Reinforced Concrete Element

Mata kuliah S1 ITS Surabaya

LB3 Civil Engineering ITS

Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya

Last Edited 2014

(ITS Surabaya) Reinforced Concrete First Ed Sept 2014 1 / 31

Table of Contents :
1 Introduction
2 Flexural Analysis of Beams
3 Strength Analysis of Beams According to SNI Code
4 Design of Rectangular Beams and One-Way Slabs
5 Analysis and Design of T-Beams and Doubly Reinforced Beams
6 Analysis and Design of Two-Way Slabs
7 Serviceability
8 Bond, Development Lengths, and Splices
9 Shear and Diagonal Tension
10 Torsion
11 Design of Short Columns Subject to Axial Load and Bending
12 Slender Columns
13 Bracket/Corbel (Strut-and-Tie Method)
14 Deep Beam (Strut-and-Tie Method)
15 Walls
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1. Introduction.

Lecturer: Civil Engineering Lecturer Team

References:
Design of Reinforced Concrete, Jack C. McCormac and Russell H.
Brown, 7th Ed.
Reinforced Concrete, a Fundamental Approach, Edward G.
Nawy, 5th Ed.
Codes:
SNI 2847:2013, Persyaratan beton struktural untuk bangunan
gedung, BSN 2013.
ACI 318M-11, Structural Concrete Building Code and
Commentary, ACI 2011.

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Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural
Material

Has considerable compressive strength per unit cost.

Resistance to the actions of fire and water.
Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.
It is a low-maintenance material.
Has a very long service life.
Its ability to be cast into an extraordinary variety of shapes.
Takes advantage of inexpensive local aggregates.
A lower grade of skilled labor is required.

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Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural
Material

Concrete has a very low tensile strength.

Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens
sufficiently.
The low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads to heavy
members.
The low strength per unit of volume of concrete means members
will be relatively large, an important consideration for tall
buildings and long-span structures.
The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its
proportioning and mixing.

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Concrete stress-strain curves

Compressive Strength:
The specified compressive
strength of concrete, fc0 , is
determined by testing to failure
28-day-old 15-cm diameter by
30-cm (10 by 20cm also
permitted by SNI).
Stress-strain relationship :
Lower-strength concrete has
greater deformability (ductility)
than higher-strength concrete.
Ultimate strain at crushing of
concrete varies from 0.003 to as
high as 0.008.

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Concrete Tensile Strength
Concrete tensile strength is about
10 to 15% of its compressive
strength.
Split-cylinder test (ASTM
C496), The splitting tensile
strength fct is computed as

2P
fct =
πld
Tensile strength in flexure
(modulus of rupture fr ) (ASTM
C78 or C293), may be taken as:
p
fr = 0.62λ fc0

λ = 1 for normal weight

concrete
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Static Modulus of Elasticity

The modulus of elasticity of

concrete varies, unlike that
of steel, with strength.
The empirical formula
given by SNI-8.5.1

Ec = W 1.5 0.043 fc0 MPa

p

For Normal Weight

Concrete the value is:
p
Ec = 4700 fc0 MPa

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Creep
Creep (or plastic flow) is the property of concrete (and other materials)
by which it continues to deform with time under sustained loads at
unit stresses within the accepted elastic range (say, below 0.5fc0 ).
Factors affecting the magnitude of creep are (1) the constituents of mix;
(2) proportions such as water content and water-cement ratio; (3)
curing temperature and humidity; (4) relative humidity during period
of use; (5) age at loading; (6) duration of loading; (7) magnitude of
stress; (8) surface-volume ratio of the member; and (9) slump.

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Shrinkage
Shrinkage, broadly defined, is the volume change during hardening
and curing of the concrete. It is unrelated to load application. The
main cause of shrinkage is the loss of water as the concrete dries and
hardens. It is possible for concrete cured continuously under water to
increase in volume; however, the usual concern is with a decrease in
volume. In general,the same factors have been found to influence
shrinkage strain as those that influence creep-primarily those factors
related to moisture loss.

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Steel Reinforcement

The useful strength of

ordinary reinforcing steels
in tension as well as
compression.
The "Grade" of steel is the
minimum specified yield
stress (point) expressed in
MPa are 240, 320, 390, 400,
420, 500, 550.

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Steel Reinforcement Type

Reinfoecement Type:
1. Plain Bar.
2. Deformed Bar.
3. Wire Mesh.
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Introduction to Loads

Dead Load:
Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one
position. They include the weight of the structure under consideration
as well as any fixtures that are permanently attached to it. For a
reinforced concrete building, some dead loads are the frames, walls,
floors, ceilings, stairways, roofs, and plumbing.
Live Loads:
Live loads are loads that can change in magnitude and position. They
include occupancy loads, warehouse materials, construction loads,
overhead service cranes, equipment operating loads, and many others.
In general, they are induced by gravity.

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Discusses Elements

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Typical Framed Structures

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Typical Flat-Slab System

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Steel Reinforcing placement

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OBJECTIVES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

The design of a structure must satisfy three basic requirements:

1. Stability to prevent overturning, sliding or buckling of the
structure, or parts of it, under the action of loads;
2. Strength to resist safely the stresses induced by the loads in the
various structural members; and
3. Serviceability to ensure satisfactory performance under service
load conditions - which implies providing adequate stiffness and
reinforcements to contain deflections, crack-widths and vibrations
within acceptable limits, and also providing impermeability and
durability (including corrosion-resistance), etc.
There are two other considerations that a sensible designer ought to
bear in mind, viz., economy and aesthetics.

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Purpose of Codes

The codes serve at least four distinct functions.

Firstly, they ensure adequate structural safety, by specifying
certain essential minimum requirements for design.
Secondly, they render the task of the designer relatively simple;
often, the results of sophisticated analyses are made available in
the form of a simple formula or chart.
Thirdly, the codes ensure a measure of consistency among
different designers.
Finally, they have some legal validity, in that they protect the
structural designer from any liability due to structural failures
that are caused by inadequate supervision and/or faulty material
and construction.

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Home Work: Reading Assignment

Make a note on Chapter 2 of the reference for maximum 2 pages of A4

paper.
Please try not to write the equations unless it is realy necessary.

This assigment stresses on your understanding of the material and

your writing ability instead of just simply copying the text from a
book.

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