THEORIES IN

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

(Multiple Choice Questions)

Contents
Chapter 01: Introduction- The Nature of Theories 3
Chapter 02: Early Theories In Second Language Acquisition 7
Chapter 03: Linguistics theory, universal grammar, and second language acquisition. 10
Chapter 04: One Functional Approach to SLA (The Concept-Oriented Approach) 15
Chapter 05: Usage-Based Approaches to SLA 18
Chapter 06: Skill Acquisition Theory 21
Chapter 07: Input Processing in Adult SLA 23
Chapter 08: The Declarative/Procedural Model: A Neurobiologically Motivated Theory of
First and Second language 26
Chapter 09: Processability Theory 31
Chapter 10: Input, Interaction and Output in Second Language Acquisition 36
Chapter 11: Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Development 40
Chapter 12: Complexity Theory 44
Chapter 13: SLA Across 10 contemporary theories 46

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 Chapter 01: Introduction- The Nature of Theories
1- Ellis asserts _____________ basis for the distinction of explicit and implicit learning.
a) Behavioral
b) Neurobiological
c) Both a & b
d) None of them
2- Input is definedas the _________ a learner hears and
attends(responds) to for its meaning.
a) Conversation
b) Communication
c) Language
d) Rules
3- Hulstijn defines implicit learning as input process without _________.
a) Intention
b) Awareness
c) Practice
d) Both a & b
4- According to SLA theories, explicit learning is _________.
a)
Conscious
b)
Progressive
c)
Unconscious
d)
None of them
5- According to SLA researchers' observations, a good deal of SLA happens
_____________.
a) Incidentally
b) Consciously
c) Intentionally
d) None of the above
6- Learners, during SLA, also attain __________ knowledge about second language.
a) Precise
b) Detailed
c) Conscious
d) Unconscious
7- Influence of first language on second language acquisition is somehow
_______
a) Subjective
b) Objective
c) Selective
d) Applicative
8- _________________ is a set of statements about natural phenomena, that explains why
these phenomena occur the way they do.

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 a) Constructs
b) Theories
c) Hypothesis
d) Models
9- __________________ are the key features on which the theory relies.
a) Variables
b) Constructs
c) Hypotheses
d) None of the above
10- In the field of SLA research, the distinction between theory and ____________ is not
always maintained and researchers often use the term theory and _________________
interchangeably.
a) Model
b) Constructs
c) Variables
d) Hypothesis
11- ________________ does not unify various phenomena and is an idea about a single
phenomenon.
a) Hypotheses
b) Theories
c) Models
d) Both a & b
12- A theory can generate hypotheses that can be tested and verified by
_____________.
a) Experimentations
b) Observations
c) Practice
d) Both a & b
13- A ________________ does not need to explain or answer the question "why”.
a) Model
b) Theories
c) Hypothesis
d) None of the above
14- First language does not have massive effects on either ___________ or
_______________ of SLA.
a) Processes, Input
b) Output, Input
c) Processes, Outcomes
d) Performance, Processes
15- Hulstijn's definition of explicitlearning appears to
include
______________

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 a) Awareness of what is to be learned
b) Intention to learn something
c) comfortably learning
d) Both a & b
16- Implicit learning is ___________
a) Conscious
b) Unconscious
c) Sub-conscious
d) All of the above
17- According to some researchers, though by no means all, the only way SLA can advance
as a research field is ________________.
a) If it has some literature review
b) If it is theory driven
c) If it is a scientific study
d) None of the above
18- According to Kuhn, theories are used in the job of _____________
a) Evolution of the field
b) Puzzle-solving
c) Modifying behaviors
d) All of the above
19- The theory about working memory says, people vary in their working memory
______________.
a) Pace
b) Capacity
c) Dimensions
d) Both a & b
20- It has often been observed that speakers who begin the process of SLA later in life
usually have a different ____________________.
a) accent
b) pronunciation
c) phonology
d) intonation

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 Chapter 02: Early Theories in Second Language Acquisition

1. According to most of the theories given yet, acquisition is mostly related to:
a. Psychological processes b. Physical processes
c. Cognitive ability d. Learning ability
2. Behaviorism is a theory that explains behavior without----------
a. Mental processes b. Responses
c. Conditioning d. External factors
3. Modern behaviorism is based on ----------
a. Larsen Freeman's research b. Chomsky's research
c. Pavlov's experiments d. Stephen Krashen’s research
4. According to SLA in context of behaviorism, one can learn a language through----------
a. Linguistic competence b. Imitation
c. Mental faculty d. Consciousness
5. Monitor theory finds its main resonance with----------
a. Teachers b. Learners and teachers
c. Acquirers d. All of above
6. Monitor theory is connected to Chomsky's concept of language as it focuses on
a. Linguistic performance b. Learning of rules
c. Language acquisition dev d. Learning of sentences
7. In structuralist-behaviorist theory, the environment was seen as a --------- factor in any
kind of learning:
a) enhancing b. Controlling
c) restricting d. Destroying
8. 1: The goal of behaviorist research was to describe what was directly ---------- and not to
explain the ----------- behind them:
a) explained, observation b. Observable, processes
c) structured, processes d. None of these
9. First language acquisition research was done in:
a. 1950's b. 1970's
c. 1960's. d. 1980's

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10. Behaviorists claimed that mental processes were not involved at all in............:
a. speaking b. Writing
c. learning d. Observing
11. The theory that says language acquisition occurs when learners receive messages they
understand, is known as
a. Affective filter. b. Monitor Theory
c. Comprehensible d. Natural order theory
12. Who gave the distinction between learning and acquisition?
a. Stephen Krashen b. Larsen Freeman
c. Mc Laughlin d. Pinker
13. The notion of __________claims that all learning is the result of operant conditioning.
a. Behaviorism b. Structuralism
c. Functionalism d. Modularity
14. Krashen states that ________________is controlled by the learning system and is used to
correct errors in the utterance.
a. Behaviorism b. Monitor
c. Explicit behavior d. Acquisition
15. _______ results in being able to understand and use the language spontaneously and
unconsciously.
a. Learning b. Negative reinforcement
c. Positive reinforcement d. Comprehension

16. Acquirers are able to operate language learning by ---------

a. By rule b. By enthusiasm
c. By feel d. All given
17. According to Krashen, SLA is much more like?
a. Second language learning b. First language acquisition
b. First language learning d. None
18. According to monitor theory, learning is ---------- and acquisition is -----------
a. Implicit, explicit b. Both are explicit
c. Both are implicit d. Explicit, implicit

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19. Monitor theory is also called -------------
a. Explicit/implicit theory b. Non-interface theory
c. Interference theory d. Non-learning theory
20. The utility of learned knowledge in learning is--------- according to the natural order
hypothesis of monitor theory.
a. Effective b. Negligible
c. Basic d. Non-affiliated
21. According to Krashen’s input hypothesis, comprehensible input is denoted as---------
a. i -1 b. i
c. i + 2 d. i + 1
22. According to Krashen’s input hypothesis, individual's mental proficiency is denoted by---
--------
a. i + 2 b. i
c. i - 1 d. i + 1
23. According to affective filter hypothesis of monitor theory, affective filter leads to the -----
---- of language acquisition.
a. Hindrance b. Acquaintance
d. Emergence d. None
24. According to monitor theory, --------- is the result of acquisition and -------- is the result of
learning.
a. Utterance, production b. Rules, forms
c. Production, knowledge d. Knowledge, production
25. Learner's speech or production often follows ---------- paths and stages in learning.
a. Ambiguous paths b. Predictable paths
c. Haphazard paths d. Unconscious paths

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 Chapter 03: Linguistics theory, universal grammar, and second
language acquisition.
1- The linguistic theory, Universal grammar and second language acquisition, is given
by: -
a) Kathleen
b) Lydia White
c) Robert DeKeyser
d) Bill VanPatten

2- The linguistic competence of native speakers of a language includes knowledge

about:
a) ambiguity and of ungrammaticality
b) phonology
c) morphology and syntax
d) none of these

3- Sentences involving wh-movements out of islands are ----------- in English:

a) correct
b) inappropriate
c) ungrammatical
d) ambiguous
4- TGG stands for:
a) Traditional Generative Grammar
b) Transformational Generative Grammar
c) Traditional Generative Glossary
d) none of these

5- Language of L2 learners is:

a) systematic and rule-governed
b) ungrammatical
c) un structural

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d) all of these

6- UG approach claim that there is a set of -------------- that control the shape of human
languages.
(a) Principles
(b) Parameters
(c) Island constraints
(d) principles and parameters

7- Head parameters determine the relative positioning of heads with respect to their -----------
---------
(a) Complements
(b) Principles
(c) Phrase
(d) Reflexives

8-UG is a proper theory as it explains the underlying linguistic knowledge in which ---------
Learners mind.
(a) First language learners
(b) Second Language Learners
(c) EFL learners
(d) None of these

9-All human beings inherit a universal set of principles that provide SLLs to acquire L2 as
they acquire their native language with the help of an acquisition device that is--------
(a) LAD
(b) Inflections
(c) Features
(d) UG

10- Universal principles and language specific parameter settings must be triggered by
________ from the language being acquired.

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(a) output
(b) input
(c) input and output
(d) none of these

11-Second language learning is ________ across linguistic subsystems.

(a) variable
(b) constant
(c) construct
(d) none of these

12- Hulstijin's identification of explicit with __________ knowledge.

(a) conscious
(b) unconscious
(c) subconscious
(d) All the answers are correct

13-Researchers working in the generative SLA framework agree the acquisition process is
______.
(a) explicit
(b) implicit
(c) positive feedback
(d) negative feedback

14-The central tenet of the theory is that the __________ of native speaker.
(a) language
(b) behaviour
(c) linguistic competence
(d) none of these

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15- The four common areas of misunderstanding about generative SLA are: The scope of the
theory, Lack of native like success in L2, methodology and...............?
(a) approach
(b) importance
(c) transfer
(d) forward

16- UG is a theory of.......................?

(a) Constrains
(b) String
(c) language
(d) both a and b

17- UG says nothing about the time course of acquisition.

(a) Translation
(b) Vocabulary
(c) L1 and L2
(d) grammar

18- One misconception about L1 is that it should play a trivial role in the acquisition
of..................?
(a) any grammar
(b) language
(c) UG
(d) Second language

19- ....................takes place by means of mechanisms within the language module (including
UG)
(a) language learning
(b) language acquisition
(c) Language comprehension

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(d) language interpretation

20- ............................. Setting does not provide a theory of language development.

(a) theory of parameter
(b) theory of principle
(c) theory of acquisition
(d) theory of interaction

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Chapter 04: One Functional Approach to SLA (The Concept-Oriented
Approach)
1. A basic tenet of the concept-oriented approach to SLA is that adult learners of second
or foreign languages already have access of ……… from their previous linguistic and
cognitive experience.

a) Syntactic concepts c) Semantic concepts

b) Morphological concepts d) All of these

2. Concept oriented approach embracing a multilevel analysis document the range of

………… that speakers use to express a particular concept.

a) Linguistic devices c. Linguistic performances

b) Linguistic competences d. Linguistic experiences

3. Who first argued that children are born with a specific innate ability to discover for
themselves the underlying rules of language system on the basis of the samples of a
natural language they are exposed to?

a. Ferdinand De Saussure c. Noam Chomsky

b. Eve Clark d. Stephen Krashen

4. Second language learners of lexical stage use some linguistic devices in their
repertoire to indicate time or temporality _______.

a) Temporal adverbials c. Locative adverbials

b) Connectives d. All of these

5. Linguists studying SLA are trying to figure out the problem…………

a) How people learn L2 and which factor help or hinder language learning
b) The cultural dimensions of language learning
c) How people learn their L1
d) They rank and recommend the best language learning software programs
available

6. Prague School Functionalism pioneered work on……….

a) Functional sentence perspective

b) word order
c) phonological, grammatical and semantic structure
d) All of these

7. The concept-oriented approach to SLA owes its articulation to……….

a) Von Stutterheim and Klein c. Bates and Mawhinney

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 b) Hopper and Bardovi Harlig d. none

8. The concept-oriented approach is particularly compatible with……….

a) Meaning-oriented approach c. Structure-oriented approach

b) Function-oriented approach d. Both a and b

9. _________... has benefited greatly from cross-linguistic studies.

a) The range of systems

b) The range of expressions
c) The expression of time relations
d) SLA

10. Concept-oriented analysis typically do not report the findings in terms of………….

a) whether the learners are correct or incorrect relative to target language

b) how learners use language
c) how learners construct their language
d) all of these

11. Bardovi-Harlig studied mainly about ………..

a) Chronological order of the events

b) RORs which include past time
c) Narrative techniques
d) How learners express past time event

12. In Bardovi-Harlig study "Sara entered college in 1980.She had graduated from high
school five years earlier “the first sentence is the example of .........

a) Chronological order
b) Morphological order
c) RORs or the event is not in the order in which it has happened.
d) Morphological stages

13. The concept-oriented approach is_________.....

a) the functionalist approach that emphasizes to cram the rules of second

language
b) the functionalist approach that is related to second language acquisition
c) function-to-form approach that emphasize on structure
d) a form-to-function approach that emphasize on writing

14. Which is not true about concept-oriented approach ________?

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 a) A concept-oriented approach begins with a concept to be investigated.
b) A concept-oriented approach examines how the expression changes over time.
c) A concept-oriented approach examines how the means of expression interact.
d) A concept-oriented approach examines the form-to-function approach

15. Form-focused approach focuses on_________......

a) The acquisition of pluperfect. c. Both a and b

b) The acquisition of RORs. d. None of these

16. ………..proceeds without making demands on Central attentional resources.

a. Functional approach c. Implicit
b. Concept oriented approach learning
d. Explicit learning
17. In the case of explicit learning a series of successive facts are………
a) Read c. Verbalized
b) Written d. Memorized

18. Learners can't verbalize what they have learned in …………..

a. Explicit learning c. Visual learning

b. Implicit learning d. Aural learning

19. In implicit learning resulting knowledge is………

a) Authentic c. Symbolic
b) Logical d. Sub symbolic

20. Concept oriented approach lacks the predictive power of _________..

a) Research c. Hypothesis
b) Theory d. Framework

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 Chapter 05: Usage-Based Approaches to SLA
1. Who introduce the Usage-Based theory in 2003?
a. Benjamin Whorf b. Roman Jakobson
c. Edward Sapir d. Michael Tomasello
2. Usage-Based Approach is more concerned about _______.
a. Structure b. Input
c. Output d. Meaning
3. Is SLA means to acquire a foreign language?
a. Yes b. No
4. What is construction? Pairing of ________.
a. Form and Meaning b. Words and Morphemes
c. Phonemes and Syllable d. None of them
5. Are Constructions restricted to the level of words?
a. Yes b. No
6. One of the most common misunderstanding about usage-based is that, this theory
gives more focus to ________.
a. Prototypicality b. Frequency
c. Meaning d. Contingency
7. Specific kind of construction which usage-based theory used is _______.
a. Noun Argument b. Object Argument
c. Verb Argument d. Semantics
8. Usage-based theory considers over ________.
a. Frequency b. Contingency
c. Prototypicality d. All of these
9. In VAC can we understand the meaning of Verb separately, without its arguments?
a. Yes. b. No
10. Arguments of verb are ________.
a. Noun b. Verb
c. Object d. All
11. Usage based approach maintain that incidental associative learning is sufficient for
________ learning.

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a. SLA b. L1
c. A and B d. None of them
12. Usage of language is necessary, and it is sufficient for _________ acquisition.
a. L1 b. SLA
c. a and b d. None
13. Second language learning is ________ across linguistic sub-system.
a. Same b. Change
c. Identical d. Equal
14. Errors occur in SLA like _________.
a. Structural errors b. Negation and question formation
c. Tenses mistake d. All of these
15. Example of Implicit learning is __________.
a. L1 b. SLA
c. a and b d. None
16. Learner's perceptual system becomes tuned to expect constructions according to
their probability of occurrence in the input, __________.
a. Through experience b. Through acquisition
c. Through learning d. Through b and c
17. When a learner notices a word, _________ is formed in his perceptual system:
a. Frequency b. Contingency
c. Detector unit d. Exemplar
18. According to associative learning theory, every detector unit contains:
a. One threshold level b. One resting level
c. Memory d. Both a and b
19. In associative learning theory, when activation reaches above threshold then:
a. Detector turns off b. Detector fires
c. Memory forms d. Exemplar forms
20. Usage base theory investigates how language acquisition is based on:
a. Exemplars b. Memory
c. Association d. Construction

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21. The typical members of categories that are similar to many members of their
category but not similar to members of other categories is called __________.
a. Exemplar b. Prototype
c. a and b both d. Imitation
22. "Connectionist" reflects the idea that _________ are in essence interconnected
networks of simple units.
a. Mental models b. Behavioral models
c. a and b both d. Social models
23. People are generally faster at generating plurals for the _________.
a. Irregular plurals b. Prototype
c. default case d. b and c both
24. Language is _________ adaptive system.
a. Complex b. Simple
c. Slow d. Quick
25. Associative learned theory in animals and humans is affected by _________.
a. Environment b. Mental problems
c. Learned attention d. Strict rules

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 Chapter 06: Skill Acquisition Theory
1. In the stage “acting on” what turns “knowledge that” into…….?
a) Knowledge how
b) Knowledge what
c) Knowledge why
d) All of the above
2. The percentage of error can be done by….
a) Reaction time
b) Error rate
c) Practice time
d) None
3. ….. is not an all-or-nothing affair.
a) Behaviorism
b) Declaration
c) Automaticity
d) None
4. A central concept in the study of skill acquisition is the……law.
a) Power
b) Mass
c) Practice
d) All of the above
5. Proceduralisation can be complete after just a few………
a) Experiments
b) Trials
c) None of these
d) None
1. CALP stands for:
a. Communicative Academic Language Psychology
b. Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
c. Cognitive Academic Language Psychology
d. Cognitive Acquisition Language Psychology
2. A substantial amount of second/foreign language learning is done by adolescents and
adults of above-average aptitude going through the _______ stages of learning in a
school context:
a. Initial
b. Intermediate
c. Final
d. None of the above
3. Considerable periods of time are required to reach high levels of ________:
a. Proficiency
b. Competence
c. Skill
d. All of the above

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4. Practice has been defined as,' Repeated performance on a task that can already be
successfully performed' by which of the following psycholinguists:
a. Rosenbloom
b. Newell
c. Robert DeKeyser
d. Both „a‟ and „b‟
5. Skill Acquisition Theory is most easily applicable because of its emphasis on the
importance of: a. Explicit knowledge
b. Implicit knowledge
c. Both „a‟ and „b‟
d. None
6. Declarative, proceduralization and automatizing knowledge are related to?
a. The nature of theory
b. Early theory in DAL
c. Skill acquisition theory
d. Processability theory
7. Explicit or implicit learning or acquisition is dependent on?
a. Complexity of the rule
b. Simplicity of the rule
c. All
d. None
8. Simple rules can be learned through
a. Implicitly
b. Explicitly
c. Fairly
d. None
9. According to DeKeyser and Criado, since second/foreign language proficiency
involves a set of skills that permit speakers to comprehend and produce messages....
a. Rapidly and efficiently
b. Undoubtedly
c. Generally
d. Particularly
10. Complex rule may be better acquired:
a. Explicitly
b. Implicitly
c. Doubtedly
d. None

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 Chapter 07: Input Processing in Adult SLA

1. ________ is concerned with how learners come to make form-meaning connections

or parse sentences.
a) Parsing c) Associative Learning theory
b) Input Processing theory d) The Concept-Oriented approach
2. The implicit process of micro-second-by-micro-second computation of the syntactic
structure of a sentence during real-time comprehension is called _______.
a) Parsing c) Semantic Processing
b) Syntactic Projection d) Syntactic Development
3. Input Processing theory was first presented in ____ by _______.
a) 1976, Manfred Piemen & Lenzing c) 1996, Bill Van Patten
b) 1987, Michael T. Ullman d) 1994, Kathleen Bardovi
4. The Meaning before Non-Meaning Principle asserts that learners are most likely to
process
a) Redundant meaningful grammatical markers before Non-Redundant meaningful
grammatical markers.
b) Non-Redundant meaningful grammatical markers before Redundant meaningful
grammatical markers.
c) Meaningful grammatical markers before non-meaningful grammatical
markers.
d) Lexical forms for meaning before grammatical forms.
5. When only one noun is capable of performing an action in the sentence because the
meanings of the verbs place requirements on nouns for an action or event to occur, it
refers to:
a) The Event Probability Principle c) Contextual-Constraint Principle
b) The Lexical Semantics Principle d) The First-Noun Principle
6. Input Processing theory is not:
a) concerned with initial data gathering
b) concerned with how learners get intake from the input
c) A model of acquisition
d) A research domain to processing and parsing of L2 sentences
7. IP theory offers ________ of SLA.
a) Meaning-based approach
b) Concept-based approach
c) An input-based and input-processing perspective
d) Form-Function & Form-Meaning perspective
8. The common misunderstanding regarding Input Processing Theory is that:
a) Input processing is a pedagogical approach.
b) It deals with parsing strategies of L2 sentences.
c) It studies the way grammatical roles are assigned to nouns.

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 d) IP is one part of a complex set of processes that in acquisition.
9. ________ states that if grammatical forms express a meaning that can also be
encoded lexically, they’ll only be processed when there are lexical forms to relate
with them.
a) The Meaning before the non-meaning principle
b) The Lexical Preference Principle
c) The Preference for Non-redundancy Principle
d) The Sentence Location Principle
10. IP is not equivalent to noticing as it only means:
a) Making form-meaning connections
b) Parsing of syntactic structure
c) Initial processing of data
d) Becoming aware of a formal feature of language
11. The pedagogical intervention or technique that manipulates input in certain ways to
counteract the (potential) negative effects of various input processing principles is
called _____.
a) Pedagogical grammar c) Input processing Instruction
b) Processing Instruction d) Optimal Processing
12. Input Processing is not a comprehensive model of acquisition instead it aims to be a
theory of what happens during:
a) Comprehension c) Listening
b) Speaking d) Reading
13. Input Processing theory deals with the ______ L2 learners might encounter in dealing
with the properties of the new language.
a) Processing problems c) Production issues
b) Explicit processes d) Both b & c
14. Input processing theory says that L2 learners have _________. Therefore, differ from
native speakers in the moment-by-moment processing of information.
a) Limited Capacity processors c) Near-native speakers
b) Non-natives of a language d) Limited vocabulary
15. The model of IP is presented as ______ on the issue of whether adults engage
implicit or explicit processes when learning a second language.
a) Implicit process c) Neutral/agnostic
b) Explicit process d) None of them
16. The ______ principle that does not override The First-Noun Principle.
a) The Event-Probability Principle c) Contextual-Constraint Principle
b) The Lexical Preference Principle d) The Lexical Semantics Principle
17. Patten has originally considered and labelled The First-Noun Principle as:
a) Universal strategy/principle c) Individual strategy
b) Contextual strategy/principle d) Both a & b

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18. _____refers to the contribution made to the meaning of an utterance by a linguistic
form.
a) Communicative value c) Pragmatic value
b) Linguistic Value d) None of these
19. According to Input Processing theory, learners begin acquisition with native language
parsing procedures. This is codified in:
a) The lexical Preference Principle
b) The Lexical Semantics Principle
c) The L1 Transfer Principle
d) The Availability of Resources Principle
20. Which processing principle deals with how the specific position of a target form has
an impact on whether or not that form is likely to be processed?
a) The Sentence Location Principle
b) The First-Noun Principle
c) The Primacy of Meaning Principle
d) The Primacy of Content Words Principle

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 Chapter 08: The Declarative/Procedural Model: A Neurobiologically
Motivated Theory of First and Second language
1) Reusing structures to solve new problems occurs evolutionarily and also _______.
a) Developmentally
b) Neurologically
c) Preliminarily
d) Hypothetically
2) _________ memory systems play key roles in language.
a) Autobiographical
b) Declarative and procedural
c) Sensory
d) None of these
3) In the declarative/procedural model, _____________ since the predictions for L2 are
intimately bound up with those for L1.
a) L1 is the point of focus
b) L2 is the point of focus
c) L1 and L2 are explicitly compared
d) L1 and L2 are implicitly compared
4) The hippocampus and ____________ structures are critical for learning consolidating new
knowledge in declarative system.
a) Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL)
b) Temporal lobe
c) Parietal lobe
d) Occipital lobe
5) Procedural memory system is specialized for _________.
a) Realistic outcomes
b) Probalistic outcomes
c) Both of these
d) None of these
6) __________ type of knowledge is based on two memory systems.
a) Dependent

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b) Independent
c) Propositional
d) Non-propositional
7) Declarative memory is considered necessary for learning _________ piece of information.
a) Phonological
b) Orthographical
c) Arbitrary
d) None of these
8) Knowledge and skills basically rely on_______ regions.
a) BA 44
b) Broca’s area
c) Basal ganglia
d) Neocortical
9) Most importantly, grammar tends to depend more on _________ and less on__________
in L2 than L1
a) Declarative memory, Procedural memory
b) Procedural memory, Declarative memory
c) Explicit, Implicit
d) Implicit, Explicit
10) The lack of __________ may encourage learning in procedural memory.
a) Implicit instructions
b) Explicit instructions
c) Grammar instructions
d) None of these
11) People who are better at learning in __________ memory are also better at word learning.
a) Declarative memory
b) Procedural memory
c) Short-term memory
d) Long-term memory
12) The approach in which we try to find out which particular brain damage causes the loss
of certain cognitive functions is called ________.

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a) DP model
b) Co-relational studies
c) The lesion method
d) Double dissociations
13) Patients with lesion limited to the medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampus,
should have trouble in learning________.
a) Facts
b) Events
c) Words
d) All of these
14) In ____________ study, electrical potentials from brain activity are recorded from
electrodes placed on the scalp. It occurs right after a person sees, hears a word or sees a
picture
a) EEGs (Electro Encephalo Grams)
b) ERP (Event Related Potentials)
c) PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
d) None of these
15) Functional neuroimaging methods such as __________ and __________ have been
widely used to examine the neural bases of both L1 and L2.
a) EEG, ERP
b) PET, FMRI
c) PET, LTD
d) None of these
16) The DP model lies within _______ broad classes of neurocognitive models of L2.
a) 4
b) 3
c) 5
d) 6
17) ___________ suggests that a shift between neurocognitive systems can take place both
for rule-governed grammatical processes, and at least some lexical properties, specifically,
grammatical properties of lexical items that are generally implicit in L1.
a) Paradis

27
b) Clahsen
c) Bley-Vroman
d) Van Dijk
18) Clahsen’s model focuses on ______ processing claims.
a) Neurocognitive
b) Neurobiological
c) Psycholinguistic
d) None of these
19) ____________ grammar typically involves presenting subjects with letter or tone
sequences that are generated by some grammar.
a) Pedagogical grammar
b) Universal grammar
c) Generative grammar
d) Artificial grammar
20) Rules of artificial grammar can be consistent with the rules of ____________ languages.
a) Artificial
b) Natural
c) Both of these
d) None of these
21) In SLA, exposure to the input of L2 is necessary but _______and______ are also
important.
a) Types of input, amount of input
b) Amount of input, rules of L2
c) Types of input, rules of L2
d) None of these
22) Explicit knowledge is sub-served by_______.
a) Procedural memory
b) Declarative memory
c) Short-term memory
d) None of these
23) Implicit knowledge is sub-served by _______.

28
a) Procedural memory
b) Declarative memory
c) Short term memory
d) None of these
24) The mapping between declarative/procedural memory, on one hand, and explicit/implicit
knowledge on the other, is by no means __________.
a) Isomorphic
b) Polymorphic
c) Both of these
d) None of these
25) DP model generates wide range of neurobiological and behavioral predictions for
____________.
a) L1
b) L2
c) Both of these
d) None of these

29
 Chapter 09: Processability Theory
1) Processability Theory is a theory of:
a) Second language Development
b) First language Development
c) SLA
d) FLA
2) Problems crucial to address in understanding second language Acquisition are;
a) Development problem
b) Logical problem
c) Structural problem
d) a & b
3) In LFG (Lexical Functional Grammar) information exchange process is called:
a) locus of exchange
b) Feature unification
c) lexical Functional
d) all of them
4) Separate & Connected modules in processability theory are based on:
a) UG (universal grammar)
b) FG (functional grammar)
c) TG (traditional grammar)
d) LFG (lexical Functional Grammar)
5) .................. is based on the notion of transfer of grammatical information within &
between the phrases & sentences:

a) Processability Theory
b) Lexical Functional Grammar
c) Processability Hierarchy
d) All of these
6) Who said that the processability hierarchy is based on the notion of transfer of
grammatical information?
a) Pienemann

30
b) Anke Lenzing
c) Levelt's
d) Hoenkamp
7) What is language acquisition?
a) Learning about a language's origin
b) Natural and unconscious development of a language
c) Purchasing a language app on your smart phone
d) The process of buying a language
8) According to Processability theory, how many features are there in a sentence?
a) 3
b) 2
c) 4
d) 1
9) According to Processability theory, which of the following can be called as a feature
of a sentence?
a) Number
b) Person
c) Tense
d) All of these
10) Processability hierarchy and the leeway generates at every level:
a) Feature unification
b) Hypothesis space
c) Developmental problem
d) Logical problem
(11) In processability theory UG function is considered to be...... in the initial L2
grammatical system
(a) Absent
(b) Present
(c) Main part
d) None of these
(12) MCH stands for.........

31
(a) Multiple corporation hypothesis
(b) Mass communication hypothesis
(c) Multiple constraints hypothesis
d) All of these
(13) MCH makes the assumption that grammatical functions are............at their initial
stage:
(a) Inaccessible
(b) Accessible
(c) Complex
d) Accessible
(14) A major misunderstanding regarding Processability Theory is that it can be
applied on .......
(a) Any language
(b) A single language
(c) Every discipline
d) English speakers
(15) PT has been designed as a Universal Theory for the development of......
(a) Native language
(b) L2
(c) UG
d) LAD

16) The TOPIC hypothesis predicts that initially SLA learners will not differentiate
between ______
(a) TOPIC and SUBJECT
(b) TOPIC and OBJECT
(c) TOPIC and VERB
(d) All of these
17) SLA is....... in its outcome
(a) Consonant
(b) Variable

32
(c) Complex sentence
(d) None of these
18) There are ____ on the effects of frequency on SLA
(a) Limits
(b) Assumptions
(c) Instructions
(d) Confusions of age
19) PT is...........with how a grammar comes to be in a learner's mind
(a) More concerned
(b) Theory
(c) Less concerned
(d) More concerned
20) Kawaguchi conducted two longitudinal studies spanning............ Years respectively
(a) 3 and 4
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 8 and 9
(d) 7 and 8

21) Which of the following is an independent and parallel level of representation of

lexical functional grammar?
a) Argument structure
b) Functional structure
c) Constituent structure
d) All of these
22) ____________ is related to who does what to whom in a sentence.
a) Constituent structure
b) Argument structure
c) Functional structure
d) Phrase structure
23) Constituent structure is another name for __________
a) Noun phrase

33
b) Lexical mapping
c) Phrase structure
d) None of these
24) Lexical mapping theory is a component of:
a) Usage based approaches to SLA
b) Lexical-functional grammar
c) Sociocultural theory
d) None of these
25) _________ implies that L2 acquisition starts with an unmarked assignment of
functional structure.
a) Sociolinguistic theory
b) Functional approach to SLA
c) Processability Theory
d) Input, interaction and output theory

34
 Chapter 10: Input, Interaction and Output in Second Language Acquisition
1. _______ refers to the language that a learner is exposed to in a communicative context.
a. Output
b. Input
c. Interaction
d. Feedback
2. According to Van Patten and Williams, Interaction Hypothesis of SLA includes _______
a. Elements of a hypothesis
b. Elements of a model
c. Elements of a theory
d. All of these
3. _______ is one way of alerting a learner to the possibility of an error in his or her speech.
a. Negative evidence
b. Positive evidence
c. Implicit feedback
d. Explicit feedback
4. _______ is important because through this learner receive information about correctness
and incorrectness of their utterances.
a. Input
b. Output
c. Interaction
d. Feedback
5. Swain claims that language production forces learners to move from comprehension to
_______
a. Syntactic use of language
b. Morphology of language
c. Syntax of language
d. None of these
6. Ffeedback occurs during negotiation for_______
a. communicating
b. explaining

35
c. meaning
d. Interacting
7. Confirmation, Clarification, comprehension and recasts are the forms of _______
feedback.
a. implicit
b. explicit
c. Positive
d. Negative
8. Language-related episodes is also studied within context of _______.
a. attention
b. communication
c. interaction
d. observation
9. Confirmation checks are designed to elicit confirmation that an utterance has been
correctly ________
a) uttered
b) delivered
c) heard or understood
d) All of these
10."Is this what you mean?" is an example of _______
a. confirmation
b. Clarification
c. comprehension
d. Recasts.
11. In which way information exchange whereby both parties hold information that is vital to
the resolution of the tasks?
a. Two-way tasks
b. One-way tasks
c. Both a and b
d. None of these
12. One difficulty common in any approach to SLA is in the ________

36
a. Operationalization of learning
b. Actual interaction
c. Cross sectional design
d. Case study
13. _______ has been implicated as a potential explanation for how interaction-driven L2
learning take place, as well as language learning in general.
a. Long term memory
b. Working memory
c. Short term memory
d. None
14. Interation researchers are usually interested in eliciting specific --------- to test whether
particular kinds of interactive feedback on non-target like forms are associated with learning
or not.
a. Traditional structures
b. Syntactic use
c. Pragmatic use
d. Grammatical structures
15. Second language learners are exposed to _______ than they can process and that some
mechanism is needed to help learners "sort through" the massive amounts of input they
receive.
a. Simplest constructions
b. Complex structures
c. More Input
d. Less Input
16.Second language learning is _______ in its outcome.
a. Variable
b. Non-variable
c. Negotiative
d. None of these
17. _______ frequency is insufficient to account for learning in the absence of some other
considerations.
a. Output

37
b. Input
c. Input and Output
d. None of these
18. The most important output is that output which _______ the limited linguistic resources
of a learner.
a. Stretches
b. Strengthen
c. Modifies
d. Both a and b
19. Oral imitation test is about _______
a. Explicit knowledge
b. Implicit knowledge
c. Learning SLA
d. All of these
20. One of the central components of the interaction approach is the role of ________
a. Negotiation
b. Attention
c. Observation
d. Production

38
Chapter 11: Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Development
1) STC approaches deals with:
a. communicative processes
b. cultural process
c. cognitive processes
d. both a & c
2) STC in nature as a research framework is:
a. analytical framework
b. descriptive framework
c. transcriptive framework
d. both a & b
3) Can declarative system convert into procedural knowledge if enough practiced:
a. Yes
b. No
c. Maybe
d. Absolute no
4) In STI, concept must be presented in a manner that is:
a. age appropriate
b. skill appropriate
c. ability appropriate
d. none of these
5) Which principle construct includes all varieties of SCT:
a. Internalization
b. Meditation
c. ZPD
d. Dynamic assessment.
6. Our first language is used for......?
a) Communicative interaction
b) To regulate cognitive processes
c) Both a and b
d) None of these

39
7. Learners must necessarily rely on L1 for which purpose?
a) To mediate learning of L2
b) For communication
c) For studies
d) All of these
8. Which is the source of learning in SCT?
a) Foreign language
b) Social world
c) Participation in culturally organized activity
d) Both b and c
9. An intentional, goal directed, meaningful activity called?
a) Incidental learning
b) Intentional learning
c) Focused study
d) None of these
10. Evidence shows that social speech produced in L1 and L2 has an impact on the learning
of?
a) L1 c) both
b) L2 d) None of these
11. Vygotsky's "zone of proximal development" refers to?
a) Cognitive psychologist belief that learning occurs
b) An emphasis on verbal scaffolding
c) The difference between independent actions and the ones needing assistance
d) The difference between higher order thinking and learning
12. The zone of proximal development is best described as:
a) Where interrelated sets of actions, memories, thoughts and strategies may be employed to
predict and understand environment
b) The memory store that allows the brief storage of large amounts of information for a very
short time
c) The difference between child's independently determined developmental level and
their potential level of development determined when problem solving with adults or
more capable peers

40
d) The concept that suggest that the objects continue to exist independently of the ability to
perceive or act on them
13. The sociocultural view of development is a theory of which theorists in the list below?
a) Brunet
b) Vygotsky
c) Piaget
d) Baillargeon
14. Vygotsky
a) Guided participation
b) Social learning
c) Apprenticeship in thinking
d) Sociocultural theorists
15. Anything people use that help them to think and learn, such as numbering or writing
systems. The most important tool for V. was language. Vygotsky stressed that human
thinking is mediated by the tools we use.
a) Zone of proximal development
b) Scaffolding
c) Tools or signs
d) Scientific concepts
16. In mediation, ---------- is not a stable condition.
a) Other-regulation
b) Self-regulation
c) Object regulation
d) None
17. SCT argues that ---------- is a necessary condition for higher mental processes.
a) neurolinguistics
b) neurobiology
c) psycholinguistics
d) psychology
18. The inward or self-directed use of language as a symbolic tool for cognitive regulation is
called
a) private speech

41
b) social speech
c) self-speech
d) none of these
19. Use of "online translation tools" to look up unknown words while reading or writing is an
example of
a) object regulation
b) self-regulation
c) other regulation
d) all of these
20. The process through which cultural artifacts, including language, take on a psychological
function is known as
a) mediation
b) SCT
c) ZPD
d) internalization

42
 Chapter 12: Complexity Theory
1) Complexity theory introduces the theme of:
(a) Emergence (b) divergence c) acquisition (d) structuralism
1) Complexity Theory is transdisciplinary in its approach because:

(a) Complexity contributes a new cross-cutting theme to theory development

(b) It is used to perform a variety of disciplines
(c) Both
(d) None

2) Resulting pattern emerging from CT are:

(a) Static (b) dynamic (c) constant (d) stable

3) Butterfly affect is exhibited through:

(a) adaptiveness (b) non-linearity (c) complexity (d) dynamic
system

4) CT adopts a__________ view of second language acquisition:

(a) sociolinguistic (b) sociohistorical (c) socio-cognitive (d) socio-
contextual

6) A possible source of confusion is that the Genesis of CT lies in the.........

(a) natural sciences (b) social sciences (c) physical sciences

7) CT is general........
(a) framework b) universal theory (c) none of these

8) Eskildsen's study was two pronged using both a longitudinal case study and............
(a) conversational analysis (b) critical analysis (c) both (a)and (b)

9) CT is Theory of...........
(a) association (b) change (c) learning

10) Complexity theories are concerned with describing and tracing emerging patterns in
…system
(a) dynamic (b) static (c) systematic
11) Frequency is determined when researchers consult a large corpus of ........... use.

43
 (a) SLA (b) FLA
(c) natural language (d) both a, c

12) CT perspective is that learners do not perceive learning affordance...............

(a) dependently b) uniformly
(c) differentially d) none of these

13) " A language is not a single homogenous construct to be acquired; rather, a complex
system view." Said by:
(a) Byrne (b) John Benjamin's
(c) Van Geert & Van Dijk (d) Larsen Freeman & Cameron

14) Heightened frequency of construction over......... leads to it's becoming ambiguous

principle of economy and semantically bleached.
(a) language (b) Time
(c) knowledge (d) learning

15) Eskildsen’s pointed out that the favoured structures allow the learners to perform
certain.............. functions.
(a) political (b) Religious
(c) social (d) cognitive

44
 Chapter 13: SLA Across 10 contemporary theories
1: - Learners come to know more than what they have exposed to ______

a. Output
b. Input
c. Both
d. None
2: - UG is affiliated with the field of _____
a. Sociolinguistics
b. Semantics
c. Generative Chomskyan linguistics
d. All
3: - complexity theory is _____ in nature.
a. Neuro-biological
b. Sociocultural
c. Both
d. Dynamic and co-adoptive
4: - incidental learning and unconscious representation related to ______
a. Usage-based approaches
b. Input processing
c. Concept oriented
d. Skill acquisition
5: - skill acquisition theory focusses on the _____
a. Prototypical
b. Input processing
c. Both a and b
d. Neurolinguistics
6. Theory focuses little on _______ and concentrates on variability.
(a) constancy
(b) system
(c) both
(d) none of these
7. The declarative model does not directly investigate __________ development.
(a) linguistic
(b) behaviour
(c) both
(d) none of these

45
8. Complexity Theory occupies an interesting position between ________ and Sociocultural
Theory.
(a) SLA
(b) Interaction framework
(c) Usage - based theory
(d) UG Theory
9. UG Theory views the L1 as potentially the initial point of departure for _____ acquisition.
(a) SLA
(b) linguistic behaviour
(c) constancy
(d) L2
10. Concept Oriented approach and _______ explained the interlanguage system and
variability.
(a) UG Theory
(b) SLA
(c) SAT
(d) Process-ability Theory

11. The ------- framework and process-ability Theory share the view that L2 instruction can
play no large role in learning.
a) Concept-oriented
b) Practice-oriented
c) a, b both
d) none

12. - - - - - noted that claims one-to-one principle is useful in expressing observed, external
behavior into predictive laws.
a) Van Dijk
b) Schiffrin
c) Schumann
d) Deborah Tannen

46
13. Explanatory constructs that cut across new family of SLA theories.
a) Agency
b) power
c) identity
d) All

14. - - - - - states that the best Psycholinguistics bilingual processing evidence tells us L2
competence is fundamentally different from the linguistic competence of a monolingual.
a) Deborah Tannen
b) Schumann
c) Van Dijk
d) Vivian Cook

15. Theory that go in construing that input as only one of several ingredients of SLA,
necessary, but not sufficient, and perhaps not even the most crucial one.
a) Skill acquisition Theory
b) The interaction approach
c) Sociocultural Theory
d) All
16: - The concept-oriented framework and process-ability theory also share the view that
_____ instructions can play no large role.
a) L2
b) L1
c) SLA
d) none of these
17: - Which theory has no effect possible on subconscious core knowledge?
a) Usage-Based approaches
b) Universal Grammar Theory
c) Input processing theory
d) none
18: - _______ is beneficial when it targets unproductive processing strategies that are driven
by comprehending meaning and bypass grammatical intake.

47
a) Usage-Based approaches
b) Universal Grammar Theory
c) Input processing theory
d) none
19: - ______ is beneficial if learner-centered.
a) Usage-Based approaches
b) Universal Grammar Theory
c) Input processing theory
d) complexity Theory
20: - When it helps explicit knowledge to become proceduralized.
a) Usage-Based approaches
b) Universal Grammar Theory
c) Input processing theory
d) Skill acquisition theory

-----------------------------------

48