Guidelines Fan Shaft Design
Guidelines Fan Shaft Design
OEM Corporation
GUIDELINES FOR
DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION
OF FAN SHAFTS
OEM Corp. 1660 Thomas Paine Pkw. Dayton OH 45459 - 937-435-3433
OEM Corporation
Guidelines For
Design and Specifications
of Fan Shafts
OEM Corporation specializes in the manufacture of high quality shafts for general purpose axial and centrifugal
fans. OEM produces straight, centerless ground shafts up to 2 15/16” in diameter, straight, centerless ground
tubular shafts up to 2” in diameter, and machined step shafts up to 4” in diameter. The following design
guidelines have been developed based on OEM’s years of experience in the manufacture of fan shafts, and are
intended to provide OEM’s customers with information on the design, material selection and specification of fan
shafts that will result in most economical shaft design
There are number of factors that need to be evaluated in the design of shafts for general purpose dans, which
are covered in the second section of these guidelines, that lead to the selection of the fan shaft diameter and
material selection for a particular application. OEM recommends the following specifications and drafting
practices for general purpose fan shafts. Following these recommendations will result in the most economical fan
shaft design and will minimize questions of interpretation of drawings.
The design specifications covered are:
1. Material Specifications
2. Shaft Diameter Tolerance
3. TIR Runout Tolerance, and Measurement
4. Surface Finish
5. Flat and Keyseat Specification, and Tolerance
6. Dimensioning Recommendations
1. Material Specifications
In most fan shaft application 1045 Steel has adequate mechanical properties to meet the requirements for safe
shaft design, and selection of 1045 Steel will result in the most economical shaft design. The selection of higher
strength materials will result in higher costs and should be avoided unless the additional yield strength is dictated
by the shaft application. Because the availability of bar stock in all diameters and grades is sometimes limited
OEM recommends specifying a range of materials that will allow OEM to provide the most economical material
available.
The recommended material specification is: Shaft Material shall be 1018 to 1060 Steel.
OEM Corp. 1660 Thomas Paine Pkw. Dayton OH 45459 - 937-435-3433
2. Shaft Diameter Tolerance
OEM recommends shaft diameter tolerances as shown below, and on the attached OEM dimensional chart.
Nominal Size and Tolerance
5/8 .6248/.6238
3/4 .7498/.7488
1 .9998/.9988
1 3/16 1.1873/1.1863
1 7/16 1.4373/1.4363
1 11/16 1.6873/1.6863
1 15/16 1.9373/1.9363
2 3/16 2.1870/2.1855
2 7/16 2.4370/2.4355
2 11/16 2.6870/2.6855
2 15/16 2.9370/2.9355
3. Runout TIR
OEM recommends a specification tolerance on TIR of 0.002”/foot of shaft length. OEM checks and straightens
shafts to this specification. The TIR is measured at the indicated wheel location or at the center of the shaft with
the shaft supported in “V” blocks at the indicated bearing locations. It is recommended that the approximate
wheel and bearing locations be indicated on the drawings as shown in Figure 1.
4. Surface Finish
OEM’s centerless grinding process provides an excellent surface finish suitable for pillow block bearing
application. OEM can also provide shafts with improved surface finish for sleeve bearing application at
additional cost. Recommendations for surface finishes at lower microinch values should be obtained from the
bearing manufacturer. Contact OEM for quotations when specifying special surface finish requirements.
OEM recommends the following surface finish specification:
Shaft Size Surface Finish
Under 1” 25 Microinch
1” to 1 3/16” 32 Microinch
1 7/16” to 1 11/16” 42 Microinch
1 15/16” and over 46 Microinch
OEM Corp. 1660 Thomas Paine Pkw. Dayton OH 45459 9374353433
5. Flat and Keyseat Specification and Tolerance
Keyseats
The length of a keyseat should be specified defining the usable keyseat length not including the cutter radius at
the end(s) of the keyseat. The recommended length and position tolerance for keyseats is +/- 0.060”.
The depth of the keyseat should be specified as the dimension from the bottom of the keyseat to the opposite
side of the shaft, which can be accurately measured. The recommended tolerance on this keyseat dimension and
keyseat width are shown on the attached OEM dimensional chart. The keyseat dimensions are based on the use
of “Bar Stock” keys.
Flats
The length of flats should be specified as the overall length of the flat including the radius at the end(s) of the flat.
The recommended tolerance on the length and position of a flat is +/- 0.060”.
The depth of the flat should be specified as the dimension from the bottom of the flat to the opposite side of the
shaft, which can be accurately measured. The recommended tolerance on this dimension is shown on the
attached OEM dimensional chart.
6. Drawing Dimensioning
OEM recommends that the shaft drawing show the shaft dimensions and specifications as shown in figure 1.
Using these guidelines will minimize questions of drawing interpretation between OEM and the customer.
OEM Corp. 1660 Thomas Paine Pkw. Dayton OH 45459 - 937-435-3433
Shaft Design Considerations
For General Purpose Fans
There are a number design characteristics that need to be evaluated to determine the shaft size and material
selection for a fan application. This discussion is limited to the design of straight solid shafts up to 2 15/16” in
diameter with one fan wheel mounted between bearings, or mounted cantilever outboard of the bearings. The
same general principles apply to other fan applications, however the process is more complex when dealing with
multiple fan wheels on a single shaft, applications requiring step shafts, or for operation at high speeds or at
elevated temperatures.
There are four design characteristics that need to be evaluated for determination of the fan shaft diameter and
material requirement.
A. Critical Speed
B. Torsional Stiffness
C. Combined Torsion and Bending Stress
D. Bearing Selection for Adequate Bearing Life
In addition to the above design characteristics there is one area that is often overlooked in the physical design of
the fan, and that is the location of the driven pulley to the drive side bearing. For fans the predominate factor in
determining the fan shaft size is the load on the drive side bearing. The load on the drive side bearing can be
minimized by mounting the pulley as close to the bearing as is practical. In addition to reducing the load on the
bearing the bending moment on the shaft is also reduced. It is good general practice to design the fan assembly
to keep the driven pulley as close as practical to the drive side bearing.
1. Shaft Critical Speed
The shaft, fan wheel, and pulley assembly will have natural frequency dependent on the weight and location of
the components. Operation at this natural frequency, called the critical speed, will allow the assembly to vibrate
excessively do to even a small unbalance in the rotating assembly, and can lead to fan failure. The shaft design
should be such that the maximum operating speed is no more than 80% of the critical speed.
Typical general purpose fans use self aligning cartridge or pillow block bearing and the shaft can be considered
as supported at the ends rather than fixed. For this condition the critical speed of the shaft can be calculated
from the following formula for fans where the fan wheel is mounted between bearings. (This equation assumes
the deflection of the shaft do to the weight of the pulley is negligible.)
OEM Corp. 1660 Thomas Paine Pkw. Dayton OH 45459 - 937-435-3433
3
3
1018Steel - Allowable shear stress = 8600psi
1045Steel - Allowable shear stress = 12000psi
The shaft size required for safe stress levels is generally much less than that required for adequate bearing life or
safe operating speed, so the use of steels with allowable shear stress higher than 1018 steel is an unnecessary
cost.
4. Bearing Life
The bearing size and type required to provide adequate L10 bearing life is dependent on; the load on the
bearing from belt pull and the fan wheel weight, the operating speed and the load rating of the bearing. The load
on the drive side bearing from the belt pull is the predominate factor in determining the bearing size and type
required to provide adequate L10 bearing life. The bearing manufacturers handbooks define the methods of
calculating belt pull, bearing load, and the L10 life.
General purpose fans are usually designed to have an L10 life in the range of 20,000 to 80,000 hours, and in
most applications the desired bearing life will be the determining factor for the shaft size selection.
Summary
All of the above factors should be evaluated in the process of designing the shaft for fan applications, even
though the bearing size required or the critical speed are the most predominate factors leading to the shaft
diameter selection. It is also recommended that more detailed methods, such as FEA analysis, of evaluating
these characteristics be used on critical applications.
References:
Machinery Handbook, 23rd Edition, Industrial Press
Fan Engineering, Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, NY
Rodyn Vibration Corp. 1932 Arlington Blvd., Suite 223,
Charlotsville, Va. 22903
Tel. 804-296-3175
OEM Corp. 1660 Thomas Paine Pkw. Dayton OH 45459 - 937-435-3433