NUMERICAL METHODS OF

COMPUTATIONAL PROGRAMMING LAB

MATH-204-F

IV SEMESTER

Department Of Electronics & Communication Engg

Dronacharya College Of Engineering
Khentawas, Gurgaon – 123506
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

NUMERICAL METHODS LAB

IV SEM.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
SR. PAGE
NAME OF EXPERIMENT
NO. NO.
TO FIND THE ROOTS OF NON-LINEAR EQUATION USING
1 BISECTION METHOD.
3-5
TO FIND THE ROOTS OF NON-LINEAR EQUATION USING
2 NEWTON’S METHOD.
6–9
CURVE FITTING BY LEAST – SQUARE APPROXIMATIONS.
3
10-15
TO SOLVE THE SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS USING
4 GAUSS - ELIMINATION METHOD.
16-20
TO SOLVE THE SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS USING
5
GAUSS - SEIDAL ITERATION METHOD 21-25
TO SOLVE THE SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS USING
6 GAUSS - JORDEN METHOD.
26-27
7 TO INTEGRATE NUMERICALLY USING TRAPEZOIDAL RULE. 28-30
8 TO INTEGRATE NUMERICALLY USING SIMPSON’S RULES. 31-33
TO FIND THE LARGEST EIGEN VALUE OF A MATRIX BY
9
POWER - METHOD. 34-37
TO FIND NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY
10
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS BY EULER’S METHOD. 38-40
TO FIND NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY
11
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS BY RUNGE- KUTTA METHOD. 41-43
TO FIND NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY
12
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS BY MILNE’S METHOD. 44-47

13 TO FIND THE NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF LAPLACE

EQUATION 48-53
14 TO FIND THE NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF WAVE EQUATION 54-58
15 TO FIND THE NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF HEAT EQUATION. 59-63

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 2 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Program 1
OBJECTIVES: To find the roots of non linear equations using
Bisection method.

SOURCE CODE:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>

/* define prototype for USER-SUPPLIED function f(x) */

double ffunction(double x);

/* EXAMPLE for "ffunction" */

double ffunction(double x)

{
return (x * sin(x) - 1);
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------- */

/* Main program for algorithm 2.2 */

void main()

{
double Delta = 1E-6; /* Tolerance for width of interval */
int Satisfied = 0; /* Condition for loop termination */
double A, B; /* Endpoints of the interval [A,B] */
double YA, YB; /* Function values at the interval-borders */
int Max; /* Calculation of the maximum number of iterations */
int K; /* Loop Counter */
double C, YC; /* Midpoint of interval and function value there */

printf("-----------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("Please enter endpoints A and B of the interval [A,B]\n");
printf("EXAMPLE : A = 0 and B = 2. Type: 0 2 \n");
scanf("%lf %lf", &A, &B);
printf("The interval ranges from %lf to %lf\n", A,B);

YA = ffunction(A); /* compute function values */

YB = ffunction(B);
Max = (int) ( 1 + floor( ( log(B-A) - log(Delta) ) / log(2) ) );
printf("Max = %d\n",Max);

/* Check to see if the bisection method applies */

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 3 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

if( ( (YA >= 0) && (YB >=0) ) || ( (YA < 0) && (YB < 0) ) ) {
printf("The values ffunction(A) and ffunction(B)\n");
printf("do not differ in sign.\n");
exit(0); /* exit program */
}

for(K = 1; K <= Max ; K++) {

if(Satisfied == 1) break;

C = (A + B) / 2; /* Midpoint of interval */
YC = ffunction(C); /* Function value at midpoint */

if( YC == 0) { /* first 'if' */

A = C; /* Exact root is found */
B = C;
}
else if( ( (YB >= 0) && (YC >=0) ) || ( (YB < 0) && (YC < 0) ) ) {
B = C; /* Squeeze from the right */
YB = YC;
}
else {
A = C; /* Squeeze from the left */
YA = YC;
}

if( (B-A) < Delta ) Satisfied = 1; /* check for early convergence */

} /* end of 'for'-loop */

printf("----------------------------------------------\n");
printf("The maximum number of iterations is : %d\n",Max);
printf("The number of performed iterations is : %d\n",K - 1);
printf("----------------------------------------------\n");
printf("The computed root of f(x) = 0 is : %lf \n",C);
printf("----------------------------------------------\n");
printf("The accuracy is +- %lf\n", B-A);
printf("----------------------------------------------\n");
printf("The value of the function f(C) is %lf\n",YC);

} /* End of main program */

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 4 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Quiz

Q.1)What is use of Bisection Method?

Answer: Bisection method is used to find the root of non-linear equation.

Q.2) What is Bisection method?

Answer: The bisection method in mathematics is a root-finding method which
repeatedly bisects an interval and then selects a subinterval in which a root must lie for
further processing. It is a very simple and robust method, but it is also relatively slow.
Because of this, it is often used to obtain a rough approximation to a solution which is
then used as a starting point for more rapidly converging methods

Q.3) What are the observations of Bisection method?

Answer: There are two observation of Bisection method. They are
Obs. 1: Since the new interval containing the root, is exactly half the length of the
previous one, the interval width is reduced by a factor of ½ at each step. At the end of the
nth step, the new interval will therefore, be of length (b-a)/2n
Obs. 2: As the error decreases with each step by a factor of ½, the convergence in the
bisection method is linear.

Q.4) What are the disadvantages of Bisection Method?

Answer:The convergce process in the bisection method is very slow. It depends only on
the choice of end points of the interval [a,b]. The function f(x) does not have any role in
finding the point c (which is just the mid-point of a and b). It is used only to decide the
next smaller interval [a,c] or [c,b].

Q.5) Which property is used in Bisection method?

Answer: Bisection method uses intermediate value property.

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 5 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Program 2
OBJECTIVES: To find the roots of non linear equations using Newton’s method.

Sorce code:

Algorithm 2.5 (Newton-Raphson Iteration). To find a root

f(x) = 0 given one initial approximation p_0 and using the iteration

f(p_(k-1))
p_k = p_(k-1) - ----------- for k = 1, 2, ...
f'(p_(k-1))

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----
*/

/* User has to supply a function named : ffunction

and its first derivative : dffunction

An example is included in this program */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>

/* define prototype for USER-SUPPLIED function f(x) */

double ffunction(double x);

double dffunction(double x);

/* EXAMPLE for "ffunction" */

double ffunction(double x)

{
return ( pow(x,3) - 3 * x + 2 );
}

/* EXAMPLE for "dffunction" , first derivative of ffunction. */

double dffunction(double x)

{
return ( 3 * pow(x,2) - 3 );
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------- */

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 6 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

/* Main program for algorithm 2.5 */

void main()

{
double Delta = 1E-6; /* Tolerance */
double Epsilon = 1E-6; /* Tolerance */
double Small = 1E-6; /* Tolerance */

int Max = 99; /* Maximum number of iterations */

int Cond = 0; /* Condition fo loop termination */
int K; /* Counter for loop */

double P0; /* INPUT : Must be close to the root */

double P1; /* New iterate */
double Y0; /* Function value */
double Y1; /* Function value */
double Df; /* Derivative */
double Dp;
double RelErr;

printf("----------------------------------------------\n");
printf("Please enter initial approximation of root !\n");
scanf("%lf",&P0);
printf("----------------------------------------------\n");
printf("Initial value for root: %lf\n",P0);

Y0 = dffunction(P0);

for ( K = 1; K <= Max ; K++) {

if(Cond) break;

Df = dffunction(P0); /* Compute the derivative */

if( Df == 0) { /* Check division by zero */

Cond = 1;
Dp = 0;
}

else Dp = Y0/Df;

P1 = P0 - Dp; /* New iterate */

Y1 = ffunction(P1); /* New function value */

RelErr = 2 * fabs(Dp) / ( fabs(P1) + Small ); /* Relative

error */

if( (RelErr < Delta) && (fabs(Y1) < Epsilon) ) { /* Check for
*/

if( Cond != 1) Cond = 2; /*

convergence */

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 7 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

P0 = P1;
Y0 = Y1;
}

printf("----------------------------------------------\n");
printf("The current %d -th iterate is %lf\n",K-1, P1);
printf("Consecutive iterates differ by %lf\n",Dp);
printf("The value of f(x) is %lf\n",Y1);
printf("----------------------------------------------\n");

if(Cond == 0) printf("The maximum number of iterations was exceeded

!\n");

if(Cond == 1) printf("Division by zero was encountered !\n");

if(Cond == 2) printf("The root was found with the desired tolerance

!\n");

printf("----------------------------------------------\n");

} /* End of main program */

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 8 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Quiz
Q.1)What is the use of Newton’s Raphsons method?
Answer: Newton Raphsons method is used to find the root of non Linear equation.
Q2)Explain Newton Raphson method in detail.

Answer: The Newton-Raphson method uses an iterative process to approach one root of a function.
The specific root that the process locates depends on the initial, arbitrarily chosen x-value.

Here, xn is the current known x-value, f(xn) represents the value of the function at xn, and
f'(xn) is the derivative (slope) at xn. xn+1 represents the next x-value that you are trying to
find. Essentially, f'(x), the derivative represents f(x)/dx (dx = delta-x). Therefore, the term
f(x)/f'(x) represents a value of dx.

The more iterations that are run, the closer dx will be to zero (0).

Q.3)What are the observation of Netwons Raphsons method?

Obs. 1: Newton’s method is useful in cases of large values of f’(x) i.e. when the graph of f(x)
while crossing the x-axis is nearly vertical.
Obs. 2: This method replace the part of curve between the point A0 and x-axis by means of
the tangent to the curve at A0.
Obs. 3:Newton method is used to improve the result obtained by other method. It is
applicable to the solution of both algebraic and transcendental equations.
Obs.4: Newton’s formula converges provided the initial approximation x0 is choosen
sufficiently close to the root.
Obs. 5:Newton’s method has a quadratic converges.

Q.4) Which of the following method converges faster-Regula Falsi method or Newton-
Raphson method?
Answer: Newton Raphson method.

Q.5)What is the other name for Newton-Raphson method

Answer: The other name for Newton Raphson method is Newton Iteration method

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 9 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Program 3
OBJECTIVES: Curve fitting by least square approximations

Algorithm 5.2 (Least-Squares Polynomial).

To construct the least-squares polynomial of degree M of the form

2 3 M-1 M
P_M(x) = c_1 + c_2*x + c_3*x + c_4*x +...+ c_M*x + c_(M+1)*x

that fits the N data points (x_1, y_1), ... , (x_N, y_N).

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----
*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>

/* -------------------------------------------------------- */

/* Main program for algorithm 5.2 */

/* remember : in C the fields begin with element 0 */

#define DMAX 15 /* Maximum degree of polynomial */

#define NMAX 20 /* Maximum number of points */

void main(void)
{
extern void FactPiv();

int R, K, J; /* Loop counters */

double X[NMAX-1], Y[NMAX-1]; /* Points (x,y) */
double A[DMAX][DMAX]; /* A */
double B[DMAX]; /* B */
double C[DMAX];
double P[2*DMAX];
int N; /* Number of points : INPUT */
int M; /* Degree of polynomial : INPUT */
double x, y;
int p;

printf("Try the examples on page 277 or 281 of the book !\n");

printf("-------------------------------------------------\n");

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 10 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
do /* force proper input */
{
printf("Please enter degree of polynomial [Not more than
%d]\n",DMAX);
scanf("%d", &M);
} while( M > DMAX);

printf("------------------------------------------\n");
do /* force proper input */
{
printf("Please enter number of points [Not more than
%d]\n",NMAX);
scanf("%d", &N);
} while( N > NMAX);

printf("You say there are %d points.\n", N);

printf("-----------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("Enter points in pairs like : 2.4, 4.55:\n");

for (K = 1; K <= N; K++)

{
printf("Enter %d st/nd/rd pair of points:\n", K);
scanf("%lf, %lf", &X[K-1], &Y[K-1]);
printf("You entered the pair (x,y) = %lf, %lf\n", X[K-1], Y[K-
1]);
}

/* Zero the array */

for (R = 1; R <= M+1; R++) B[R-1] = 0;

/* Compute the column vector */

for (K = 1; K <= N; K++)

{
y = Y[K-1];
x = X[K-1];
p = 1;

for( R = 1; R <= M+1; R++ )

{
B[R-1] += y * p;
p = p*x;
}
}

/* Zero the array */

for (J = 1; J <= 2*M; J++) P[J] = 0;

P[0] = N;

/* Compute the sum of powers of x_(K-1) */

for (K = 1; K <= N; K++)

{

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 11 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
x = X[K-1];
p = X[K-1];

for (J = 1; J <= 2*M; J++)

{
P[J] += p;
p = p * x;
}
}

/* Determine the matrix entries */

for (R = 1; R <= M+1; R++)

{
for( K = 1; K <= M+1; K++) A[R-1][K-1] = P[R+K-2];
}

/* Solve the linear system of M + 1 equations : A*C = B

for the coefficient vector C = (c_1,c_2,..,c_M,c_(M+1)) */

FactPiv(M+1, A, B);

} /* end main */

/*--------------------------------------------------------*/

void FactPiv(N, A, B)
int N;
double A[DMAX][DMAX];
double *B;
{

int K, P, C, J; /* Loop counters */

int Row[NMAX]; /* Field with row-number */
double X[DMAX], Y[DMAX
];
double SUM, DET = 1.0;

int T;

/* Initialize the pointer vector */

for (J = 1; J<= N; J++) Row[J-1] = J - 1;

/* Start LU factorization */

for (P = 1; P <= N - 1; P++)

{

/* Find pivot element */

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 12 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
for (K = P + 1; K <= N; K++)
{
if ( fabs(A[Row[K-1]][P-1]) > fabs(A[Row[P-1]][P-1]) )
{
/* Switch the index for the p-1 th pivot row if necessary */
T = Row[P-1];
Row[P-1] = Row[K-1];
Row[K-1] = T;
DET = - DET;
}

} /* End of simulated row interchange */

if (A[Row[P-1]][P-1] == 0)
{
printf("The matrix is SINGULAR !\n");
printf("Cannot use algorithm --> exit\n");
exit(1);
}

/* Multiply the diagonal elements */

DET = DET * A[Row[P-1]][P-1];

/* Form multiplier */

for (K = P + 1; K <= N; K++)

{
A[Row[K-1]][P-1]= A[Row[K-1]][P-1] / A[Row[P-1]][P-1];

/* Eliminate X_(p-1) */

for (C = P + 1; C <= N + 1; C++)

{
A[Row[K-1]][C-1] -= A[Row[K-1]][P-1] * A[Row[P-1]][C-1];
}
}

} /* End of L*U factorization routine */

DET = DET * A[Row[N-1]][N-1];

/* Start the forward substitution */

for(K = 1; K <= N; K++) Y[K-1] = B[K-1];

Y[0] = B[Row[0]];
for ( K = 2; K <= N; K++)
{
SUM =0;
for ( C = 1; C <= K -1; C++) SUM += A[Row[K-1]][C-1] * Y[C-1];
Y[K-1] = B[Row[K-1]] - SUM;
}

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 13 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

if( A[Row[N-1]][N-1] == 0)
{
printf("The matrix is SINGULAR !\n");
printf("Cannot use algorithm --> exit\n");
exit(1);
}

/* Start the back substitution */

X[N-1] = Y[N-1] / A[Row[N-1]][N-1];

for (K = N - 1; K >= 1; K--)

{
SUM = 0;
for (C = K + 1; C <= N; C++)
{
SUM += A[Row[K-1]][C-1] * X[C-1];
}

X[K-1] = ( Y[K-1] - SUM) / A[Row[K-1]][K-1];

} /* End of back substitution */

/* Output */

printf("---------------------------------------------------:\n");
printf("The components of the vector with the solutions are:\n");
for( K = 1; K <= N; K++) printf("X[%d] = %lf\n", K, X[K-1]);

/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----

");

} /* End of main programm */

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 14 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Quiz
Q.1) Write down working procedure of Least square method
Answer: (a) To fit the straight line y=a+bx
i) Substitute the observed the set of n values in this equation.

ii) Form normal equation for each constant i.e. ∑y=na =b∑x, ∑xy=a∑x+b∑x2

iii) Solve these normal equations as simultaneous equation for a & b.

iv) Substitute the values of a & b in y=a+bx, which is required line of best fit

b)To fit the parabola: y=a+bx+cx2

i)Form the normal equation ∑y=n+b∑x+c∑x2
ii)Solve these equation simultaneous equation for a, b, c.
iii)Substitute the values of a, b, c in y=a+bx+cx2
c)In general, the curve y=a+bx+cx2+…+kxm-1 can be fitted to a given data by writing m
normal equations.

Q.2) What is observation of least square method?

Answer: On calculating ∂2E/∂a2, ∂2E/∂b2, ∂2E/∂c2 and substituting the values of a, b, c
just obtained, we will observe that each is positive i.e. E is a minimum.

Q.3) What is the use of Least square method?

Answer: Least square method is used to fit a unique curve to a given data.

Q.4)What is the error for the curve y= a+bx+cx2 ?

Answer: The error for the curve y= a+bx+cx2 is ei=yi-ni

Q.5) Whether E value is minimum or maximum in Least square method?

Answer: E value is minimum in Least Square method

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 15 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Program 4
OBJECTIVES: To solve the system of linear equations using
gauss elimination method

Source Code:
(Gauss-Elimination-Iteration).

To solve the linear system AX = B by starting with P_0 = 0

and generating a sequence { P_K} that converges to the
solution P (i.e., AP = B). A sufficient condition for the
method to be applicable is that A is diagonally dominant.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----
*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>

/* -------------------------------------------------------- */

/* Main program for algorithm 3.5 */

/* remember : in C the fields begin with element 0 */

#define N 4

void main(void)
{
Float a[N][N+1],x[N],t,s;
Int i,j,k;
Printf(“Enter the element of the argumented matrix row
wise\n”);

For(i=0;i<N;i++)
For(j=0;j<N+1;j++)
Scanf(“%f”,&a[i][j]);
For(j=0;j<N-1;j++)
For(i=j+1;i<N;i++)
{
t=a[i][j]/a[j][j];
for(k=0;k<N+1;k++)
a[i][k]=a[j][k]*t;
}

Printf(“The upper triangular matrix is:\n”);

For(i=0;i<N;i++)

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 16 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

For(j=0;j<N+1;j++)
printf(“%8.4f%”,a[i][j]);

Printf(“\n”);

For(i=N-1;i>=0;i--)
{

s=0;

for(j=i+1;j<N;j++)

s+=a[i][j]*x[j];

x[i]=(a[i][N]-s)/a[i][i];

Printf(“The solution is :\n”);

For(i=0;i<N;i++)

Printf(“x[%3d]=%7.4f\n”, i+1,x[i]);

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 17 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Q.1)What is Gauss Elimination method?

Answer: Gaussian elimination is a method of solving a linear system (consisting
of equations in unknowns) by bringing the augmented matrix

to an upper triangular form

This elimination process is also called the forward elimination method.

Q.2) Explain the procedure of Gauss elimination method.

Answer: Consider a linear system.

1. Construct the augmented matrix for the system;

2. Use elementary row operations to transform the augmented matrix into a triangular
one;
3. Write down the new linear system for which the triangular matrix is the associated
augmented matrix;
4. Solve the new system. You may need to assign some parametric values to some
unknowns, and then apply the method of back substitution to solve the new system.
Q.3)Solve the following system via Gaussian elimination

Answer:The augmented matrix is

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 18 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

We use elementary row operations to transform this matrix into a triangular one. We keep
the first row and use it to produce all zeros elsewhere in the first column. We have

Next we keep the first and second row and try to have zeros in the second column. We
get

Next we keep the first three rows. We add the last one to the third to get

This is a triangular matrix. Its associated system is

Clearly we have v = 1. Set z=s and w=t, then we have

The first equation implies

x = 2 + y + z - w - v.
Using algebraic manipulations, we get

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 19 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

x=- - s - t.

Putting all the stuff together, we have

Q.4) What is use of Gauss elimination method?

Answer: Gauss elimination is used to solve linear equation of the form Ax = b.

Q.5)What is the order of matrix in Gauss elimination method?

Answer: The matrix order is same as given matrix A.

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 20 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Program 5
OBJECTIVES: To Solve The System Of Linear Equations Using
Gauss - Seidal Iteration Method

(Code for GAUSS SEIDEL METHOD)

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#define ESP 0.0001
#define X1(x2,x3) ((17 - 20*(x2) + 2*(x3))/20)
#define X2(x1,x3) ((-18 - 3*(x1) + (x3))/20)
#define X3(x1,x2) ((25 - 2*(x1) + 3*(x2))/20)

void main()
{
double x1=0,x2=0,x3=0,y1,y2,y3;
int i=0;
clrscr();
printf("\n__________________________________________\n");
printf("\n x1\t\t x2\t\t x3\n");
printf("\n__________________________________________\n");
printf("\n%f\t%f\t%f",x1,x2,x3);
do
{
y1=X1(x2,x3);
y2=X2(y1,x3);
y3=X3(y1,y2);
if(fabs(y1-x1)<ESP && fabs(y2-x2)<ESP && fabs(y3-x3)<ESP )
{
printf("\n__________________________________________\n");
printf("\n\nx1 = %.3lf",y1);
printf("\n\nx2 = %.3lf",y2);
printf("\n\nx3 = %.3lf",y3);
i = 1;
}
else
{
x1 = y1;
x2 = y2;
x3 = y3;
printf("\n%f\t%f\t%f",x1,x2,x3);
}
}while(i != 1);
getch();
}

/*

OUT PUT
___________

__________________________________________

x1 x2 x3

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 21 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

__________________________________________

0.000000 0.000000 0.000000

0.850000 -1.027500 1.010875
1.978588 -1.146244 0.880205
2.084265 -1.168629 0.866279
2.105257 -1.172475 0.863603
2.108835 -1.173145 0.863145
2.109460 -1.173262 0.863065
2.109568 -1.173282 0.863051
__________________________________________

x1 = 2.110

x2 = -1.173

x3 = 0.863

*/

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 22 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Quiz
Q.1)Write down converges property of Gauss Seidal method.
Answer: The convergence properties of the Gauss–Seidel method are dependent on the
matrix A. Namely, the procedure is known to converge if either:

• A is symmetric positive-definite, or
• A is strictly or irreducibly diagonally dominant.

The Gauss–Seidel method sometimes converges even if these conditions are not satisfied.

Q.2) Explain Gauss Seidal method.

Answer: Given a square system of n linear equations with unknown x:

where:

Then A can be decomposed into a lower triangular component L*, and a strictly upper
triangular component U:

The system of linear equations may be rewritten as:

The Gauss–Seidel method is an iterative technique that solves the left hand side of this
expression for x, using previous value for x on the right hand side. Analytically, this may
be written as:

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 23 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

However, by taking advantage of the triangular form of L*, the elements of x(k+1) can be
computed sequentially using forward substitution:

Note that the sum inside this computation of xi(k+1) requires each element in x(k) except
xi(k) itself.

The procedure is generally continued until the changes made by an iteration are below
some tolerance.

Q.3)What is the use of Gauss Seidal method.

Answer: In numerical linear algebra, the Gauss–Seidel method, also known as the
Liebmann method or the method of successive displacement, is an iterative method
used to solve a linear system of equations. It is named after the German mathematicians
Carl Friedrich Gauss and Philipp Ludwig von Seidel, and is similar to the Jacobi method.
Though it can be applied to any matrix with non-zero elements on the diagonals,
convergence is only guaranteed if the matrix is either diagonally dominant, or symmetric
and positive definite.

Q.4)Sove the following equations using Gauss Seidal Method.

Solving for , , and gives:

Suppose we choose (0, 0, 0, 0) as the initial approximation, then the first approximate
solution is given by

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 24 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Using the approximations obtained, the iterative procedure is repeated until the desired
accuracy has been reached. The following are the approximated solutions after four
iterations.

method is used to find it.

The exact solution of the system is (1, 2, −1, 1).

Q.5) Which method is similar to Jacobi method?

Answer: Gauss Seidal method is similar to Jacobi method.

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 25 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Program 6
OBJECTIVES: To Solve The System Of Linear Equations Using
Gauss - Jorden Method.

(Code Gauss Jordan method)

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{float a[6][6],b[6],x[6],t,s;
int i,j,n,k;
clrscr();
cout<<"Enter the maximum no. of matrix"<<endl;
cin>>n;
cout<<"Enter th elements of matrix"<<endl;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
cin>>a[i][j];
}
}
cout<<"enter the right constant"<<endl;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cin>>a[i][n];
}
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
if(i!=k)
{
for(j=k+1;j<n+1;j++)
{
a[i][j]=a[i][j]-(a[i][k]/a[k][k])*a[k][j]);
}}}
cout<<"the solution is"<<endl;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
x[i]=(a[i][n]/a[i][i]);
cout<<"x["<<i<<"]="<<x[i]<<endl;
}
getch();
}

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 26 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

QUIZ

Q.1)How Gauss Jorden method is different from Gauss Elimination Method?

Answer: Gauss Jorden method is similar method except that instead of first converting A
into upper triangular form, it is directly converted into the unit matrix.

Q.2) What happens when A reduced to I?

Answer: As soon as A reduces to I , the other matrix represents A-1

Q.3) What are the numerical method of gauss elimination and gauss Jordan method?
Answer: In Computer Programming, Algebra, Linear Algebra

Q.4)Expalin Gauss Jorden method.

Answer:Here two matrices A and I are written side by side and the same transformations
are performed on both. As soon as A is reduced to I, the other matrix represents A-1

Q.5)What is the Gauss Jordan method?

Answer: Gauss Jordan method is used to solve linear equation of the form Ax = b.

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 27 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Program 7
OBJECTIVES: To integrate numerically using trapezoidal rule.

(Trapezoidal Rule).
Composite Trapezoidal
b
/ h M-1
| f(x)dx = - * [ f(A) - f(B)] + h * sum f(x_k)
/ 2 k=1
a

by sampling f(x) at the M + 1 equally spaced points

x_k = A + h*k for k = 0,1,2...,M.

Notice that x_0 = A and x_M = B.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----
*/

/* User has to supply a function named : ffunction

An example is included in this program */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>

/* define prototype for USER-SUPPLIED function f(x) */

double ffunction(double x);

/* EXAMPLE for "ffunction" */

double ffunction(double x)

{
return ( 1 / ( 1 + pow(x,2) ) );
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------- */

/* Main program for algorithm 7.1 */

void main()

{
int K; /* loop counter */
int M; /* INPUT : number of subintervals */

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 28 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
double A,B; /* INPUT : boundaries of integral */
double H; /* Subinterval width */
double SUM = 0; /* approx. integral value */
double X;

printf("----------------------------------------------\n");
printf("Please enter the boundaries of the integral [A,B]\n");
printf("EXAMPLE: A = -1 and B = 1, so type: -1 1\n");
scanf("%lf %lf",&A, &B);
printf("The boundaries of the integral are: %lf %lf\n",A, B);
printf("----------------------------------------------\n");
printf("Please enter the number of SUBINTERVALS.\n");
scanf("%d",&M);

printf("You say : %d subintervals.\n",M);

H = (B - A)/M; /* Subinterval width */

for ( K = 1; K <= M-1; K++ ) {

X = A + H*K;
SUM = SUM + ffunction(X);
}

SUM = H * ( ffunction(A) + ffunction(B) + 2*SUM )/2;

printf("----------------------------------------------\n");

printf(" The approximate value of the integral of f(X)\n");

printf(" on the interval %lf %lf\n", A,B);
printf(" using %d subintervals computed using the
trapezoidal\n",M);
printf(" rule is : %lf\n",SUM);

printf("----------------------------------------------\n");

} /* End of main program */

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 29 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Quiz
Q.1)What is use of Trapezoidal rule?
Answer: Trapezoidal rule is used to solve numerical differentiation.

Q.2)What is numerical differentiation?

Answer: The process of evaluating a definite integral from a set of tabulated values of the
integrand f(x) is called numerical integration. This process when applied to a function of
a single variable, is known as quadrate.

Q.3) What is observation of Trapezoidal rule?

Answer: Obs. : The area of each strip(trapezium) is found separately. Then the are under
the curve and ordinates at x0 and x0+nh is approximately equal to the sum of the areas of
the n trapeziums.

Q.4) Write an equation of Trapezoidal rule.

Answer: ∫x0x0+hf(x)dx=h/2[(y0+yn)+2(y1+y2+..+yn-1)]

Q.5) Which formula is used in Trapezoidal rule?

Answer: Newton-Cotes formula is used in Trapezoidal rule.

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 30 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Program 8
OBJECTIVES: To Integrate Numerically Using Simpson’s Rules.

(Code for SIMPSON'S 1/3 RULE )

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float x[10],y[10],sum=0,h,temp;
int i,n,j,k=0;
float fact(int);
clrscr();
printf("\nhow many record you will be enter: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
printf("\n\nenter the value of x%d: ",i);
scanf("%f",&x[i]);
printf("\n\nenter the value of f(x%d): ",i);
scanf("%f",&y[i]);
}
h=x[1]-x[0];
n=n-1;
sum = sum + y[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
if(k==0)
{
sum = sum + 4 * y[i];
k=1;
}
else
{
sum = sum + 2 * y[i];
k=0;
}
}
sum = sum + y[i];
sum = sum * (h/3);
printf("\n\n I = %f ",sum);
getch();
}

/*
______________________________________

OUT PUT
______________________________________

how many record you will be enter: 5

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 31 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
enter the value of x0: 0

enter the value of f(x0): 1

enter the value of x1: 0.25

enter the value of f(x1): 0.8

enter the value of x2: 0.5

enter the value of f(x2): 0.6667

enter the value of x3: 0.75

enter the value of f(x3): 0.5714

enter the value of x4: 1

enter the value of f(x4): 0.5

I = 0.693250

*/

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 32 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

QUIZ
Q.1) What is use of Simpsons one-third rule?
Answer: Simpsons one-third rule is used to find numerical integration of given equation.

Q.2) List Simpsons rule.

Answer: Simpsons one-third rule and Simpsons three eight rule.

Q.3) Write an observation about Simpsons one third rule.

Answer: While applying Simpsons one third rule, the given integral must be divided into
even number of equal subintervals, since we find the area of two strips at a time.

Q.4)Write down Simpsons one-third rule.

Answer: ∫x0x0+hf(x)dx=h/3[(y0+yn)+4(y1+y3+..+yn-1)+ (y2+yn-2)]

Q.5)Simpsons one-third rule is applied on which point of parabola?

Answer: Putting n=2 in Newtons quadrate formula and taking the curve through (x0, y0),
(x1, y1), (x2, y2) as a parabola.

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 33 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Program 9
OBJECTIVES: To find the largest eigen value of matrix by
power method.

/*To compute the dominant value Lambda_1 and its associated

eigenvector V_1 for the n x n matrix A. It is assumed
that the n eigenvalues have the dominance property

|Lambda_1| > |Lambda_2| >= |Lambda_3| >= ... >= |Lambda_n| > 0

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----
*/

Source code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>

#define MaxOrder 50

#define MAX(a,b) a > b ? a : b

/* -------------------------------------------------------- */

/* Main program for algorithm 11.1 */

void main(void)

{
int i, j; /* Loop counter */
int N; /* Order of Matrix */
double Epsilon = 1E-7; /* Tolerance */
double Max = 100; /* Maximum number of iterations */
double X[MaxOrder], Y[MaxOrder];
double A[MaxOrder][MaxOrder]; /* Matrix */
double C1, DC, DV, Lambda = 0;
int Count = 0, Iterating = 1;
double Sum, Err = 1;
double MaxElement;

printf("--------------Power Method---------------\n");
printf("--------- Example 11.5 on page 550 -------------\n");
printf("-----------------------------------------------\n");

printf("Please enter order of Matrix A ( < %d !)\n", MaxOrder +

1);
scanf("%d",&N);
if( N > MaxOrder )
{

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 34 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
printf(" Number of steps must be less than %d\n",MaxOrder+1);
printf(" Terminating. Sorry\n");
exit(0);
}
printf("Please enter elements of matrix A row by row:\n");

for ( i = 0; i < N; i++)

{
for ( j = 0; j < N; j++)
{
printf(" Enter Element No. %d of row %d\n", j+1, i+1);
scanf("%lf", &A[i][j]);
printf("You entered A[%d][%d]= %lf\n", i+1, j+1, A[i][j] );
printf("------------------------------------------------
\n");
}
}

printf("\n");

/* Initialize vector X */

for ( i = 0; i < N; i++) X[i] = 1.0;

while( (Count <= Max) && (Iterating == 1) )

{

/* Perform Matrix-Vector multiplication */

for ( i = 0; i < N; i++ )

{
Y[i] = 0;
for ( j = 0; j < N; j++ ) Y[i] += A[i][j] * X[j];
}

/* Find largest element of vector Y */

/* Do what function MaxElement(X,N) in the book does */

MaxElement = 0;
for ( j = 0; j < N; j++ )
{
if( fabs(Y[j]) > fabs(MaxElement) ) MaxElement = Y[j];
}

C1 = MaxElement;

DC = fabs(Lambda - C1);

for ( i = 0; i < N; i++) Y[i] *= 1.0/C1;

/* Do what function DIST(X,Y,N) in the book does */

Sum = 0;
for ( i = 0; i < N; i++) Sum += pow( ( Y[i] - X[i] ), 2.0);
DV = sqrt(Sum);
Err = MAX(DC,DV);

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 35 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
/* Update vector X and scalar Lambda */

for ( i = 0; i < N; i++) X[i] = Y[i];

Lambda = C1;

Iterating = 0;

if( Err > Epsilon) Iterating = 1;

Count++;

} /* End of while loop */

/* Output vector X and scalar Lambda */

printf("---------------------------------------\n");

for ( j = 0; j < N; j++) printf("X[%d] = %lf\n", j, X[j]);

printf("---------------------------------------\n");
printf("Lambda = %lf\n", Lambda);

} /* End of main program */

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 36 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Quiz

Q.1)What is the use of Power method?

Answer: In many engineering application, it is required to compute the numerically
largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector. Power method is used to find it.

Q.2)What is the observation of Power method?

Answer: OBS: Rewritting AX=YX as A-1AX=Y A-1X
We have A-1X=1/YX
If we use this equation, then power method yields the smallest eigen values.

Q.3)Does power method require normalization?

Answer: Yes

Q.4)When does power method yields the smallest eigen value?

Answer: We have A-1X=1/YX
If we use this equation, then power method yields the smallest eigen values.

Q.5)Write down two properties of Eigen values.

Answer:1)The sum of eigen values of matrix A, is the sum of the elements of its principal
diagonal.
2)Any similarity transformation applied to a matrix leaves its eigen values unchanged.

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 37 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Program 10
OBJECTIVES: TO FIND NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS BY EULER’S METHOD.

(Code for Program of EULER'S METHOD)

#include<stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include<conio.h>
//dy/dx = xy#define F(x,y) (x)*(y)
void main()
{
double y1,y2,x1,a,n,h;
int j;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the value of range: ");
scanf("%lf %lf",&a,&n);
printf("\nEnter the value of y1: ");
scanf("%lf",&y1);
printf("\n\nEnter the h: ");
scanf("%lf",&h);
printf("\n\n y1 = %.3lf ",y1);
for(x1=a,j=2; x1<=n+h; x1=x1+h,j++)
{
y2= y1 + h * F(x1,y1);
printf("\n\n x = %.3lf => y%d = %.3lf ",x1,j,y2);
y1=y2;
}
getch();
}

/*
OUT PUT
---------

Enter the value of range: 1 1.5

Enter the value of y1: 5

Enter the h: 0.1

y1 = 5.000

x = 1.000 => y2 = 5.500

x = 1.100 => y3 = 6.105

x = 1.200 => y4 = 6.838

x = 1.300 => y5 = 7.726

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 38 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
x = 1.400 => y6 = 8.808

x = 1.500 => y7 = 10.129

*/

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 39 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

QUIZ

Q.1)What is the use of Eulers method?

Answer: Euler’s method is used to find out the solution of ordinary differential equation.

Q.2)What happens when h is small?

Answer:When the h is smaal the error is bound to be quite significant.

Q.3)What are the disadvantages of Eulers method?

Answer: This method is very slow.

Q.4)How the equation is solved using Eulers method?

Answer: In Eulers method we approximate the curve of the solution by the tangent in
each interval.

Q.5)Write the equation for Eulers method for findind approximate solution?

Answer: yn= yn-1+hf(x0+¯n-1h, yn-1)

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 40 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Program 11
OBJECTIVES: To Find Numerical Solution Of Ordinary
Differential Equations By Runge- Kutta Method.

/* Runge Kutta for a set of first order differential equations */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

#define N 2 /* number of first order equations */

#define dist 0.1 /* stepsize in t*/
#define MAX 30.0 /* max for t */

FILE *output; /* internal filename */

void runge4(double x, double y[], double step); /* Runge-Kutta function */

double f(double x, double y[], int i); /* function for derivatives */

void main()
{
double t, y[N];
int j;

output=fopen("osc.dat", "w"); /* external filename */

y[0]=1.0; /* initial position */

y[1]=0.0; /* initial velocity */

fprintf(output, "0\t%f\n", y[0]);

for (j=1; j*dist<=MAX ;j++) /* time loop */

{
t=j*dist;
runge4(t, y, dist);
fprintf(output, "%f\t%f\n", t, y[0]);
}

fclose(output);
}

void runge4(double x, double y[], double step)

{
double h=step/2.0, /* the midpoint */
t1[N], t2[N], t3[N], /* temporary storage arrays */

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 41 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

k1[N], k2[N], k3[N],k4[N]; /* for Runge-Kutta */

int i;

for (i=0;i<N;i++)
{
t1[i]=y[i]+0.5*(k1[i]=step*f(x,y,i));
}

for (i=0;i<N;i++)
{
t2[i]=y[i]+0.5*(k2[i]=step*f(x+h, t1, i));
}

for (i=0;i<N;i++)
{
t3[i]=y[i]+ (k3[i]=step*f(x+h, t2, i));
}

for (i=0;i<N;i++)
{
k4[i]= step*f(x+step, t3, i);
}

for (i=0;i<N;i++)
{
y[i]+=(k1[i]+2*k2[i]+2*k3[i]+k4[i])/6.0;
}
}

double f(double x, double y[], int i)

{

if (i==0)
x=y[1]; /* derivative of first equation */
if (i==1)
x= -0.2*y[1]-y[0]; /* derivative of second equation */

return x;
}

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 42 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

QUIZ

Q.1)What is observation of RK method?

Answer: Here the operation is identical whether differential equation is linear or non-
linear.
Q.2)Write down RK rule.
Answer: k=1/6(k1+2k2+2k3+k4)
Q.3)What is working rule of RK method?
Answer: Working rule for finding k of y corresponding to an increment h of x by RK
method from
dy/dx=f(x, y), y(x0)=y0
is as follows:
Calculate successively k1=hf(x0, y0), k2=hf(x0+1/2h , y0 +1/2k1)
k3= hf(x0+1/2h , y0 +1/2k2) and k4= hf(x0+h , y0 +k3)
Finally compute k=1/6(k1+2k2+2k3+k4)
Q.4)What is the use of RK method?
Answer: RK method is used to solve differential equation.
Q.5)What are the advantages of RK method?
Answer:1)RK method do not require the calculation of higher order derivatives.
2) This method gives greater accuracy.
3)It requires only the functions values at some selected point.

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 43 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Program 12
OBJECTIVES: To find the numerical solution of differential
equation using mline method.

(Milne-Simpson Method)

To approximate the solution of the initial value problem y' = f(t,y)

with y(a) = y_0 over [a,b] by using the predictor

4h
p_(k+1) = y_(k-3) + --- [2*f_(k-2) - f_(k-1) + 2*f_k]
3

and the corrector :

h
y_(k+1) = y_(k-1) + --- [f_(K-1) + 4*f_k + f_(K+1)].
3

User has to supply functions named : ffunction

An example is included in this program.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----
*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>

#define MAX 500

/* define prototype for USER-SUPPLIED function f(x) */

double ffunction(double t, double y);

/* EXAMPLE for "ffunction" */

double ffunction(double t, double y)

{
return ( (t - y) / 2.0 );
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------- */

/* Main program for algorithm 9.7 */

void main(void)

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 44 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
int I, K; /* Loop counter */
int N; /* Number of steps > 3 */
double A, B, Y[MAX]; /* Endpoints and initial value */
double H; /* Compute the step size */
double T[MAX];
double F1, F2, F3, F4; /* Function values */
double Hmin, Hmax; /* Minimum and maximum step size */
double Pold, Yold; /* Predictor and Corrector */
double Pmod, Pnew; /* Modifier */

printf("------------Milne-Simpson Method----------------\n");
printf("--------- Example 9.13 on page 468 -------------\n");
printf("-----------------------------------------------\n");
printf("Please enter endpoints of the interval [A,B]:\n");
printf("For used Example type : 0, 3.0\n");
scanf("%lf, %lf", &A, &B);
printf("You entered [%lf, %lf]\n", A, B);
printf("-----------------------------------------\n");
printf("Please enter number of steps: ( > 3 and < %d !)\n", MAX+1);
scanf("%d",&N);
if( (N > MAX) || (N < 4) )
{
printf(" Number of steps must be greater than 3 and less than
%d\n",MAX+1);
printf(" Terminating. Sorry\n");
exit(0);
}
printf("-----------------------------------------\n");

printf("You need all together FOUR initial values. You can\n");

printf("use the Runge-Kutta method to compute the 2nd, 3rd and\n");
printf("4th from the 1st one.\n");
printf("Please enter initial values Y[0], Y[1], Y[2], Y[3] :\n");
printf("Example 9.13 page 468: 1, 0.94323919, 0.89749071,
0.86208736\n");
scanf("%lf, %lf, %lf, %lf", &Y[0], &Y[1], &Y[2], &Y[3]);
printf("You entered Y[0] = %lf\n", Y[0]);
printf("You entered Y[1] = %lf\n", Y[1]);
printf("You entered Y[2] = %lf\n", Y[2]);
printf("You entered Y[3] = %lf\n", Y[3]);

/* Compute the step size and initialize */

H = (B - A) / N;
T[0] = A;

for( K = 1; K <= 3; K++) T[K] = A + K * H;

F1 = ffunction(T[1],Y[1]);
F2 = ffunction(T[2],Y[2]);
F3 = ffunction(T[3],Y[3]);

Pold = 0;
Yold = 0;

for( K = 3; K <= N-1; K++)

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 45 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
{
/* Milne Predictor */
Pnew = Y[K-3] + 4.0 * H * (2.0*F1 - F2 + 2.0*F3) / 3.0;
Pmod = Pnew + 28.0 * (Yold - Pold) / 29.0;
/* Next mesh point */
T[K+1] = A + H * (K+1);
/* Evaluate f(t,y) */
F4 = ffunction(T[K+1],Pmod);
/* Corrector */
Y[K+1] = Y[K-1] + H * (F2 + 4.0 * F3 + F4) / 3.0;
/* Update the values */
F1 = F2;
F2 = F3;
F3 = ffunction(T[K+1], Y[K+1]);
}

/* Output */

for ( K = 0; K <= N; K++)

{
printf("K = %d, T[K] = %lf, Y[K] = %lf\n", K, T[K], Y[K]);
}

} /* End of main program */

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 46 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

QUIZ

Q.1)How to get greater accuracy in Mline method?

Answer:To insure greater accuracy, we must first improve the accuracy of the starting
value and then subdivide the interval.

Q.2)What is the use of Mline method?

Answer:Mline method used to solve the differential equation over an interval.

Q.3)What is the equation of predicator in Mline method

Answer: Y4(p) =y0 + 4h/3(2 f1- f2+ 2f3)
Q.4) What is the equation of a corrector in Mline method?
Answer: Y4(c) =y2 + h/3( f2- 4f3+ f4)

Q.5) What is the better approximation to the value of y5?

Answer: Y5(c) =y3 + h/3( f3+ 4f4+ f5)

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 47 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Program 13
OBJECTIVES: To find the numerical solution of differential
equation using laplace equation.

(Dirichlet Method for Laplace's Equation)

2
To approximate the solution of u_(xx)(x,y) + u_(yy) (x,y) = 0

over R = {(x,y): 0 <= x <= a, 0 <= y <= b} with

u(x,0) = f_1(x), u(x,b) = f_2(x) for 0 <= x <= a and

u(0,y) = f_3(y), u(a,y) = f_4(y) for 0 <= y <= b.

It is assumed that Delta(x) = Delta(y) = h and that integers

n and m exist so that a = nh and b = mh.

User has to supply functions F1, F2, F3, F4 with gridpoints.

as arguments. An example is given in this program.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
---*/

Source code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>

#define Max 50

/* Global Variables */

double H; /* Step size */

/* Prototypes */

double F1i(int i);

double F2i(int i);
double F3i(int i);
double F4i(int i);

/* Grid function for amplitude */

double F1i(int i)
{
extern double H;
double arg;

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 48 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
arg = H * ( i - 1.0 );

if( (arg >= 0) && (arg <= 4.0) ) return ( 180.0 );

else
{
printf(" F1i() :Argument not in range ! Exiting !\n");
printf(" arg : %lf\n", arg);
exit(0);
}
}

double F2i(int i)
{
extern double H;
double arg;

arg = H * ( i - 1.0 );

if( (arg >= 0) && (arg <= 4) ) return ( 20.0 );

else
{
printf(" F2i() :Argument not in range ! Exiting !\n");
printf(" arg : %lf\n", arg);
exit(0);
}
}

double F3i(int i)
{
extern double H;
double arg;

arg = H * ( i - 1.0 );

if( (arg >= 0) && (arg <= 4) ) return ( 80.0 );

else
{
printf(" F3i() :Argument not in range ! Exiting !\n");
printf(" arg : %lf\n", arg);
exit(0);
}
}

double F4i(int i)
{
extern double H;
double arg;

arg = H * ( i - 1.0 );

if( (arg >= 0) && (arg <= 4) ) return ( 0.0 );

else
{
printf(" F4i() :Argument not in range ! Exiting !\n");
printf(" arg : %lf\n", arg);
exit(0);
}

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 49 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------- */

void main(void)

{
int i, j; /* Loop Counters
*/
double A, B; /* INPUT : Width and height of Rectangle
*/
double Ave; /* INPUT : Initial approximation
*/
int N, M; /* dimensions of the grid
*/
double U[Max][Max]; /* Grid-Amplitudes
*/
int Count; /* counter for while loop
*/
double Tol; /* stop criteria
*/
double w, Pi;
double H; /* Grid spacing
*/
double Relax, temp;

printf("-------------------------------------------------------
\n");
printf("------- Dirichlet Method for Laplace's Equation -------
\n");
printf("--------- Try Example 10.6 on page 528/529-------------
\n");
printf("-------------------------------------------------------
\n");

printf("Please enter A (interval boundary of x)\n");

printf("For present example type 4\n");
scanf("%lf",&A);
printf("Please enter B (interval boundary of y)\n");
printf("For present example type 4\n");
scanf("%lf",&B);
printf("You entered A = %lf and B = %lf \n", A, B);
printf("------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("Please enter Grid-Spacing H\n");
printf("For present example type 0.5\n");
scanf("%lf",&H);
printf("You entered H = %lf\n", H);
printf("------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("\n");
printf("Please enter dimension of grid in x-direction :\n");
printf("For present example type 9\n");
scanf("%d",&N);
printf("Please enter dimension of grid in y-direction :\n");

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 50 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
printf("For present example type 9\n");
scanf("%d",&M);
printf("You entered N = %d and M = %d\n", N, M);
printf("------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("\n");
printf("Please enter the initial approximation :\n");
printf("For present example type 70\n");
scanf("%lf",&Ave);
printf("You entered = %lf\n", Ave);
printf("------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("\n");

/* Compute step sizes */

Pi = 3.1415926535;

/* Only to make the 0-indexes save we initialize them to zero.

This is only because in C fields begin with index 0.
In this program we ignore the index 0. */

for ( i = 0; i < N; i++ ) U[i][0] = 0.0;

for ( i = 1; i < M; i++ ) U[0][i] = 0.0;

/* Initialize starting values at the interior points */

for ( i = 2; i <= N-1; i++ )

{
for ( j = 2; j <= M-1; j++ ) U[i][j] = Ave;
}

/* Store boundary values in the solution matrix */

for ( j = 1; j <= M ; j++ )

{
U[1][j] = F3i(j);
U[N][j] = F4i(j);
}

for ( i = 1; i <= N ; i++ )

{
U[i][1] = F1i(i);
U[i][M] = F2i(i);
}

/* The SQR parameter */

temp = cos( Pi/(N-1) ) + cos( Pi/(M-1) );

w = 4.0 / ( 2.0 + sqrt( 4.0 - temp * temp ) );

/* Initialize the loop control parameters */

Tol = 1.0;
Count = 0.0;

while ( (Tol > 0.001) && (Count <= 140) )

{

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 51 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
Tol = 0.0;
for ( j = 2; j <= M - 1; j++ )
{
for ( i = 2; i <= N - 1; i++ )
{
Relax = w * ( U[i][j+1] + U[i][j-1] + U[i+1][j] +
U[i-1][j] - 4.0 * U[i][j] ) / 4.0;
U[i][j] += Relax;
if( fabs(Relax) > Tol ) Tol = fabs(Relax);
}
Count++;
}
}

/* Output the solution */

for ( j = 1; j <= M; j++ )

{
for ( i = 1; i <= N; i++ ) printf("%8.4lf ", U[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}

} /* End of main program */

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 52 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

QUIZ
Q.1)What is the use of Laplace method?
Answer: Laplace method is used to find out the solution of partial differential equation.
Q.2)What is the boundary of Rectangular region R.
Answer: u(x,y) is the boundary of rectangular region R.
Q.3)What is the first step in Laplace equation?
Answer:Divide the given into network of square mesh of side h.
Q.4)What is the four mesh point?
Answer:The four mesh point is the average of its values at four neighbouring point to the
left, right, above and below.
Q.5)How can we find the interior points?
Answer: Interior points are computed by the standard five point formula.

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 53 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Program 14
OBJECTIVES: To find the numerical solution of differential
equation using wave equation

(Finite-Difference Solution for the Wave Equation)

2
To approximate the solution of u_(tt)(x,t) = c u_(xx)(x,t)

over R = {(x,t): 0 <= x <= a, 0 <= t <= b} with

u(0,t) = 0, u(a,t) = 0 for 0 <= t <= b and

u(x,0) = f(x), u_t(x,0) = g(x) for 0 <= x <= a.

User has to supply function Fi(gridpoint) and

Gi(gridpoint): boundary functions at the grid
points. An examples is implemented in this program.

Souce code:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>

#define Max 50

/* Global Variables */

double H; /* Step size */

/* Prototypes */

double Fi(int i);

double Gi(int i);

/* Grid function for amplitude */

double Fi(int i)
{
extern double H;
double arg;

arg = H * (i - 1);

if( (arg >= 0) && (arg <= 1.0) ) return ( sin ( 3.1415926 * arg)
);
else
{
printf(" Fi() :Argument not in range ! Exiting !\n");

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 54 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
printf(" arg : %lf\n", arg);
exit(0);
}
}

/* Grid function for velocity */

double Gi(int i)
{
extern double H;
double arg;

arg = H * (i - 1);

if( (arg >= 0) && (arg <= 1) ) return ( 0.0 );

else
{
printf(" Gi() :Argument not in range ! Exiting !\n");
printf(" arg : %lf\n", arg);
exit(0);
}
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------- */

/* Main program for algorithm 10-1 */

void main(void)

{
int i, j; /* Loop Counters
*/
double A, B; /* INPUT :Width and height of Rectangle
*/
double C; /* INPUT : Wave equation const.
*/
int N, M; /* Dimensions of the grid
*/
double K, R, R2, R22, S1, S2;
double U[Max][Max]; /* Grid-Amplitudes
*/

printf("-- Finite-Difference Solution to the Wave Equation ----

\n");
printf("--------- Example Problem No 4 on page 508 ------------
\n");
printf("-------------------------------------------------------
\n");

printf("Please enter A (interval boundary of x)\n");

printf("For present example type : 1.0\n");
scanf("%lf",&A);
printf("Please enter B (interval boundary of t)\n");
printf("For present example type : 0.5\n");
scanf("%lf",&B);
printf("You entered A = %lf and B = %lf \n", A, B);

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 55 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
printf("-------------------------------------------------------
\n");
printf("\n");
printf("Please enter dimension of grid in x-direction :\n");
printf("For present example type : 6\n");
scanf("%d",&N);
printf("Please enter dimension of grid in y-direction :\n");
printf("For present example type : 6\n");
scanf("%d",&M);
printf("You entered N = %d and M = %d\n", N, M);
printf("-------------------------------------------------------
\n");
printf("\n");
printf("Please enter the wave equation constant C :\n");
printf("For present example type : 2\n");
scanf("%lf",&C);
printf("You entered C = %lf\n", C);
printf("------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("\n");

/* Compute step sizes */

H = A / ( N - 1 );
K = B / ( M - 1 );
R = C * K / H;
R2 = R * R;
R22 = R * R / 2.0;
S1 = 1.0 - R * R;
S2 = 2.0 - 2.0 * R * R;

/* Boundary conditions */

for ( j = 1; j <= M; j++ )

{
U[1][j] = 0;
U[N][j] = 0;
}

/* First and second rows */

for ( i = 2; i <= N - 1 ; i++ )

{
U[i][1] = Fi(i);
U[i][2] = S1 * Fi(i) + K * Gi(i) + R22 * ( Fi(i+1) + Fi(i-1) );
}

/* Generate new waves */

for ( j = 3; j <= M; j++ )

{
for ( i = 2; i <= N - 1; i++ )
{
U[i][j] = S2 * U[i][j-1] + R2 * ( U[i-1][j-1] + U[i+1][j-1]
)
- U[i][j-2];
}
}

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 56 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

/* Output the solution */

for ( j = 1; j <= M; j++ )

{
printf("%8.6lf ", K * (j - 1));

for ( i = 1; i <= N; i++ ) printf(" %8.6lf ", U[i][j]);

printf("\n");
}

} /* End of main program */

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 57 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Quiz

Q.1)What is the ue of wave equation?

Wave equation is used to find out thepartial solution od differential equation.

Q.2)What happen whenα=1/c?

Answer:The solution is stable.

Q.3) What happen whenα<1/c?

Answer: The solution is stable but inaccurate.

Q.4) What happen whenα>1/c?

Answer: The solution is unstable.

Q.5)Give an example of hyperbolic partial differential equation.

Answer: Wave equation is the simplest example.

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 58 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

Program 15
OBJECTIVES: To find the numerical solution of differential
equation using heat equation.

Source code:
(Forward-Difference Method for the Heat Equation).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----
*/
/*
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----

(Forward-Difference Method for the Heat Equation)

2
To approximate the solution of u_(t)(x,t) = c u_(x)(x,t)

over R = {(x,t): 0 <= x <= a, 0 <= t <= b} with

u(x,0) = f(x) for 0 <= x <= a and

u(0,t) = c_1, u(a,t) = c_2 for 0 <= t <= b.

User has to supply function Fi(gridpoint).

An example is implemented in this program.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----
*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>

#define Max 50

/* Global Variables */

double H; /* Step size */

/* Prototypes */

double Fi(int i);

/* Grid function for amplitude */

double Fi(int i)
{

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 59 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
extern double H;
double arg;

arg = H * (i - 1);

if( (arg >= 0) && (arg <= 1.0) ) return (4.0 * arg - 4.0 * arg *
arg);
else
{
printf(" Fi() :Argument not in range ! Exiting !\n");
printf(" arg : %lf\n", arg);
exit(0);
}
}

/* -------------------------------------------------------- */

/* Main program for algorithm 10-2 */

/* Remember : in C the fields start with index 0.

In this program this field is ignored and when you
change the program be aware of the index 0 in the U[Max][Max]
array ! Here - as said before - it is ignored, so don't
access it if you do not initialize it. */

void main(void)

{
int i, j; /* Loop Counters
*/
double A, B; /* INPUT :Width and height of Rectangle
*/
double C; /* INPUT : Wave equation const.
*/
int N, M; /* Dimensions of the grid
*/
double K, S, C1, C2, R;
double U[Max][Max]; /* Grid-Amplitudes
*/

printf("-- Forward-Difference Method for the Heat Equation ----

\n");
printf("--------- Example 10.3 on page 511 --------------------
\n");
printf("-------------------------------------------------------
\n");

printf("Please enter A (interval boundary of x)\n");

printf("For present example type : 1.0\n");
scanf("%lf",&A);
printf("Please enter B (interval boundary of t)\n");
printf("For present example type : 0.2\n");
scanf("%lf",&B);
printf("You entered A = %lf and B = %lf \n", A, B);
printf("-------------------------------------------------------
\n");
printf("\n");

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 60 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
printf("Please enter dimension of grid in x-direction ( < 50
):\n");
printf("For present example type : 6\n");
scanf("%d",&N);
if ( N >= 50 )
{
printf("MUST BE SMALLER THAN 50. ... terminating.\n");
exit(0);
}
printf("Please enter dimension of grid in y-direction ( < 50
):\n");
printf("For present example type : 11\n");
scanf("%d",&M);
if ( M >= 50 )
{
printf("MUST BE SMALLER THAN 50. ... terminating.\n");
exit(0);
}
printf("You entered N = %d and M = %d\n", N, M);
printf("-------------------------------------------------------
\n");
printf("\n");
printf("Please enter the heat-equation constant C :\n");
printf("For present example type : 1\n");
scanf("%lf",&C);
printf("You entered C = %lf\n", C);
printf("------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("\n");
printf("Please enter constant C1 = u(0,t) :\n");
printf("For present example type : 0\n");
scanf("%lf",&C1);
printf("You entered C1 = %lf\n", C1);
printf("------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("\n");
printf("Please enter constant C2 = u(A,t) :\n");
printf("For present example type : 0\n");
scanf("%lf",&C2);
printf("You entered C2 = %lf\n", C2);
printf("------------------------------------------------\n");
printf("\n");

/* Compute step sizes */

H = A / ( N - 1 );
K = B / ( M - 1 );
R = C * C * K / ( H * H );
S = 1.0 - 2.0 * R;

/* Boundary conditions */

for ( j = 1; j <= M; j++ )

{
U[1][j] = C1;
U[N][j] = C2;
}

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 61 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               
/* First row */

for ( i = 2; i <= N - 1 ; i++ ) U[i][1] = Fi(i);

/* Generate new waves */

for ( j = 2; j <= M; j++ )

{
for ( i = 2; i <= N - 1; i++ )
{
U[i][j] = S * U[i][j-1] + R * ( U[i-1][j-1] + U[i+1][j-1]
);
}
}

/* Output the solution */

printf("The grid amplitudes look like this :\n");

printf("\n");

for ( j = 1; j <= M; j++ )

{
printf("%8.6lf ", K * (j - 1));

for ( i = 1; i <= N; i++ ) printf(" %8.6lf ", U[i][j]);

printf("\n");
}

} /* End of main program */

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 62 
 NM LAB (MATH‐204‐F)                               

QUIZ

Q.1)What is the use of heat method?

Answer: Heat method is used to find out solution of partial differential equation.

Q.2)What are the different method for heat equation?

Answer:
1)Schmidt method
2)Crank –Nicolson method
3)Iterative method of solution.

Q.3)Which method is used for non restrict α?

Answer: Crank –Nicolson method

Q.4)What is implicit scheme?

Answer: A method in which the calculation of an unknowm mesh value necessitates the
solution of a set of simultaneous equation is known as an implicit scheme.

Q.5)Which is 3-level method?

Answer:Richardson scheme is 3-level method.

REFRENCES:
1. Numerical methods by B.S.Grewal

2. Numericalk method :E. Balagurusamy T.M.H

LAB MANUAL ( IV SEM ECE)  Page 63