Program on Bisection Method

Part A
function y=f(x)
y=cos(x)-1.3*x;

Part B
x1=input('Enter the value of first initial guess x1 = ');
x2=input('Enter the value of second initial guess x2 = ');
n=input('Enter the number of iterations n = ');
y1=f(x1);
y2=f(x2);
while(y1*y2>0)
x1=input('Enter the new value of first initial guess
x1 = ');
x2=input('Enter the new value of second initial guess
x2 = ');
y1=f(x1);
y2=f(x2);
end
for i=1:1:n
x3=(x1+x2)/2;
y3=f(x3);
if (y1*y3)>0
x1=x3;
y1=y3;
else
x2=x3;
y2=y3;
end
end
fprintf('The root of equation is x3 = %f',x3);

Output:-
Enter the value of first initial guess x1 = 0
Enter the value of second initial guess x2 = 1
Enter the number of iterations n = 6
The root of equation is x3 = 0.609375

Solver:-
fzero('cos(x)-1.3*x',1)
 ans =
0.6071

Program on Newton Raphson Method

Part A
Function:- f.m function y=f(x)
y=x-cos(x);
df.m function y=df(x)
y=1+sin(x);
ddf.m function y=ddf(x)
y=cos(x);

Part B
x1=input('Enter the value of initial guess x1 = ');
n=input('Enter the number of iterations n = ');
y1=f(x1);
y2=df(x1);
y3=ddf(x1);
a=y1*y3/y2^2;
while(abs(a)>1)
x1=input('Enter the value of initial guess x1 =
');
y1=f(x1);
y2=df(x1);
y3=ddf(x1);
a=y1*y3/y2^2;

end
for i=1:1:n
x2=x1-y1/y2;
x1=x2;
y1=f(x1);
y2=df(x1);

end
fprintf('The root of equation is x2 = %f',x2);

Output:-
Enter the value of initial guess x1 = 0
 Enter the number of iterations n = 10
The root of equation is x2 = 0.739085
Solver:-
fzero('x-cos(x)',0)

ans =

0.7391
Program on Successive Approximation Method

Part A
Function:-
g.m function y=g(x)
y=(x^3+8)/15;

dg.m function y=dg(x)

y=(x^2)/5;

Program :-
x1=input('Enter the value of initial guess x1 = ');
n=input('Enter the number of iterations n = ');
a=dg(x1);
while(abs(a)>1)
x1=input('Enter the new value of initial guess x1
= ');
a=dg(x1);

end
for i=1:1:n
x2=g(x1);
x1=x2;

end
fprintf('The root of equation is x2 = %f',x2);

Output:-
Enter the value of initial guess x1 = 0
Enter the number of iterations n = 5
The root of equation is x2 = 0.544070
Solver:-
fzero('x^3-15*x+8',0)

ans =

0.5441

Program on Gauss Elimination Method

Program :-
a=input('Enter the matrix a = ');
d=input('Enter the matrix d = ');
n=length(d);
for i=1:1:n
for k=i+1:1:n
f=a(k,i)/a(i,i);
for j=1:1:n
a(k,j)=a(k,j)-f*a(i,j);
end
d(k)=d(k)-f*d(i);
end
end
for i=n:-1:1
temp=d(i);
for j=i+1:1:n
temp=temp-a(i,j)*x(j);
end
x(i)=temp/a(i,i);
end
fprintf(' x = %f\n',x);

Output:-
Enter the matrix a = [12,-2,3;1,10,-2;3,1,15]
Enter the matrix d = [18;16;52]
x = 1.074761
x = 2.114671
x = 3.110736
Solver:-
[x1,x2,x3]=solve('12*x1-2*x2+3*x3=18','x1+10*x2-
2*x3=16','3*x1+x2+15*x3=52')

x1 = 1912/1779

x2 = 1254/593

x3 =5534/1779

Program on Thomas Algorithm Method

Program :-
a=input('Enter the matrix a = ');
d=input('Enter the matrix d = ');
n=length(d);
for i=2:1:n
f=(a(i,i-1)/a(i-1,i-1));
a(i,i)=a(i,i)-f*a(i-1,i);
d(i)=d(i)-f*d(i-1);
end
for i=n:-1:1
temp=d(i);
for j=i+1:1:n
temp=temp-a(i,j)*x(j);
end
x(i)=temp/a(i,i);
end
fprintf(' x = %f\n',x);

Output:-
Enter the matrix a = [1,2,0,0;-1,1,2,0;0,1,3,1;0,0,2,2]
Enter the matrix d = [4;1;7;8]
x = 2.000000
 x = 1.000000
x = 1.000000
x = 3.000000

Solver:-
[x1,x2,x3,x4]=solve('x1+2*x2+0*x3+0*x4=4',
'-
x1+x2+2*x3+0*x4=1','0*x1+x2+3*x3+x4=7','0*x1+0*x2+2*x3+2*x4
=8')

x1 = 2

x2 = 1

x3 = 1

x4 = 3

Program on Gauss Seidal Method

Program :-
fx=inline ('(5-x2-x3)/4');
fy=inline ('(19-x1-2*x3)/6');
fz=inline ('(-10-x1-2*x2)/5');
n=input('\n Enter the required number of iterations n= ');
x1=0;
x2=0;
x3=0;
for i=1:1:n
x1=fx(x2,x3);
x2=fy(x1,x3);
x3=fz(x1,x2);
end
fprintf('\n x1=%f',x1);
fprintf('\n x2=%f',x2);
fprintf('\n x3=%f',x3);
Output:-
Enter the required number of iterations n= 6

x1=1.164944
x2=4.288708
x3=-3.948472

Solver:-
[x1,x2,x3]=solve('4*x1+x2+x3=5','x1+6*x2+2*x3=19','-x1-
2*x2-5*x3=10')

x1 = 113/97

x2 = 416/97

x3 = -383/97

Program to fit a straight line (y=ax+b)

Program :-
x=input(' Enter the values of x = ');
y=input(' Enter the values of y = ');
n=length(x);
sumx=0;sumy=0;sumxy=0;sumxx=0;
for i=1:1:n
sumx=sumx+x(i);
sumy=sumy+y(i);
sumxy=sumxy+x(i)*y(i);
sumxx=sumxx+x(i)*x(i);
end
ds=[sumx,n;sumxx,sumx];
da=[sumy,n;sumxy,sumx];
db=[sumx,sumy;sumxx,sumxy];
a=det(da)/det(ds);
b=det(db)/det(ds);
fprintf('\n y=%f * x + %f ', a,b);

Output:-
Enter the values of x = [50;70;100;120]
Enter the values of y = [12;15;21;25]

y=0.187931 * x + 2.275862

Solver:-
polyfit(x,y,1)

ans =

0.1879 2.2759

Program to fit a Power Equation (y=ab^x)

Program :-
x=input(' Enter the values of x = ');
y=input(' Enter the values of y = ');
n=length(x);
sumX=0;sumY=0;sumXY=0;sumXX=0;
for i=1:1:n
Y(i)=log(y(i));
X(i)=x(i);
sumX=sumX+X(i);
sumY=sumY+Y(i);
sumXY=sumXY+X(i)*Y(i);
 sumXX=sumXX+X(i)*X(i);
end
ds=[sumX,n;sumXX,sumX];
dA=[sumY,n;sumXY,sumX];
dB=[sumX,sumY;sumXX,sumXY];
A=det(dA)/det(ds);
B=det(dB)/det(ds);
b=exp(A);
a=exp(B);
fprintf('\n y=(%f) * (%f) ^x’, a,b);

Output:-
Enter the values of x = [2;3;4;5;6]
Enter the values of y = [144;172.8;207.4;248.8;298.5]

y=100.026209 * 1.199905 ^x

Solver:-
polyfit(X,Y,1)

ans = 0.1822 4.6054

a=exp(B)
a = 100.0262
b=exp(A)
b = 1.1999

Program to fit an Exponential Equation (y=ae^(bx)))

Program :-
x=input(' Enter the values of x = ');
y=input(' Enter the values of y = ');
n=length(x);
sumX=0;sumY=0;sumXY=0;sumXX=0;
for i=1:1:n
Y(i)=log(y(i));
X(i)=x(i);
 sumX=sumX+X(i);
sumY=sumY+Y(i);
sumXY=sumXY+X(i)*Y(i);
sumXX=sumXX+X(i)*X(i);
end
ds=[sumX,n;sumXX,sumX];
dA=[sumY,n;sumXY,sumX];
dB=[sumX,sumY;sumXX,sumXY];
A=det(dA)/det(ds);
B=det(dB)/det(ds);
b=A;
a=exp(B);
fprintf('\n y = %f * e ^ ( %f * x)’, a,b);

Output:-
Enter the values of x = [0;1;2;3]
Enter the values of y = [1.05;2.10;3.85;8.30]

y = 1.043400 * e^ (0.680853*x)

Solver:-

polyfit(X,Y,1)

ans = 0.6809 0.0425

b=A=0.6809
a=exp(B);
a = 1.0434
Program to fit an Quadratic Equation (y=ax^2 + bx + c)

Program :-
x=input (' Enter the values of x ') ;
y= input (' Enter the values of y') ;
n= length (x);
sumx=0; sumy=0; sumxx=0;sumxy=0; sumxxx=0; sumxxy =0;
sumxxxx=0;
 for i=1:1:n
sumx=sumx+x(i);
sumy=sumy+y(i);
sumxx=sumxy+x(i)*x(i);
sumxy=sumxy +x(i)*y(i);
sumxxx=sumxxx + x(i)*x(i)*x(i);
sumxxy=sumxxy +x(i)* x(i)*y(i);
sumxxxx=sumxxxx+x(i)+x(i)*x(i)*x(i);
end
p= [ sumxx, sumx,n;sumxxx,sumxx,sumx;sumxxxx,sumxxx,sumxx ]
;
q=[ sumy;sumxy ;sumxxy ];
v=linsolve (p,q) ;
a=v(1);
b=v(2);
c=v(3);
fprintf ('\n y =%f * x^2 +%f * x + %f ', a , b,c );

Output:-
Enter the values of x = [1;1.5;2;2.5;3;3.5;4]
Enter the values of y = [1.1;1.3;1.6;2;2.7;3.4;4.1]

y = 0.242857 * x^2 +-0.192857* x +1. 035714

Solver:-

polyfit(x,y,2))

ans =

0.2429 -0.1929 1.0357

Program for Trapezoidal Rule

Function:-
function y=f(x)
y=1/(1+x^2);

Program:-
x0=input('Enter the value of x0 = ');
xn=input('Enter the value of xn = ');
n=input('Enter the number of strips = ');
h=(xn-x0)/n;
y0=f(x0);
yn=f(xn);
yt=0;
for i=1:1:n-1
yt=yt+f(x0+i*h);
end
I=h/2*(y0+yn+2*yt);
fprintf('\n I = %f',I);

Output:-
Enter the value of x0 = 0
Enter the value of xn = 6
Enter the number of strips = 4

I = 1.452397

Solver:-
f=@(x)(1/(1+x^2));
I=quadv(f,0,6)

I =

1.4056

Program for Simpson’s 1/3 Rule

Function:-
function y=f(x)
y=(exp(x)-x^3-2*x+1);

Program:-
x0=input('Enter the value of x0 = ');
xn=input('Enter the value of xn = ');
n=input('Enter the number of strips = ');
h=(xn-x0)/n;
y0=f(x0);
yn=f(xn);
ys1=0;
ya=0;
for i=2:2:n-1
ys1=ys1+f(x0+i*h);
end
for j=1:1:n-1
ya=ya+f(x0+j*h);
end
ys2=ya-ys1;
I = h/3 * (y0+yn+4*ys2+2*ys1);
fprintf('I = %f',I);
Output:-

Enter the value of x0 = 1

Enter the value of xn = 4
Enter the number of strips = 6
I = -23.852640

Solver:-
f=@(x)(exp(x)-x^3-2*x+1);
quadv(f,1,4)

ans =

-23.8701
 Program for Simpson’s 3/8 Rule
Function:-
function y=f(x)
y=4+2*sin(x);

Program:-
x0=input('Enter the value of x0 = ');
xn=input('Enter the value of xn = ');
n=input('Enter the number of strips = ');
h=(xn-x0)/n;
y0=f(x0);
yn=f(xn);
ys1=0;
ya=0;
for i=3:3:n-1
ys1=ys1+f(x0+i*h);
end
for j=1:1:n-1
ya=ya+f(x0+j*h);
end
ys2=ya-ys1;
I=(3*h)/8*(y0+yn+3*ys2+2*ys1);
fprintf('I = %f', I);

Output:-

Enter the value of x0 = 0

Enter the value of xn = 3.142
Enter the number of strips = 6
I = 16.572022

Solver:-
f=@(x)(4+2*sin(x));

I=quadv(f,0,3.142)

I =
16.5680

Program for Gauss 2 Point Method

Function:-
function y=f(x)
y=x^3-6*x+13;

Program:-
x0=input('Enter the value of x0 = ');
xn=input('Enter the value of xn = ');
c=(xn-x0)/2;
d=(xn+x0)/2;
x1=(c/sqrt(3)+d);
x2=(-c)/sqrt(3)+d;
y1=f(x1);
y2=f(x2);
I=(y1+y2)*c;
fprintf('I = %f',I);

Output:-

Enter the value of x0 = -1

Enter the value of xn = 1
I = 26.000000

Solver:-
f=@(x)(x^3-6*x+13);

I=quadv(f,-1,1))

I =
26

Program for Gauss 3 Point Method

Function:-
function y=f(x)
y=exp(x)*cos(x)-2*x;

Program:-
x0=input('Enter the value of x0 = ');
xn=input('Enter the value of xn = ');
c=(xn-x0)/2;
d=(xn+x0)/2;
x1=(c*sqrt(3/5)+d);
x2=(-c*sqrt(3/5)+d);
x3=d;
y1=f(x1);
y2=f(x2);
y3=f(x3);
I=((5/9)*(y1+y2)+((8/9)*(y3))*c);
fprintf('I=%f',I);

Output:-

Enter the value of x0 = 0

Enter the value of xn = 1
I=0.378021

Solver:-
f=@(x)(exp(x)*cos(x)-2*x);

I=quadv(f,-0,1))
I =

0.3780

Program for Lagrange’s Interpolation Method

Program :-
x= input (' Enter the values of x');
y=input ('Enter the values of y');
n=length(x);
xg=input ('enter the value of xg : ');
yg=0;
for i=1:1:n
nu=1;
de=1;
for j=1:1:n
if (i~=j)
nu= nu*(xg -x (j));
de=de*(x (i) -x (j));
end
end
l(i)=nu/de;
yg=yg+l(i)*y(i);
end

fprintf (' The final value of yg = % f ', yg );

Output:-
Enter the values of x [0;1;2;5]
Enter the values of y [2;3;12;147]
enter the value of xg : 1.5
The final value of yg = 6.125000

Solver:-

yg=interp1(x,y,xg,'spline')

yg =

6.1250

Program for Inverse Interpolation Method

Program :-
x= input (' Enter the values of x');
y=input ('Enter the values of y');
n=length(x);
yg=input ('enter the value of yg : ');
xg=0;
for i=1:1:n
nu=1;
de=1;
for j=1:1:n
if (i~=j)
nu= nu*(yg -y (j));
de=de*(y(i)-y (j));
end
end
l(i)=nu/de;
xg=xg+l(i)*x(i);
end

fprintf (‘ % f ', xg );
 Output:-
Enter the values of x [0;1;2;3]
Enter the values of y [0;1;7;25]
enter the value of yg : 2
The final value of xg = 1.716138

Solver:-

xg=interp1(y,x,yg,'spline')

xg =

1.7161

Program for Newton’s Forward Difference Interpolation Method

Program :-
x=input('Enter the values of x = ');
y=input('Enter the values of y = ');
xg=input('Enter the values of xg = ');
n=length(x);
for j=2:1:n
for i=1:1:n-j+1
y(i,j)=y(i+1,j-1)-y(i,j-1);
end
end
fprintf('\n Table');
for i=1:1:n-1
fprintf('\n');
for j=2:1:(n-i+1)
fprintf('\t %f',y(i,j));
end
end
h=x(2)-x(1);
u=(xg-x(1))/h;
yg=y(1,1)+u*y(1,2);
p=u*(u-1);
k=2;
for j=3:1:n
fact=factorial(k);
yg=yg+p*y(1,j)/fact;
p=p*(u-k);
k=k+1;
end
fprintf('\n yg = %f', yg);
Output:-
Enter the values of x = [0.1;0.3;0.5;0.7;0.9]
Enter the values of y = [0.72;1.81;2.73;3.47;3.98]
Enter the values of xg = 0.2

Table
1.090000 -0.170000 -0.010000 -0.040000
0.920000 -0.180000 -0.050000
0.740000 -0.230000
0.510000
yg = 1.287188

Program for Euler’s Method

Function:-
function y=f(x,y)
y=x^2+y^2;

Program:-
x0=input('Enter the value of x0 = ');
y0=input('Enter the value of y0= ');
xg=input('Enter the value of xg = ');
h=input('Enter tyhe value of step size = ');
n=(xg-x0)/h;
for i=1:1:n
yg=y0+h*f(x0,y0);
x0=x0+h;
y0=yg;
end
fprintf('yg=%f',yg);
Output:-
Enter the value of x0 = 0
Enter the value of y0= 0
Enter the value of xg = 0.5
Enter tyhe value of step size = 0.1
yg=0.030022
solver:
f=inline('x^2+y^2')
f = f(x, y) = x^2+y^2
>> [x,y]=ode45(f,[0:0.1:0.5],0)

X= 0.00000
0.000000
0.000333
0.002667
0.009003

Y=
0.10000
0.20000
0.30000
0.40000
0.50000

Program for Runge Kutta 4 th Order Method

Function:-
function y=f(x,y)
y=x^2+y^2;

Program:-
x0=input('Enter the value of x0 = ');
y0=input('Enter the value of y0= ');
xg=input('Enter the value of xg = ');
h=input('Enter tyhe value of step size = ');
n=(xg-x0)/h;
for i=1:1:n
k1=h*f(x0,y0);
k2=h*f(x0+h/2,y0+k1/2);
k3=h*f(x0+h/2,y0+k2/2);
 k4=h*f(x0+h,y0+k3);
k=(1/6)*(k1+2*k2+2*k3+k4);
yg=y0+k;
x0=x0+h;
y0=yg;
end
fprintf('yg=%f',yg);
Output:
Enter the value of x0 = 1
Enter the value of y0= 1.5
Enter the value of xg = 1.3
Enter tyhe value of step size = 0.1
yg=3.554948

Solver:-
f=inline('x^2+y^2')
f =
Inline function:
f(x,y) = x^2+y^2
[x,y]=ode45(f,[1:0.1:1.3],1.5)
x = y =
1.0000 1.5000
1.1000 1.8955
1.2000 2.5044
1.3000 3.5554

Program for Runge Kutta 2 nd Order Method for Simultaneous

Equations
Function:-
function y=f(x,y)
y=x^2/(2*y);

Program:-
x0=input('Enter the value of x0 = ');
y0=input('Enter the value of y0= ');
xg=input('Enter the value of xg = ');
h=input('Enter tyhe value of step size = ');
n=(xg-x0)/h;
for i=1:1:n
k1=h*f(x0,y0);
k2=h*f(x0+h,y0+k1);
k=(k1+k2)/2;
yg=y0+k;
x0=x0+h;
y0=yg;
end
fprintf('yg=%f',yg);
Output:
Enter the value of x0 = 0
Enter the value of y0= 1.2
Enter the value of xg = 0.4
Enter the value of step size = 0.4
yg=1.213333

Solver:-
f=inline('x^2/2*y')
f =
Inline function:
f(x,y) = x^2/2*y

[x,y]=ode23(f,[0:0.4:0.4],1.2)
x = y =
0.0000 1.2000
0.0400 1.2000
0.0800 1.2001
0.1200 1.2002
0.1600 1.2006
0.2000 1.2011
0.2400 2.2019
0.2800 2.2030
 0.3200 2.2045
0.3600 2.2065
0.4000 2.2089

Program for Laplace Equations

Program:-
Trhs = input('\n Enter the value of Trhs = ');
Tlhs = input('\n Enter the value of Tlhs = ');
Tupp = input('\n Enter the value of Tupp = ');
Tlow = input('\n Enter the value of Tlow = ');
a=[4,-1,-1,0;-1,4,0,-1;-1,0,4,-1;0,-1,-1,4];
b(1,1)=Tlhs+Tupp;
b(2,1)=Tupp+Trhs;
b(3,1)=Tlhs+Tlow;
b(4,1)=Tlow+Trhs;
v=linsolve(a,b);
T1=v(1);
T2=v(2);
T3=v(3);
T4=v(4);
fprintf('\n T1 = %f, T2 = %f, T3=%f, T4 = %f',T1,T2,T3,T4);

Output:
Enter the value of Trhs = 100

Enter the value of Tlhs = 0

Enter the value of Tupp = 100

Enter the value of Tlow = 0

T1 = 50.000000, T2 = 75.000000, T3=25.000000, T4 =

50.000000