• Typically have straight trunks with horizontal branches
varying more or less regularly in length from bottom to top,
hence the conical outline
• Characterized by pollen-producing cones, or seed-producing
cones
• Three classes:
1. Cupressaceae: cypress
2. Taxaceae: yew
3. Pinaceae: pine
CLASS CUPRESSACEAE
CYPRESS
1. Juniperus communis

• Coniferous evergreen shrub or a small columnar tree, multi-


stemmed, rarely upright
• Crown generally depressed, grows very slowly
• Has a thin, brown, fibrous bark which exfoliates in thin strips;
twigs are yellowish or green when young, turn brown and
harden with age
• Leaves are simple, stiff and arranged in whorls of three with
pungent odor
• Young leaves tend to be more needle-like whereas mature
leaves are scale-like
• Fruits are berry-like seed cones, red at first,
ripening to bluish black
• Male strobili are sessile or stalked and female
strobili are made up of green, ovate scale
• Individuals can live for more than 170 years
• This species grows on dry, open, rock, wooded
hillsides, sand terraces, and on exposed slopes
and plateaus
Juniperus communis
CLASS TAXACEAE
YEW
1. Taxus cuspidata

• Commonly known as Japanese yew


• An evergreen tree growing to 10m by 10m at a slow
rate
• Flowers are dioecious and are rare pollinated by wind
• Native in Korea, China, Russia and Japan
• Female plants do not produce cones, instead produce
red, ornamentally-attractive, berry-like fruits, each
having a single seed
CLASS PINACEAE
PINES
1. Pinus
• Largest in the family, with 114 species
• 2 subgenus: a. Pinus
B. Strobus
A. Pinus – hard pines; about 70 species
- Cone sales have a dorsal, umbo
B. Strombus – white or soft pines; 44 species
- Seed wing is articulate
Pinus
DIVISION GNETOPHYTA
• Has three extant genera: Ephedra,
Gnetum, Welwitschia
• Plants are trees; leaves simple, opposite
or whorled
• Usually dioecious
• Female flower has one erect ovule; male
cone mostly compound and associated
with bracts
INTERNET SOURCES

• HTTP://WWW.ARKIVE.ORG/CYCAD/CYCAS-CIRCINALIS/
• HTTP://WWW.PFAF.ORG/USER/PLANT.ASPX?LATINNAME=CYCAS+CI
RCINALIS
• HTTP://UMM.EDU/HEALTH/MEDICAL/ALTMED/HERB/GINKGO-BILOBA
• HTTP://WWW.FAO.ORG/AG/AGP/AGPC/DOC/GBASE/DATA/PF000
461.HTM

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy