Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)

Technical Seminar for the practical fulfilment of requirements for the award of the
degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

Electronics And Communication Engineering

By

D.GOPAL RAJU

(15F71A0408)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SRI SAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

(Affiliated to JNTUA,Ananthapur)

RAYACHOTY-516270

2015-2019
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SRI SAI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
(Affiliated to JNTUA,Ananthapur)
RAYACHOTY-516270
2015-2019

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the technical seminar report entitled “ORGANIC LIGHT
EMITTING DIODE”, is a bonafide documentation of the technical seminar
work done and submitted by D.GOPAL RAJU (15F71A0408).For the partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of B.Tech.Degree in ECE of
JNTUA,Ananthapur.

Certified further that to the best of our knowledge, the work presented in the
dissertation has not been submitted to any other university or institution for the
award of degree or diploma

Technical Seminar in charges Head of the Department

1.A.KARUNAKAR

2.S.Muneera Begum (K.CHANDRA SEKHAR)

CONTENTS :-

1. ABSTRACT

2. INTRODUCTION

3. COMPONENTS OF OLED

4. TYPES

A. PASSIVE MATRIX OLED

B. ACTIVE MATRIX OLED

C .TRANSPARENT OLED

D. TOP-EMITTING OLED

E. FOLDABLE OLED

G. WHITE OLED

5. ADVANTAGES AND FUTURE SCOPE

6. APPLICATIONS

7. CONCLUTION

8. REFERENCE
 ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

1.ABSTART :-

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) operate on the principle of

converting electrical energy into light, a phenomenon known as electroluminescence.
They consist of emissive electroluminescent layer comprised of a film of organic
compunds (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen). In its simplest form, an OLED consists of
a layer of luminescent material sandwiched between two electrodes. When an electric
current is passed between the electrodes, through the organic layer, light is emitted
with a color that depends on the particular material used.

When OLEDs are used as pixels in flat panel displays they have some advantages
over backlit active-matrix LCD displays - greater viewing angle, lighter weight, and
quicker response. Since only the part of the display that is actually lit up consumes
power, the most efficient OLEDs available today use less power. Based on these
advantages, OLEDs have been proposed for a wide range of display applications
including magnified micro displays, wearable, head-mounted computers, digital
cameras, personal digital assistants, smart pagers, virtual reality games, and mobile
phones as well as medical, automotive, and other industrial applications
2.INTRODUCTION :-

For the past forty years inorganic silicon and gallium arsenide
semiconductors, silicon dioxide insulators, and metals such as aluminum and copper have
been the backbone of the semiconductor industry. However, there has been a growing
research effort in "organic electronics to improve the semiconducting, conducting, and
light-emitting properties of organics (polymers, oligomers) and hybrids (organic-
inorganic composites) through novel synthesis and self-assembly techniques.
Performance improvements, coupled with the ability to process these "active" materials at
low temperatures over large areas on materials such as plastic or paper, may provide
unique technologies and generate new applications and form factors to address the
growing needs for pervasive computing and enhanced connectivity. If we review the
growth of the electronics industry, it is clear that innovative organic materials have been
essential to the unparalleled performance increase in semiconductors, storage, and
displays at the consistently lower costs that we see today. However, the majorities of
these organic materials are either used as sacrificial stencils (photoresists) or passive
insulators and take no active role in the electronic functioning of a device. They do not
conduct current to act as switches or wires, and they do not emit light. The ability of
chemists to optimize the properties of the organic materials described above has provided
key contributions to the growth of the electronics industry. However, it is possible in the
near future we may reach the limits of performance improvements in silicon devices,
magnetic storage, and displays that can be provided at a reasonable cost. As in the past,
basic research on materials may provide a path to new product form factors. So
nontraditional materials such as conjugated organic molecules, short-chain oligomers,
longer-chain polymers, and organic-inorganic composites are being developed that emit
light, conduct current, and act as semiconductors. The ability of these materials to
transport charge (holes and electrons) due to the in-orbital overlap of neighboring
molecules provides their semiconducting and conducting properties. In addition to their
electronic and optical properties, many of these thin-film materials possess good
mechanical properties (flexibility and toughness) and can be processed at low
temperatures using techniques familiar to the semiconducting and printing industries,
such as vacuum evaporation, solution casting, ink-jet printing, and stamping. These
properties could lead to new form factors in which roll-to-roll manufacturing could be
used to create products such as low-cost information displays on flexible plastic, and
logic for smart cards and radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. Similar
enhancements in performance have been seen in the development of organic light
emitting diodes (OLEDs). Pioneering work was done at Eastman Kodak in 1987 on
evaporated small molecules and at Cambridge University in 1990 on solution-processed
semiconducting polymers. Currently, the highest observed luminous efficiencies of
derivatives of these materials exceed that of incandescent lightbulbs, thus eliminating the
need for the backlight that is used in AML CDs. The electronic and optical properties of
these "active" organic materials are now suitable for some low-performance, low-cost
electronic products that can address the needs for lightweight portable devices for the 21st
century.

3. OLED COMPONENTS :-
Like an LED, an OLED is a solid-state semiconductor device that is 100
to 500 nanometers thick or about 200 times smaller than a human hair. OLEDs
can have either two layers or three layers of organic material; in the latter design,
the third layer helps transport electrons from the cathode to the emissive layer. In
this article, we'll be focusing on the two-layer design.

An OLED consists of the following parts:

Substrate :- (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED.

Anode :- (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a
current flows through the device.
 Organic layers :- These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.

Conducting layer : - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport
"holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.

Emissive layer : - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones
from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where
light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene

Cathode :- (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The
cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device

OLED'S EMIT LIGHT FORMATION :-

OLEDs emit light in a similar manner electrophosphorescence.

The process is as follows:

1. The battery or power supply of the device containing the OLED applies a voltage
across the OLED.
2. An electrical current flows from the cathode to the anode through the organic
layers (an electrical current is a flow of electrons). The cathode gives electrons to the
emissive layer of organic molecules. The anode removes electrons from the
conductive layer of organic molecules.
(This is the equivalent to giving electron holes to the conductive layer.)
3. At the boundary between the emissive and the conductive layers, electrons find
electron holes. When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it
falls into an energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
When this happens, the electron gives up energy in the form of a photon of light.
4. The OLED emits light.
5. The color of the light depends on the type of organic molecule in the emissive
layer. Manufacturers place several types of organic films on the same OLED to make
color displays.
6. The intensity or brightness of the light depends on the amount of electrical current
applied the more current, the brighter the light.
7. When an electron finds an electron hole, the electron fills the hole (it falls into an
energy level of the atom that's missing an electron).
Making Of OLED:-
Laboratory set up of a high-precision inkjet printer for making polymer
OLED displays
The biggest part of manufacturing OLEDs is applying the organic layers to the
substrate. This can be done in three ways:
1 .Vacuum deposition or vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) - In a vacuum chamber,
the organic molecules are gently heated (evaporated) and allowed to condense as thin
films onto cooled substrates. This process is expensive and inefficient.

2. Organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) - In a low-pressure, hot-walled reactor

chamber, a carrier gas transports evaporated organic molecules onto cooled
substrates, where they condense into thin films. Using a carrier gas increases the
efficiency and
reduces the cost of making OLEDs.

3 .Inkjet printing - With inkjet technology, OLEDs are sprayed onto substrates just
like inks are sprayed onto paper during printing. Inkjet technology greatly reduces the
cost of OLED manufacturing and allows OLEDs to be printed onto very large films
for large displays like 80-inch TV screens or electronic billboards

4. OLED TYPES :-

There are several types of OLEDs:

A. Passive-matrix OLED
B. Active-matrix OLED
C. Transparent OLED
D. Top-emitting OLED
E. Foldable OLED
F. White OLED
A.Passive-matrix OLED (PMOLED) :-

PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode.

The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of
the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry
applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get
turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is
proportional to the amount of applied current.

PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other
types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs
are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch
diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 PLAYERS. Even
with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the
LCDs that currently power these devices.
B.Active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) :-
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but
the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The
TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an
image

AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the

TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large
displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best
uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large screen TVs and electronic signs or
billboards.
C. Transparent OLED:-
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate,
cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their
substrate. When a transparent
OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A
transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can
be used for heads-up displays.

D.Top-emitting OLED :-

Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective.

They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting
OLED displays in smart cards.
 Non-transparent or reflective substrate
 Transparent Cathode
 Used with Active Matrix Device
 Smart card displays
 Fig :- Top Emitting OLED

E.Foldable OLED:-

Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic

foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in
devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or
repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be attached to fabrics to create "smart"
clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell
phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.
F. White OLED:-
White OLEDs emit white light that is brighter, more uniform and more
energy efficient than that emitted by fluorescent lights. White OLEDs also have the
true-color qualities of incandescent lighting. Because OLEDs can be made in large
sheets, they can replace fluorescent lights that are currently used in homes and
buildings. Their use could potentially reduce energy costs for lighting .

 Emits bright white light

 Replace fluorescent lights

 Reduce energy cost for lighting

 True Color Qualities

5.OLED Advantages :-

The LCD is currently the display of choice in small devices and is also
popular in large-screen TVs. Regular LEDs often form the digits on digital clocks
and other electronic devices. OLEDs offer many advantages over both LCDs and
LEDs:
1.The plastic, organic layers of an OLED are thinner, lighter and more flexible than
the crystalline layers in an LED or LCD.

2. Because the light-emitting layers of an OLED are lighter, the substrate of an

OLED can be flexible instead of rigid. OLED substrates can be plastic rather than the
glass used for LEDs and LCDs.

3.OLEDs are brighter than LEDs. Because the organic layers of an OLED are much
thinner than the corresponding inorganic crystal layers of an LED, the conductive and
emissive layers of an OLED can be multi-layered. Also, LEDs and LCDs require
glass for support, and glass absorbs some light. OLEDs do not require glass.

4. OLEDs do not require backlighting like LCDs. LCDs work by selectively blocking
areas of the backlight to make the images that you see, while OLEDs generate light
themselves. Because OLEDs do not require backlighting, they consume much less
power than LCDs (most of the LCD power goes to the backlighting). This is
especially important for battery-operated devices such as cell phones.

5. OLEDs are easier to produce and can be made to larger sizes. Because OLEDs are
essentially plastics, they can be made into large, thin sheets. It is much more difficult
to grow and lay down so many liquid crystals.

6. Much faster response time

7. Consume significantly less energy

8. Less power consumption

9.Lower cost in the future

FUTURE SCOPE :-

Lighting
• Flexible / bendable lighting
• Wallpaper lighting defining new ways to light a space
• Transparent lighting doubles as a window
Cell Phones
• Nokia 888 Scroll Laptop
• Nokia concept OLED Laptop

6.APPLICATIONS :-

 Current OLED Applications: OLED technology is already used in some

devices. Most of them are cellular phones or portable music players, but also
other products use this new technology.

 mobile phone manufacturers like Motorola, Nokia, Panasonic or Sony Ericsson

are also using organic light emitting diodes for their external displays.

 Computer Screen displays

  Keyboards (Optimus Maximus)

 Lights , Portable Divice displays

 Future Applications : Research and development in the field of OLEDs is

proceeding rapidly and may lead to future applications in heads-up displays,
automotive dashboards, billboard-type displays, home and office lighting and
flexible displays. Because OLEDs refresh faster than LCDs -- almost 1,000
times faster -- a device with an OLED display could change information almost
in real time. Video images could be much more realistic and constantly
updated.

7.CONCLUTION :-

A great progress has been made in the field of organic electronics and
devices in terms of synthesis, development and applications of electron transport
materials to improve the performance of OLED’s. The effectiveness of the OLED
device is governed by three important processes: charge injection, charge transport
and emission. Light emission through phosphorescent dyes has been utilized in
OLEDs and gives good results. OLEDs have achieved long operational stability. The
performance of OLEDs meets many of the targets necessary for applications in
displays. Research and development in the field of OLEDs is proceeding rapidly and
may lead to future applications in heads-up displays, automotive dashboards,
billboard-type displays, home and office lighting and flexible displays. OLEDs
refresh faster than LCDs (almost 1,000 times faster). A device with an OLED display
changes information almost in real time. Video images could be much more realistic
and constantly updated. The newspaper of the future might be an OLED display that
refreshes with breaking news and like a regular newspaper, you could fold it up when
you're done reading it and stick it in your backpack or briefcase.
8.REFERENCE :-

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sensitivity in lateral flow assays.

3. Choi J. R. et al. Sensitive biomolecule detection in lateral flow assay with a

portable temperature-humidity control device. Biosensors & bioelectronics

4. Dou M., Dominguez D. C., Li X., Sanchez J. & Scott G. A versatile

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diagnosis.