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Energy Method Variational

This document provides an introduction to the finite element method and the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It discusses the principle of minimum potential energy, which states that the total potential energy of a system reaches its minimum value at equilibrium. The Rayleigh-Ritz method approximates field variables using polynomial or trigonometric functions to minimize the total potential energy of the system using the principle of virtual work. The method involves assuming a displacement field, evaluating the total potential energy, and solving the resulting system of equations to determine the coefficients of the approximating functions. While the Rayleigh-Ritz method can solve complex problems, ensuring accuracy may require using additional terms in the approximating functions until results converge.

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Vaibhav Chaudhari
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85 views23 pages

Energy Method Variational

This document provides an introduction to the finite element method and the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It discusses the principle of minimum potential energy, which states that the total potential energy of a system reaches its minimum value at equilibrium. The Rayleigh-Ritz method approximates field variables using polynomial or trigonometric functions to minimize the total potential energy of the system using the principle of virtual work. The method involves assuming a displacement field, evaluating the total potential energy, and solving the resulting system of equations to determine the coefficients of the approximating functions. While the Rayleigh-Ritz method can solve complex problems, ensuring accuracy may require using additional terms in the approximating functions until results converge.

Uploaded by

Vaibhav Chaudhari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Finite Element Method

Dr. Suhas P. Deshmukh


Professor,
Sinhgad Academy of Engineering,
Kondhawa (Bk) Pune
Todays Outline
• Energy Method
• Rayleigh-Ritz Method
Principal of Minimum Potential Energy
Potential energy is the capacity to do the work by the
forces acting on deformable bodies.

The forces acting on a body may be classified as


external forces and internal forces.

External forces are the applied loads while internal


forces are the stresses developed in the body.

Hence the total potential energy is the sum of internal


and external potential energies.

Potential Energy in a Spring:


Principal of Minimum Potential Energy
The load P moves down by distance u. Hence it looses its
capacity to do work by Pu. Hence the external potential energy
in this case
𝑤 = −𝑃𝑢
When the load has reached equilibrium position after extension
of spring by u, the force in spring = ku.
0+𝑘𝑢 𝑘𝑢
Hence the average force during the extension is =
2 2

energy stored in the spring due to straining,


= 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
1 1
= 𝑘𝑢𝑢 = 𝑘 𝑢2
2 2
Total Potential Energy in the spring
1
= 𝑘 𝑢2 − 𝑝 𝑢
2
Principal of Minimum Potential Energy
Potential energy of external forces Wp is equal but
opposite to total virtual work done by external forces.
Thus,
𝑊𝑝 = −𝑊𝑒
𝛿𝑊𝑝 = −𝛿𝑊𝑒
Total Energy
𝛿𝜋 = 𝛿𝑈 − 𝛿𝑊𝑒

From principle of virtual work


𝛿𝜋 = 0
Thus,
𝛿𝑈 = 𝛿𝑊𝑒
Assemble equations of equilibrium for the spring system
shown in Fig. by direct approach. Show that minimization
of potential energy also yields same result.

Consider the free body diagram of nodes 1, 2 and 3 shown in Fig.


Let the displacement of nodes be u1, u2, u3. Then the extensions
of spring 1, 2 and 3 are
𝛿1 = 𝑢1 , 𝛿2 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿3 = 𝑢3 − 𝑢2
Equations of
Equilibrium are,

From previous equations


Matrix Form

Potential Energy Approach


Total potential energy it the system is,
Similar to Direct Approach
Solve this by
principle of
virtual energy

Let u1 and u2 be the displacements of nodes 1 and 2. Then the


extensions of springs are
Rayleigh-Ritz Method
The Rayleigh–Ritz method of expressing field variables by
approximate method clubbed with minimization of potential
energy has made a big break through in finite element analysis.
Let u, v and w be the displacements in x, y and z coordinate
directions. Then for each of displacement component an
approximate solution is taken as

The function φi are usually taken as polynomials satisfying the


boundary conditions. ‘a’ are the amplitudes of the functions.
Then the total potential energy

Principle of Minimum
Potential Energy

Steps in Reyleigh-Ritz Method

1. Assume a displacement field function

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝝓 𝒙 + 𝑪𝒊 𝑵𝒊

1. Evaluation of total potential Π𝒑


2. Set up and solve systems of equations
𝝏Π𝒑
=𝟎
𝝏𝒄𝒊
A bar under uniform load Differential Equation
𝑞0 𝑑2 𝑢
𝐴𝐸 2 + 𝑞 = 0
𝑑𝑥
With Boundary conditions
𝑑𝑢
𝑢 0 , =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝑙
𝐿 2
1 𝑑𝑢
Strain Energy Stored in the bar 𝑈= 𝐴𝐸 𝑑𝑥
0 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐿
Potential of External Forces 𝑉= 𝑞0 𝑢𝑑𝑥 − 𝑃𝐿 𝑢 𝐿
0

𝑑𝑢
For Sake of Generality a tip load 𝑃𝐿 = 𝐴𝐸
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=𝐿

𝐿 2
Total Potential 1 𝑑𝑢
Π𝑝 = 𝐴𝐸 − 𝑞0 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
0 2 𝑑𝑥
Step 1 : Assume a displacement field
𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2

This satisfies the essential boundary conditions that 𝑢(0) = 0,


𝑑𝑢
= 𝑐1 + 2𝑐2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Step 2 : Evaluate total potential of system
𝐿 2
1 𝑑𝑢
Π𝑝 = 𝐴𝐸 − 𝑞0 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
0 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐿
𝐴𝐸 2
Π𝑝 = 𝑐1 + 2𝑐2 𝑥 − 𝑞0 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 2

𝐴𝐸 2 4𝑐22 2 𝑐1 𝐿2 𝑞0 𝑐2 𝐿3
Π𝑝 = 𝑐1 𝐿 + 3 + 2𝑐1 𝑐2 𝐿 − 𝑞0 −
2 3𝐿 2 3
Step 3 : Setup and solve system of equations
𝜕Π𝑝
= 0, 𝑖 = 1,2,3 …
𝜕𝑐𝑖
𝜕Π𝑝 𝐴𝐸 𝑞 𝐿2
0
=0= 2𝑐1 𝐿 + 2𝐶2 𝐿2 − =0
𝜕𝑐1 2 2
𝜕Π𝑝 𝐴𝐸 8𝑐2 𝐿3 𝑞0 𝐿3
=0= + 2𝐶1 𝐿2 − =0
𝜕𝑐2 2 3 3

Solving
𝑞0 𝐿 𝑞0
𝑐1 = , 𝑐2 = −
𝐴𝐸 2𝐴𝐸
Thus final equation is

𝑞0 𝑥 𝑞0
𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝐿− = 2𝐿𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝐴𝐸 2 2𝐴𝐸
𝛼
𝑚𝑛𝑥
The Fourier series 𝑦= 𝑎𝑖 sin
𝑙
𝑚=1,3

let us consider only two terms in the


series i.e. let
Exact Solution
By taking more terms in Fourier series more accurate
results can be obtained.
In this method the approximating functions must
satisfy the boundary conditions and should be easy to
use. Polynomials are normally used. Some times sine-
cosine terms are also used.

Results can be obtained for complex problems. But for


complex problems it is difficult to say whether the
results obtained are accurate enough to use. The doubt
will arise due to the following two reasons
(i) Whether this is the only function which can be used
(ii) How many terms in the function are to be used.

The best way to ensure the accuracy is to get result


using a certain number of terms and then use additional
terms to get the results. If the difference is negligible,
we can conclude that the satisfactory result is obtained.

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