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Economic Oper of Power System Lec2

1. The efficient and economic operation of power systems is important due to the large amounts of money and fuel resources involved. For a moderately large system, annual fuel costs can be over $1.6 billion. 2. The input-output and heat rate characteristics of thermal generating units are fundamental to economic operation. Characteristics can vary depending on factors like the number of steam admission valves. 3. Combined cycle plants that use both gas turbines and steam turbines can have higher efficiencies than steam plants alone, as shown by their net heat rate curves.

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161 views26 pages

Economic Oper of Power System Lec2

1. The efficient and economic operation of power systems is important due to the large amounts of money and fuel resources involved. For a moderately large system, annual fuel costs can be over $1.6 billion. 2. The input-output and heat rate characteristics of thermal generating units are fundamental to economic operation. Characteristics can vary depending on factors like the number of steam admission valves. 3. Combined cycle plants that use both gas turbines and steam turbines can have higher efficiencies than steam plants alone, as shown by their net heat rate curves.

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JoyzaJaneJulaoSemilla
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ECONOMIC OPERATION OF

POWER SYSTEM
LECTURE 2

Compiled by:
Gener Restubog, PEE, MEEE
Economic Importance

• The efficient and optimum economic operation and


planning of electric power generation systems have
always occupied an important position in the electric

• The efficient use of the available fuel is growing in


importance, both monetarily and because most of the
fuel used represents irreplaceable natural resources.
Economic Importance
Magnitude of the Amounts of Money Involved in Power
Generation
Assume the following parameters for a moderately large system:
– Annual peak load: 10,000 MW
– Annual load factor: 60%
– Average annual heat rate for converting fuel to electric energy: 10,500 Btu/kWh
– Average fuel cost: $3.00 per million Btu (MBtu), corresponding to oil priced at 18 $/bbl

With these assumptions, the total annual fuel cost for this system is as follows:
– Annual energy produced: 107 kW x 8760 h/yr x 0.60 = 5.256 x 1011 kWh
– Annual fuel consumption: 10,500 Btu/kWh x 5.256 x 1011 kWh = 55.188 x 1013 Btu
– Annual fuel cost: 55.188 x 1013 Btu x 3 x 10-6 $/Btu = $1.66 billion

• To put this cost in perspective, it represents a direct requirement for


revenues from the average customer of this system of 3.15 cents per kWh
just to recover the expense for fuel.
• A savings in the operation of this system of a small percent represents a
significant reduction in operating cost, as well as in the quantities of fuel
consumed.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
Fundamental to the economic operating problem is the set of
input-output characteristics of a thermal power generation unit.

Gross Input - represents the total input, measured in terms of P/Hr or Tons of
Coal /Hr or Millions of cu.ft. of gas/Hr, etc
Net Output - the electrical power output available to the electric utility
system.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS

In defining the characteristics of steam turbine units, the


following terms will be used:
H = Btu per hour heat input to the unit (or MBtu/h)
F = Fuel cost times H is the $ per hour ($/h) input to the unit for fuel

Occasionally the $ per hour operating cost rate of a unit will


include prorated operation and maintenance costs.
The output of the generation unit will be designated by P, the
megawatt net output of the unit.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
Steam turbine generating units have several critical operating
constraints.
– the minimum load at which a unit can operate is influenced more by
the steam generator and the regenerative cycle than by the turbine
– the minimum load limitations are generally caused by fuel combustion
stability and inherent steam generator design constraints.
– most supercritical units cannot operate below 30% of design capability.
A minimum flow of 30% is required to cool the tubes in the furnace of
the steam generator adequately.

Turbines do not have any inherent overload capability, so that the data
shown on these curves normally do not extend much beyond 5% of the
manufacturer’s stated valve-wide-open capability.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
Incremental Heat Rate

This incremental heat rate characteristic is the slope (the


derivative) of the input-output characteristic (∆H/AP or ∆F/AP).
This characteristic is widely used in economic dispatching of the
unit.
It is converted to an incremental fuel cost characteristic by
multiplying the incremental heat rate in Btu per kilowatt hour by
the equivalent fuel cost in terms of $ per Btu.
Frequently this characteristic is approximated by a sequence of
straight-line segments.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
Unit (net) Heat Rate

This characteristic is H/P versus P.


It is proportional to the reciprocal of the usual efficiency characteristic
developed for machinery.
The unit heat rate characteristic shows the heat input per kilowatt hour of
output versus the megawatt output of the unit.
Typical conventional steam turbine units are between 30 and 35% efficient, so
that their unit heat rates range between approximately 11,400 Btu/kWh and
9800 Btu/kWh. (A kilowatt hour has a thermal equivalent of approximately
3412 Btu.)
Unit heat rate characteristics are a function of unit design parameters such as:
– initial steam conditions,
–stages of reheat and the reheat temperatures,
–condenser pressure,
–and the complexity of the regenerative feed-water cycle.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
Many different formats are used to represent the input-output characteristic
shown in Figure 2.2 The different representations will, of course, result in
different incremental heat rate characteristics.
VARIATIONS IN STEAM UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
A number of different steam unit characteristics exist.
For large steam turbine generators the input-output characteristics
shown in Figure 2.2 are not always as smooth as indicated there.
Large steam turbine generators will have a number of steam admission
valves that are opened in sequence to obtain ever-increasing output of
the unit.
Figure 2.6 shows both an input-output and an incremental heat rate
characteristic for a unit with four valves.
As the unit loading increases, the input to the unit increases and the
incremental heat rate decreases between the opening points for any
two valves.
However, when a valve is first opened, the throttling losses increase
rapidly and the incremental heat rate rises suddenly. This gives rise to
the discontinuous type of incremental heat rate characteristic shown in
Figure 2.6.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
VARIATIONS IN STEAM UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Common-header plants were constructed originally not only
to provide a large electrical output from a single plant, but
also to provide steam send out for the heating and cooling of
buildings in dense urban areas.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
gas turbine

heat-
recovery
steam
generators

steam turbine
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
VARIATIONS IN STEAM UNIT CHARACTERISTICS
Figure 2.9 shows the configuration of a combined cycle plant
with four gas turbines and HRSGs and a steam turbine
generator.
The plant efficiency characteristics depend on the number of
gas turbines in operation.
The shape of the net heat rate curve shown in Figure 2.10
illustrates this.
Incremental heat rate characteristics tend to be flatter than
those normally seen for steam turbine units..
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM UNITS
REFERENCE
[1] Power Generation, Operation, And Control Second Edition, Allen
J. Wood, Bruce F, Wollenberg, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996

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