Chapter 1 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

NCERT SOLUTIONS FOR CLASS 9 SCIENCE

CHAPTER 1 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
Particle Nature of Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass and
is felt by senses is called matter. Matter is the
form of five basic elements the Panch tatva � air ,
earth ,fire , sky and water.
Characteristics of particles of matte
�Made of tiny particles.
�Vacant spaces exist in particles.
�Particles are in continuous motion.
�Particles are held together by forces of
attraction.
States of Matter
Basis of Classification of Types
� Based upon particle arrangement
� Based upon energy of particles
� Based upon distance between particles
Five states of matter

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Fixed shape and Not fixed shape but Neither fixed shape nor
definite volume . fixed volume. fixed volume.
Inter particle distances Inter particle distances Inter particle distances
are smallest. are larger. are largest.
Incompressible. Almost incompressible. Highly compressible.
High density and do Density is lower than Density is least and
not diffuse. solids and diffuse. diffuse.
Inter particle forces of
Inter particle forces of Inter particle forces
attraction are weaker
attraction are strongest. ofattraction are weakest
than solids .
Constituent particles
Constituent particles Constituent particles
are very closely
are less closely packed. are free to move about.
packed.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 1

Matter in our� Surroundings
(www.ncerthelp.com)

Plasma (non �evaluative)

� A plasma is an ionized gas.
� A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity
and is affected by magnetic fields.
� Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and
an indefinite volume. Ex. Ionized gas

Bose-Einstein condensate (non �evaluative)

� A BEC is a state of matter that can arise at very
low temperatures.
� The scientists who worked with the Bose-
Einstein condensate received a Nobel Prize for
their work in 1995.
� The BEC is all about molecules that are really
close to eachother (even closer than atoms in a
solid).
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Solids
1. Solids have a definite shape and a definite
volume because the particles are locked into
place.
2. Solids do not flow easily because the particles
cannot move/slide past one another.
3. Solids are not easily compressiblebecause there
is little free space between particles .
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Liquids
1. Liquids are not easily compressible and have a
definite volume because there is little free space
between particles.
2. Liquids have an indefinite shape because the
particles can lide past one another.
3. Liquids flow easily because the particles can
move/slide past one another.
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Gases
1. Gases are easily compressible because there is
a great deal of free space between particles
2. Gases flow very easily because the particles
randomly move past one another.
3. Gases have an indefinite shape and an
indefinite volume becausethe particles can move
past oneanother.
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of
Plasmas
1. Plasmas have an indefinite shape and an
indefinite volume because the particles can move
past one another.
2. Plasmas are easily compressible because there
is a great deal of free space between particles.
3. Plasmas are good conductors of electricity &are
affected by magnetic fields because they are
composed of ions
Microscopic Explanation for Properties of BEC
1. Particles are less energetic than solids because
Exist at very low temperature .
2. Particles are literally indistinguishable because
they are locked into same space
3. BEC shows superfluidity because Particles can
flow without friction.
Interchange in states of matter
Matter Can Change its State
Water can exist in three states of matter �
� Solid, as ice ,
� Liquid, as the familiar water, and
� Gas, as water vapour.
Sublimation :
The changing of solid directly into vapours on
heating & vapours into solid on cooling. Ex.
Ammonium chloride , camphor & iodine.
a) Effect of change in temperature
The temperature effect on heating a solid varies
depending on the nature of the solid & the
conditions required in bringing the change .
� On increasing the temperature of solids, the
kinetic energy of the particles increases which
overcomes the forces of attraction between the
particles thereby solid melts and is converted to a
liquid.
� The temperature at which a solid melts to
become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is
called its melting point.
� The melting point of ice is 273.16 K.
� The process of melting, that is, change of solid
state into liquid state is also known as fusion.
b) Effect of Change of Pressure
� Increasing or decreasing the pressure can
change the state of matter. Applying pressure and
reducing temperature can liquefy gases.
� Solid carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is stored under high
pressure. Solid CO2 gets converted directly to
gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1
atmosphere without coming into liquid state. This
is the reason that solid carbon dioxide is also
known as dry ice.
Latent Heat :
The hidden heat which breaks the force of
attraction between the molecules during change of
state.
Fusion Vaporisation
Heat energy required to change
Heat energy required to change 1kg of liquid to gas at
1kg of solid into liquid. atmospheric pressure atits
boiling point.
Evaporation & Boiling
� Particles of matter are always moving and are
never at rest. � At a given temperature in any
gas, liquid or solid, there are particles with
different amounts of kinetic energy.
� In the case of liquids, a small fraction of
particles at the surface, having higher kinetic
energy, is able to break away from the forces of
attraction of other particles and gets converted
into vapour .
� This phenomenon of change of a liquid into
vapours at any temperature below its boiling point
is called evaporation.
Factors Affecting Evaporation

� The rate of evaporation increases with an

increase of surface area.
� With the increase of temperature, more number
of particles get enough kinetic energy to go into
the vapour state.
� Humidity is the amount of water vapour
 present in air. The air around us cannot hold
more than a definite amount of water vapour at a
given temperature. If the amount of water in air is
already high, the rate of evaporation decreases.
� Wind speed : the higher the wind speed , the
more evaporation.
Evaporation cause cooling.
The particles of liquid absorb energy from the
surrounding to regain the energy lost during
evaporation,
Evaporation Vs Boiling (differnce)
� Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. Particles from
the bulk (whole) of the liquid change into vapour
state.
� Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Particles
from the surface gain enough energy to overcome
the forces of attraction present in the liquid and
change into the vapour state.
Kelvin & Celsius Scale
� Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature, 00 C
=273.16 K. we take 00C = 273 K.
� SI unit of temperature is Kelvin. T (K)= T ( o0C)
+273
� Kelvin scale of temperature has always positive
sign , hence regarded as better scale than
Celsius.
� Atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measuring
pressure exerted by a gas. The SI unit of pressure
is Pascal (Pa):
� 1 atmosphere = 1.01 � (10 to the power 5) Pa.
 The pressure of air in atmosphere is called
atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure
at sea level is 1 atmosphere, and is taken as the
normal atmospheric pressure.
Important Questions For Class 9 Chapter 1 State
of matter
Q.1 Define matter.
Q.2 What happens if you put copper sulphate
crystals in water?
Q.3 A substance has a definite volume but no
definite shape ? State whether this substance is a
solid , a liquid or a gas.
Q.4 Arrange the following substances in
increasing order of force of attraction between the
particles. (a) Milk (b) Salt (c) Oxygen.
Q.5 A substance has neither a fixed shape nor a
fixed volume . State whether it is a solid , a liquid
or a gas.
Q.6 The melting point of a substance is below the
room temperature . Predict its physical state.
Q.7 What is vapour ?
Q.8 Name the temperature at which the solid and
liquid states of substance can exis together .
Q.9 What is the effect of pressure on boiling
point?
Q.10 Name any two substances which sublime.
Q.11 Define Condensation.
Q.12 For any substance, why does the
temperature remain constant during the change
of state?
Q.13 Which is the slow process , Evaporation or
Boiling ?
Q.14 State the effect of surface area on rate of
evaporation.
Q.15 Why are we able to sip hot tea faster from
saucer rather than from a cup?
Q.16 What is the SI unit of temperature?
Q.17 why kelvin scale of temperature is regarded
as better scale than Celsius?
1 Mark Questions:

1. Pressure on the surface of a gas is increased.

What will happen to the inter particle forces?
2. Name the three states of matter.
3. What happens when a liquid is heated ?
4. A gas can exert pressure on the walls of the
container. Assign reason.
5. Convert the following temperature to Kelvin
Scale (a) 100�C (b) 37�C
6. What is meant by density?
7. Give the characteristics of the particles of
matter.
8. Water droplets seen on the outer surface of a
glass containing ice-cold water is due to
_____________ .
9. Change of gaseous state directly to solid state
without going through liquid sate is called
_____________________ .
10. __________________ is a surface phenomenon.
2 Marks Questions:
1. Define Latent heat of vaporisation.
2. Explain why temperature remain constant
during the change of state of any substance?
3. Define Sublimation with examples.
4. *Do we sweat more on a dry day or humid day ?
Justify your reason.
5. Why do we see water droplets on the outer
surface of a glass containing ice cold water?
6. Convert the following temperature to the Kelvin
scale (a) 25�C (b) 373�C
7. List two properties that liquids have in common
with solids.
8. List two properties that liquids have in common
with gases.
9. *What will happen to the melting point
temperature of ice if some common salt is added
to it? Justify your answer.
10. *How will you show that air has maximum
compressibility?
3 Marks Questions:
1. Define the term (a) Latent heat of fusion (b)
Latent heat of vaporization
2. *State the effect of (i) surface area (ii) nature of
the liquid on the rate of evaporation.
3. *Liquids generally have lower density as
compared to solids. But you must have observed
that ice floats on water. Why?
4. What is the physical state of water at 250�C,
100�C, 0�C?
5. Give reasons :
i) A sponge can be pressed easily; still it is called a
solid.
ii) Water vapours have more energy than water at
same temperature.
6 . What are intermolecular forces ? How are
these related to the three states of matter ?
7. Is it possible to liquify atmospheric gases? If
yes, suggest a method.
5 marks Questions:
1. a) What is meant by evaporation? What are the
factors on which the rate of evaporation depend
upon? b) How does evaporation causes cooling?
2. State the properties of all the five states of
matter.
3. Define : Melting point , Freezing point & Boiling
point