Transformer Connection and

O
Operation
ti
9IDENTIFYING POLARITY

9REVIEW OF T/F PARAMETERS AND EQ.

EQ CKT

9EXAMINE POLYPHASE CONNECTIONS

9REVIEW T/F TESTING AND COMMISSIONING

9EXAMINE TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 1

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Polarity
y

Important
p when transformers are to be:

‰p
paralleled in a single
g p phase circuit or

‰interconnected in a p
polyphase
yp system
y

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 2

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Identifying polarity:
The following test is performed:
On facing the HV side of the T/F case,
¾ connect the left hand terminals of the HV and LV windings

¾ energize the HV winding (low voltage source)

¾ measure V’

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 3

 LV winding

V’

HV windingg

H2 H1

V
If V’ > V
→ the two e.m.f
e m f s are additive
→ the transformer is said to have additive polarity

If V
V’<
<V
→ the two e.m.fs are subtractive
→ the transformer is said to have subtractive polarity

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 4

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
- Standards adopted
p in markingg transformer terminals.

- HV terminals are designated H1, H2, H3, etc.

- H1 being on the right hand side of the case when facing

th high
the hi h voltage
lt side
id

- LV terminals are similarly designated X1,

X1 X2
X2, X3
X3, etc
etc.,

- but X1 may be on the same side or diagonally opposite

t H1
to
3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 5
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Polarityy markings
g

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 6

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
The numbers are so arranged such that

→ if the instantaneous voltage is directed from H1 to

H2

→ then it is simultaneously directed from X1

to X2

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 7

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
T/F CONNECTIONS IN SINGLE PHASE CIRCUIT
Two winding single phase transformer shown below:

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 8

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Transformer parameters and equivalent circuit

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 9

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Transformer parameters and equivalent circuit

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 10

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Transformer parameters and equivalent circuit
The impedance referred to the primary side of the transformer
can be written as;
Zprim eq = [R1 + R2(N1 / N2)2] + j[X1 + X2(N1 / N2)2]

Likewise, the impedance referred to the secondary side of the

transformer can be written as;

Zsec eq = [R2 + R1(N2 / N1)2] + j[X2 + X1(N2 / N1)2]

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 11

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Single-phase connections
Two wire system (in T & T):

- input voltage of 6900V (L-L or L-G)

- output voltage of 230V (L-L)

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 12

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

Two wire secondary system

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 13
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Three wire system
y ((in T & T))

- input voltage of 6900 V (L-L or L-G)

- output voltage 115V/115V/230

- 115V obtained by grounding the centre-tap (called

the ‘neutral’)
neutral )

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 14

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

Th wire
Three i secondary
d system
t
3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 15
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
For any single phase transformer the equation to calculate the
KVA rating is:
S = VprimaryIprimary or
S = VsecondaryIsecondary
Hence, given two of the variables the third can be calculated.

Example:
C l l t the
Calculate th secondary
d full
f ll load
l d currentt off a 100 KVA
single phase transformer with a primary voltage of 6.9 kV
and a turns ratio of 30.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 16

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Solution:
Since the we have the KVA rating and the primary voltage we
can use
S = VprimaryIprimary

⇒ 100000 = 6900 x Iprimary

⇒ Iprimary = 100000/6900 = 14.49 A

N Isecondary / Iprimary = 30
Now

⇒ Isecondary = Iprimary x 30 = 14.49 x 30 = 434.47 A

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 17
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Fusing of single phase transformers

- Use method from the example to find exact fuse size

- One fuse needed for L-N connection

- Two fuses needed for L-L connection as seen in Fig. 4.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 18

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Fusing

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 19

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

THREE PHASE
AS CONNECTIONS
CO C O S

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 20

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Three-phase connections
Three-phase transformer bank

- Three single phase transformers interconnected to form three

pphase bank ((see Fig.
g 5 below).
)

- Primary and secondary can be connected in either star or delta

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 21

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Three-phase connections (three-phase bank)

3/16/2013
Fig. 5
ECNG 3013 22
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Three-phase
p connections
Advantages:
- easy to transport

- can still supply 3-phase load if one transformer is

faulted (limited capacity)

Disadvantages:
- less efficient than 3-phase unit

- higher capital cost

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 23
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Three
Three-phase
phase connections
Three-phase transformer – single unit (see Fig. 6)
- usually 33-limb
limb core structure

- 5-limb core may be used to reduce the overall height of a

3 li b core
3-limb

- magnetic
g flux shares the magnetic
g circuit

- disadvantage is fault on one phase causes the entire

t
transformer
f to
t be
b inoperable
i bl
3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 24
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Three
Three-phase
phase connections (3-limb
(3 limb and 55-limb)
limb)

3/16/2013
Fig. 6
ECNG 3013 25
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Tertiary Winding
A third set of windings in 3-phase transformers and used to:

- provide auxiliary power in substation

- provide power factor correction

- provide a circuit for third harmonics of the exciting

current when connected in delta

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 26

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Terminal marking system

1. HV winding has a capital letter usually A, B, C.

2. LV winding has small letter usually a, b, c.

3. Letter are the same for all the windings on the same limb.

4. A tertiary winding is prefixed with the number ‘3’followed by

the capital letter for that limb

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 27

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

Illustration of terminal markings

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 28

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
5. A suffix
ffi numberb indicates
i di the
h potential
i l or polarity
l i off the
h
terminal; with the number ‘1’ being the lowest potential.

6. Phase shift through a t/f refers to the same alphabetical letters

of the output and input connections to the windings.

7. The phase shift is the angular displacement of the output with

respect the input.
input

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 29

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Three pphase transformers can be interconnected as:

1. Wye – wye connection

2. Delta – delta connection

3. Wye – delta connection

4. Delta - wye connection

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 30

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Three-phase connections (Y/y)

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 31

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Three-phase connections (D/d)

3/16/2013 32
ECNG 3013
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Three-phase
p connections ((Y/d))

3/16/2013 33
ECNG 3013
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Three-phase connections (D/y)

3/16/2013 34
ECNG 3013
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Open delta or V
V-connected
connected transformer
Delta-delta connected transformer still deliver 3–phase power
if oonee transformer
t a s o e iss removed
e oved entirely
e t e y (for
( o t/f
t/ bank)
ba )

This is called open delta or V-connected t/f.

Disadvantage: Will deliver less power than closed delta t/f.

This arrangement is shown below

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 35

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Three-phase connections
Open delta or V-connected transformer

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 36

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

To fully appreciate the operation of an

open delta configuration let us first look
at the closed delta transformer.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 37

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Closed delta connected transformer

ECNG 3013
3/16/2013 38
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
For the closed delta, using KCL

II = IC – IA……………..eq.(i)

III = IA – IB.…..………..eq.(ii) and

IIII = IB – IC…………….eq.(iii)
q( )

where ‘I’ in Roman numerals are line currents and ‘I’ in upper case
alpha are the individual phase currents (expressed in terms of the
primary).
i )

Note: for the three transformers to operate satisfactorily when in delta, they should each have the same
impedance or else the currents will not be balanced even with balanced load
load.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 39

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
If the three primary voltages are V
V’A, V
V’B, and V
V’C and the
three secondary voltages (expressed in terms of the primary)
are V”A, V”B, and V”C then it is necessarily true that

V’A + V’B + V’C = 0……………………………..eq.(iv)

andd
V”A +V”B + V”C = 0……………………………..eq.(v)
Hence,
Hence
(V’A - V”A) + (V’B - V”B) + (V’C - V”C)= 0……..eq.(vi)

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 40

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
But the three terms in eq.(vi) represents the impedance drops
of the transformers so that

IA ZA + IB ZB + IC ZC = 0……………..eq.(vii)

where

ZA, ZB and ZC are the leakage impedances of the three

transformers, expressed in terms of the primary.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 41

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Open delta connected transformer
If we remove one transformer say ‘C’ then the connection
is as shown before and equation (i) to (iii) becomes
IA = – II ………………eq.(viii)

IB = +IIII ………………eq.(ix) and

IC = 0………………….eq.(x)

Note:
In closed delta ILine = √3Iφ but

In open delta ILine = Iφ

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 42

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Also, in closed delta the maximum load it can supply is

SC.D. = √3VLine ILine ………….eq.(xi) and

SO.D. = √3VLine I’Line …………eq.(xii)

eq (xii)

where I’Line= Iφ (the maximum rated current of one t/f)

Dividing eq.(xi) and eq.(xii) we get

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 43

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Three-phase connections (Phase-shifts and Vector Group)
- There
Th are four
f recognized
i d phase
h shifts
hift

- It is convenient to use a ‘clock face’ number reference instead of degrees to

describe the phase shift

- The transformers are also ‘Grouped’.

p

- This Grouping must not be confused with the ‘Vector Group’

- ‘Vector Group’ is represented by the clock face number

Note: that anti-clockwise is taken as the direction of rotation and is considered ‘+ve’.
3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 44
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Three-phase
p connections ((Phase-shifts and Vector Group)
p)

Clock Phase shift Group

number
b
0 0o I

6 180o II

1 -30o III

11 30o IV

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 45

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 46

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Three-phase connections phase shift (Yy0)

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 47

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Three-phase
p connections pphase shift (Dd0)
( )
Fig. 14b

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 48

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 49

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Group
p II : 180º p
phase shift

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 50

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 51

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Group
p III : - 30º p
phase shift

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 52

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 53

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Example:
p
State the vector group and phase number group, using
appropriate numbers and letters, of the following transformers:

a. Delta/star with a 30o lead phase shift HV winding

connected in delta.

b. Star/star with a 0o phase shift HV winding connected in

star.

c. Star/delta with a 30o lag phase shift HV winding

connected in star.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 54

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Answer:

Vector Group Phase number

a. Dy11 IV

b. Yy0 I

c. Yd1 III

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 55

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Analysis of phase shift in the Dy11 connected transformer
A a
A2 a2

VAB
A1 a1
VAN
B b
B2 b2 Van 30º

B1 b1

C c
C2 c2 VCN VBN

C1 c1

Input
p to p primary
y side n
is star connected
3/16/2013 56
ECNG 3013
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Analysis of phase shift in the Dy11 connected transformer
From Fig. 17 it is seen that
(a) Van = (1/a)VAB = (1/a)(VAN – VBN)

(b) Vbn = (1/a)VBC = (1/a)(VBN – VCN)

(c) Vcn = (1/a)VCA = (1/a)(VCN – VAN)

Where ‘a’ is the turns ratio of the transformer

Phase shift between input and output voltage is 30o lead

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 57
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Analysis of phase shift in the Dy1 connected transformer
a
A1 a2

VAC
A2 a1
A VAN
B1 b
b2 Van
30º

B2 b1
B
C1 c
c2 VCN VBN

C2 c1
C
n

3/16/2013 58
ECNG 3013
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Analysis
y of pphase shift in the Dy1
y connected transformer
Likewise, from Fig. 18 it is seen that
(a) Van = - (1/a)VCA = (1/a)(VAN – VCN)

(b) Vbn = - (1/a)VAB = (1/a)(VBN – VAN)

(c) Vcn = - (1/a)VBC = (1/a)(VCN – VBN)

Where ‘a’
a is the turns ratio of the transformer
Phase shift between input and output voltage is 30o lag
Note : Input voltage assumed to be 3-phase star-connected supply.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 59

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Three-phase
p connections ((Dy11
y to Dy1)
y )
Suppose we interchange the A and C phases of the incoming supply
to a Dy11 transformer the:

(a) Van = (1/a)VCB = (1/a)(VCN – VBN)

(b) Vbn = (1/a)VBA = (1/a)(VBN – VAN)

(c) Vcn = ((1/a)V

/a)VAC = ((1/a)(V
/a)(VAN – VCN)

Note that the rotation (phase sequence) on the secondary voltage is

now opposing the supply voltage
voltage, ii.e.
e clockwise
clockwise.
3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 60
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Transformer connection (Dy11 to Dy1)
C a
A2 a2
VAC

A1 a1
VAN
B b
B2 b2
Vcn
Van
B1 b1
30º

A c Vbn
C2 c2 VCN VBN

C1 c1

3/16/2013 61
ECNG 3013
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Three-phase
p connections ((Dy11
y to Dy1)
y )

Input or supply voltage Output voltage

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 62

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Three-phase
p connections ((Dy11
y to Dy1)
y )

- To correct the rotation that the ‘load would see’ we simply

interchange/roll the ‘a’ and ‘c’ phases

- IIn doing
d i so, the
th ‘a’
‘ ’ phase
h appears to
t lag
l the
th primary
i ‘A’
phase by 30o

- The other phases are similarly affected resulting in the

transformer ‘functioning’ as a Dy1.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 63

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
a
C r
A2 a2

a1
A1 b
B y
B2 b2

b1
B1
c
A b
C2 c2

C1 c1

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 64

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 65

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

Phase roll

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 66

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• The followingg must be noted

- Vector Group of transformers in Group III and IV can be

changed by altering the connections either internally or
externally,

- Vector Group of transformers in Group I and II can only

be changed by altering the connections internally.

Example is the Yy0 to Yy6 where this is only possible by

reversing the connections on the windings of the secondary
internally.
internally
3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 67
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

PARALLEL
A A O
OPERATION
A O O OF THREE PHASE
AS
TRANSFORMERS

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 68

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Parallel Operation of 33-phase
phase transformers

Satisfactory operation of 3-phase transformers in parallel

requires
i fulfillment
f lfill off the
h following
f ll i conditions:
di i

a. Same vector group.

g p

b. X/R ratio (leakage reactance/resistance for both windings

together)) sshould
togethe ou d be equal
equa for
o all
a transformers.
a s o e s.
- results in the transformers having the same p.f.
- which gives the most economical condition.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 69

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
c. Same voltage
g transformation ratio or else a circulatingg
current will flow between the transformers secondary

d. Same per unit impedance expressed at their full load MVA

rating.

e
e. Same phase sequence

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 70

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Phase sequence
q

- term given to indicate the angular direction in which the

voltage and current phasors of a polyphase system reach
their respective maximum values during a sequence of
time.

- angular direction may be clockwise or counter-clockwise.

- for two transformers to operate satisfactorily in parallel it

must be the same for both.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 71

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
• Phase sequence
q

Phase sequence intimately bound up with

- polarity and

- line terminal voltage and not necessarily of the voltages

across individual windings.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 72

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Phase sequence
- system phase sequence is set and maintained by the
ggenerating
g pplant

- phase sequence of secondary voltages of a t/f can be in

one direction
di i or the h other,
h accordingdi to the
h order
d in
i which
hi h
the primary terminals of the transformer is connected

- Internally or externally changing the connections of the

t/f can result in a change in sequence.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 73

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

CO
COMMISSIONING
SS O GOOF TRANSFORMERS
A S O S

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 74

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Transformer
- static apparatus
- complex in nature

It requires care in
- shipping
- handling
- commissioningg
- maintenance

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 75

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Tests during manufacture
Done as part of manufacturer’s Quality Assurance (QA)
system.
y The most important
p of these tests conducted are:

- Core-plate checks

- Core-frame insulation resistance test

- Tank tests

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 76

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Final Tests
Final tests for a transformer fall into three categories:

- Test to prove that the transformer has been built to specs

This includes ppolarity,
y, ratio,, resistance and tapp
changer operation

- Tests to prove guarantees

These are losses, impedance, temperature rise,
noise level
3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 77
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
- Test to prove that the transformer will be
satisfactorily in service for at least 30 years

The tests in this category are the most important and the most
difficult to frame: they include all the dielectric or overvoltage
tests andd load
l d currents.

Note : all the tests in the first two categories can be found in BS
171 or IEC 76

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 78

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Commissioning Tests

After manufacture and testingg the transformer is

- packaged and shipped to its destination

- it is then transported and set down on a ‘plinth’ in

the substation.
Hence before energizing the transformer for the first time , it is
Hence,
important to verify that the transformer did not incur any
damage by performing certain tests.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 79

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Some of the tests are:
- Insulation resistance windings

- Winding resistance

- Winding ratio (at all tap positions)

- Dielectric strength of insulating oil

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 80

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Insulation resistance of windings g
There are two tests that are performed in this instance

- Winding to winding

- Winding to ground

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 81

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Abnormallyy low readingg indicates the ppossibilityy of the
presence of moisture either in
- the winding insulation,
- oil or
- both

Corrective
C ti action
ti → drying
d i outt
Note: insulation resistance varies with temperature and humidity.

Recommend that the temperature (ambient and equipment) as

well as the moisture content of the oil be recorded when
conducting the test so that it can be used in the future to trend
the
h insulation
i l i resistance
i under
d similar
i il conditions.
di i
3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 82
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Winding resistance

- DC resistance of both HV and LV windings

measured

- can be measured by the voltmeter/ammeter

et od,
method,

This information provides the data necessary to permit the

separation of I2R and eddy
eddy-current
current losses in the windings.
windings

Again, it is important that the temperature be recorded when

this test is being performed.
performed
3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 83
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Winding ratio

- essential since transformers are usually designed

with multiple taps positions.

- conducted at each tap position

- results used to calculate the turns ratio at each tap

position.

- results compared with the manufacturer’s.

Any large variation needs to be investigated further and

manufacturer informed.
3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 84
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Dielectric strength of oil

British Standard 148 specifies that the for the insulating oil to
be acceptable it must have a dielectric strength of >30 kV.
kV

The test specified to measure this is as follows:

A sample of the oil is placed in a canister and two spherical
electrodes are inserted in the oil at a distance of 4mm apart. A
voltage is then applied at a rate of 2 kV/second until
breakdown occurs.
occurs This value is ten recorded as the dielectric
strength.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 85

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Dielectric strength of oil
- < 30 kV usually suggest that there is moisture in
the oil

- test to determine the p.p.m of moisture

present in the oil.

BS
B.S. ≤ 25 p.p.m. off moisture
it → acceptable.
t bl

However > 25 p.p.m.

However, p p m → ‘dried
dried out
out’ transformer
3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 86
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
COMMISSIONING OF TRANSFORMERS

Phasingg out
Before paralleling two or more transformers it is essential that
both their
- polarities are the same and
- phase sequence are the same

Recall:
R ll
the phase sequence may be clockwise or anticlockwise, but
two or more transformers must have the same sequence to be
paralleled.
paralleled
3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 87
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Essential to test that corresponding secondary terminals have
the same instantaneous voltage,
voltage both in magnitude and phase.
phase

There are two ways in which this may be done and the method
i commonly
is l referred
f d to
t as either:
ith

- the voltage method or

- the current method.

Voltage method uses the principle of instantaneous potential

difference and current method uses the principle of KCL.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 88

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 89

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Phasingg out
Scenario
- need to phase out T/F 2 with T/F1

- both are connected Dy.

- the HV sides of both transformers are connected

to the same busbar

- the LV switch on T/F1 is closed

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 90

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Voltage method

With the switch on the LV side of T/F 2 open, measure

th following
the f ll i voltages:
lt
- r-y
- y-b
- r-b
- r-n
- y-n
- b-n

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 91

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Then measure the followingg voltages
g on the LV bus fed from
T/F 1:
- r1-y1
- y1-b1
- r1-b1
- r1-n
- y1-n
- b1-nn

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 92

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Voltage
g readings
g across the followingg terminals should be
taken:
- r-r1
- y-y1 and
- b-b1
R lt
Results
- If all p.d.= 0 proceed to close C.B.

- If any p.d ≠ 0 then phases needs to be swapped

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 93

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
T/F 1

T/F 2
r1 y1 b1

r 0 VL-L VL-L

y VL-L
LL 0 VL-L
LL

b VL-L VL-L 0

Matrix of voltage method

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 94

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
COMMISSIONING OF TRANSFORMERS
The matrix is derived by calculating Vrr1’, Vyy1, Vbb1, Vry1,
Vrb1, Vyr1, Vyb1, Vbr1, Vby1, i.e.
i

Vrr1 = Vr - Vr1

Vyy1 = Vy - Vy1

and Vbb1 = Vb - Vb1 etc.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 95

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
COMMISSIONING OF TRANSFORMERS
If we analyze Vrr1 = Vrn – Vr1n we get

VAA’ = Vrn∠0° – Vr1n ∠0°

Since ⏐V
⏐ rn| and |Vr1n| would be the equal because of the equal
voltage ratios of the two transformers then

Vrr1 = |Vrn| [cos(0°) + jsin(0°) - {cos(0°) + jsin(0°)}]

⇒ Vrr1 = 0
3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 96
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
COMMISSIONING OF TRANSFORMERS

Also Vry1 = Vrn - Vy1n we get

Also,

Vry1 = Vrn ∠0° – Vy1n ∠-120°

Vry1 = |Vrn| {cos(0°) + jsin(0°)} - |Vy1n| {cos(-120°) + jsin(-120°)}

|Vry1| = √3. |Vrn| = VLine

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 97

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
COMMISSIONING OF TRANSFORMERS
Similarly, Vrb1 = Vrn - Vb1n we get

Vrb1 = Vrn ∠0° – Vb1n ∠-240°

Vrb1 = |Vrn| {cos(0°) + jsin(0°)} - |Vb1n| {cos(-240°) + jsin(-240°)}

|Vrb1| = √3. |Vrn| = VLine

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 98

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

TRANSFORMER
A S O PROTECTION
O C O

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 99

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Overcurrent Protection
Fuse

- used to pprotect small distribution transformers

- provide means of isolation under fault conditions

- are rated to carry overload for short duration

- must withstand the magnetizing inrush current

drawn when power transformers energized.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 100

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

Typical Fuse Characteristics

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 101
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Overcurrent Protection
Large size transformers > 100 kVA sometimes use a
combination of

- overcurrent relays and

- circuit breakers

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 102

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Other transformer protection

Large transformer (substation type), OC and EF insufficient,

therefore the followingg protection
p are used:

- Restricted earth fault

- Differential protection

- Buchholz (fluid flow)

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 103

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Restricted Earth Fault Protection

- ‘looks’ into the transformer (zone) for earth faults only.

- internal earth faults will result in relay operation.

- the system will remain stable for all faults outside this ‘zone’.

Earth fault protection applied to a delta-connected or unearthed star winding is

inherently restricted, since no zero sequence component can be transmitted through
to the system.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 104

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 105

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Differential Protection

Principle of operation:

- compares input with output

- simply
i l stated,
t t d ‘what
‘ h t goes in
i mustt come out’
t’

- any difference results in relay operation

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 106

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Differential Protection

A differential system can be arranged to cover the complete

transformer i.e.

- CTs on the primary and secondary sides of the power

TF are connected to form a circulating current system

- Faults only within the ‘zone’ of the CTs would result in

relay operation

- commonly referred to as the Merz-Price protection

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 107

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Differential Protection

MERZ-PRICE UNIT PROTECTION

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 108

 Transformer Connection and
Operation
Differential Protection

In a Y/y connected transformer

- the CTs on both sides are connected in delta.

- done to ensure that the relays remain inoperative

to the flow of zero phase sequence currents which
would be produced by phase to neutral loads or
f lt
faults.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 109

 Transformer Connection and
Operation
Differential Protection

In a Y/d connected transformer

- the CTs are connected delta/star

Why?

- done to compensate for the 30° phase displacement

b t
between the
th primary
i andd secondary
d currents
t off the
th
power TF

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 110

 Y/d connected power transformer

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 111

 CTs connected delta/star

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 112

 Must Consider:
- Magnetising
g g inrush
- Phase shift between primary and secondary
- Turns ratio
- Zero sequence cct.

These can be compensated for by C.T. Connection

For the above:

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 113

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Buchholz Relay (gas-actuated relay)

- a protective device fitted on most TFs

- fitted into the oil pipe between the TF tank and the oil
conservator

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 114

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Buchholz Relay (gas-actuated relay)

- a protective device fitted on most TFs

- fitted into the oil pipe between the TF tank and the oil
conservator

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 115

 Transformer Connection and
O ti
Operation

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 116

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Buchholz relay
Th are three
There h modes
d off operation
i for
f this
hi relay:
l

- Normal mode under healthy conditions

- Alarm

- Trip

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 117

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Buchholz relay
N
Normall mode
d under
d healthy
h l h conditions
di i
- the relay is full of oil and
- counter weight balances the cup ‘B’
B to avoid contact
‘MS1’ from closing

Alarm
Al
- gas accumulates at the top of the relay
- as the oil level falls, the bucket full of oil, being now
heavier than the counterweight, tilts the mercury
switch ‘MS1’ to the closed position and operates the
alarm.
3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 118
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
Buchholz Relay
Trip
For a short circuit inside the transformer,
- explosion
l i occurs
- this instantaneously forces the incompressible oil
against
g the pplate P
- results in closing of the mercury switch ‘MS2’
- sends a signal to trip the circuit breakers.

New designs uses floats instead of plates.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 119

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 120
 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti
References:
f
1. Electric Power System (Vol. I) – A.E. Guille and W. Paterson

2. J&P Transformer Book – Martin J. Heathcote

3. Electric Machines and Power Systems – Vincent Del Toro

4 Protective Relay Application Guide - Alstom

4.

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 121

 Transformer Connection and
O
Operation
ti

THE END

3/16/2013 ECNG 3013 122