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Medical Semiology

This document provides an overview of medical semiology, which is the science of symptoms and signs of diseases. It defines key terms like symptom, sign, and syndrome and explains the components of diagnosis - health history, physical examination, and investigations. The document outlines the structure of examining the different body systems and how to conduct an effective health history, including identifying data, chief complaints, past history, family history, and history of present illness. Physical examination involves inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of body systems.

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6K views17 pages

Medical Semiology

This document provides an overview of medical semiology, which is the science of symptoms and signs of diseases. It defines key terms like symptom, sign, and syndrome and explains the components of diagnosis - health history, physical examination, and investigations. The document outlines the structure of examining the different body systems and how to conduct an effective health history, including identifying data, chief complaints, past history, family history, and history of present illness. Physical examination involves inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of body systems.

Uploaded by

cezardomide
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MEDICAL SEMIOLOGY

BIBLIOGRAPHY
● MEDICAL SEMIOTICS by MirelaTomescu-
Bordejevic
● Bate's guide to physical examination
● http://meded.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/introduction.htm
● The Merck manual
http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/index.html
● Harrison's Priciples of Internal Medicine
● Cecil Textbook of Medicine
● http://www.learnerstv.com/medical.php (video
courses)
DEFINITION
= The science of the symptoms and signs of
diseases
SYMPTOM
● any sensation that is experienced by a patient
and is associated with a particular disease
● it is subjective
SIGN
● any abnormality, such as a change in
appearance, observed by the physician when
evaluating a patient, which indicates a
disease process
● It is objective
-SYMPTOMS: headache, nausea,
itching

- SIGNS: pallor, oedema (edema),


coma
SYNDROME
= Combination of symptoms and signs which
together represent a disease process
● One syndrome can be found in several
diseases

Icteric syndrome (fatigue, jaundice, ↑ bilirubin):


hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemolytic anemia
DIAGNOSIS = 1+2+3

1. THE HEALTH HISTORY = ANAMNESIS


(symptoms)
● good interview = 50% diagnosis !!!
● ''Listen to your patient they are telling you the
diagnosis“ is a much quoted aphorism

2. THE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION (signs)

3. INVESTIGATIONS: blood tests, radiographies,


ECG, CT, MRI, etc
THE COURSE STRUCTURE
● INTERVIEWING AND THE HEALTH HISTORY

● DETAILED TECHNIQUES FOR EXAMINING


THE DIFFERENT BODY SYSTEMS
(PHYSICAL EXAMINATION): general
appearance, the respiratory, cardio-vascular,
gastrointestinal, renal, hematologic systems
ANAMNESIS (TAKING HISTORY,
HEALTH HISTORY)

● IDENTIFYING DATA
● CHIEF COMPLAINT(S)
● PAST PERSONAL HISTORY
● FAMILY HISTORY
● LIVING AND WORKING (SOCIAL HISTORY)
● HISTORY OF THE PRESENT ILLNESS
IDENTIFYING DATA
● Age, gender, occupation, marital status

● Source of history: patient, family members,


friends, past medical record, etc

● Reliability (varies according to the patient's


memory, trust, and mood)
CHIEF COMPLAINT(S)

● SYMPTOMS OR CONCERNS CAUSING THE


PATIENT TO SEEK CARE
● EXAMPLE: fever, headache, pressure over left
chest, cough, etc
PAST HISTORY
● 1. PSYSIOLOGICAL : obstetric history
(gestations, parturitions), menstrual history
(menarche, periodicity, blood loss)

● 2. MEDICAL
- CHILDHOOD ILLNESSES: measles, rubella,
whooping cough, chicken pox, rheumatic fever,
polio, etc
- ADULT ILLNESSES (medical, surgical,
psychiatric)
FAMILY HISTORY
● SPECIFIC ILLNESSES IN FAMILY (siblings,
parents, grandparents, children, grandchildren)

● E.g.: hypertension, coronary artery disease,


elevated cholesterol level, diabetes, renal
disease, cancer, lung disease, etc
LIVING AND WORKING
● LIFESTYLE (diet, coffee, tea, tobacco use,
alcohol and drugs use, home conditions)

● OCCUPATION (working conditions)

● SOURCE OF STRESS
HISTORY OF THE PRESENT
ILLNESS
● AMPLIFIES THE CHIEF COMPLAINT
(describes each symptom in detail)

● MEDICATION (name, dose, route, frequency of


use)

● ALLERGIES
THE SEVEN ATTRIBUTES OF A
SYMPTOM
● LOCATION + RADIATION
● QUALITY
● SEVERITY
● TIMING (onset, duration, frequency)
● SITUATIONS IN WHICH SYMPTOM OCCURS
● REMITTING OR EXACERBATING FACTORS
● ASSOCIATED MANIFESTATIONS
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- THE COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION OF
THE BODY SYSTEMS
4 TOOLS:
● INSPECTION
● PALPATION (feeling with the hands)
● PERCUSSION
● AUSCULTATION (listening with a stethoscope)
!!! WASH YOUR HANDS !!!

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