IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol.

4, Issue 11, 2017 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

Comparative Analysis of Electromechanical Relay over Numerical/Digital

Relay
Priteshkumar A.Valand
P.G. Student
DJMIT, Mogar, India

Abstract— In this paper the analysis for the protection for greatest significance in designing a secure relaying system –
different systems by using different kinds of relays is done. dominates the design of all protection systems.[1]
In this work a basic focus is on Electro-Mechanical Relay Basically there are dissimilar three kinds of relays
and Numerical/Digital Relay is carried out because It is are available which are in very demand nowadays.
being noticed that this two kinds of relays are very common  Electro-mechanical relay.
in use in various systems for protection purpose. The  Static relay.
working of this two relays are mentioned in this work and  Numerical relay.
also in this the comparative analysis of both the relays are Among this relays numerical relay or digital relay
available in this paper. is very popular due to its more exactness and efficiency. In
Key words: Electromechanical Relay, Numerical/Digital this work the over current digital/numerical relay is
Relay explained with the simulink results and analysis.[1]

I. INTRODUCTION II. ELECTRO-MECHANICAL RELAY

There are limitless applications of protection circuit as the The below figure shows the schematic of an Electro-
necessity for energy to all has enlarged. With increasing mechanical relay. The parts are as under:
population, the energy demand has increased and so the  Spring
need to meet the need has increased. [1]. The most  Electromagnet
important problem in transmission and distribution in our  Moveable armature
country is losses and the faults that occur during the process.
 Stationary contact
Faults sometimes can be very harmful to the machines being
 Moveable contact
used during generation, distribution and utilization of
The basic understanding can be finished by
electricity. Many protective devices are being used at the
analyzing the block diagram of relay as declare below. [1],
present time to avoid the consequences of faults.[1]
[2].

Fig. 1: Basic block diagram of working of relay.

Since the reason of power system protection is to Fig. 2: Basic block diagram of electro-mechanical relay.
detect faults or abnormal operating situation, relays must be The two contacts are kept alienated with the help of
able to evaluate a wide range of parameters to ascertain that a spring. When the electromagnet gets energized the two
corrective action is required. The most common parameters contacts are pulled mutually. With proper application, the
which reflect the presence of a fault are the voltages and integration between power circuits and control circuits can
currents at the terminals of the protected apparatus, or at the be done with the help of electro-mechanical relays.[2]
suitable zone boundaries. Occasionally, the relay inputs may Advantages of Electromechanical relays are no
also include states – open or closed – off some contacts or requisite of heat sink, lower cost, availability of multiple
switches. A specific relay, or a protection system, must use poles and easy switching in both AC and DC.[2]
the appropriate inputs, process the input Signals and
determine that a problem exist, and then start some action.
III. STATIC RELAY
In general, a relay can be designed to take action to any
observable parameter or effect. The fundamental problem in In this type of relay, the evaluation or measurement of
power system protection is to define the quantities that can electrical quantities is performed by a static circuit which
differentiate among normal and abnormal conditions. This gives an output signal for the tripping of a circuit breaker.
problem of being able to distinguish among normal and These are identified as static as they don’t have any moving
abnormal conditions is compounded by the fact that part. In this type of relay as an alternative of magnetic coil
‘normal’ in the present sense means that the disturbance is or mechanical components we use analog electronic devices
outside the zone of protection. This aspect – which is of the to create the relay uniqueness and the incoming current or
voltage waveforms are monitored by analog circuits, not

All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 172

 Comparative Analysis of Electromechanical Relay over Numerical/Digital Relay
(IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 11/2017/048)

digitized. In these, there is no effect of gravity or vibration analysis and proper results by using this software. The
or shock. Occasionally, these relays use microprocessor but overlook of the MATLAB modeling for the proposed
they can’t be called microprocessor relays as it lack the system is as mention below.
attribute of digital/numeric relay. These relays use
semiconductor devices like diodes, SCR, TRIAC, Power
transistor etc, to conduct load current.[1],[2].

IV. NUMERICAL RELAY

Numerical relays provide a wide range of protection
function such as over current, directional over current, under
voltage, overvoltage and also other types of protection [3].
Over current protection is well thought-out as the backbone
of any protection strategy particularly in distribution
systems [1], [3]. Distribution systems being the biggest
section of the power system network, so the diagnosis of
faults in this system is a not easy task. The faults that occur Fig. 4: MATLAB modeling for the proposed system.
in distribution systems will have an effect on the power
system reliability, security and even on quality [3]. VI. RESULT ANALYSIS
By performing this results can be analyze. And the output of
the given system can be seen in the given plots as shown
below.

Fig. 5: Execution time of the RMS computation for written

C code.
Fig. 3: Basic block diagram of numerical relay.
For the over current protection, the relay operates
with or without an intended time delay and trips the related
circuit breakers when the current flowing into the relay
exceed a set point value [4]. Over current occurs due to
existence of faults or overload conditions. For the faults
cause by short circuit, the current present may be many
times superior to its normal value. in the meantime,
overloads occur if the current more than the rated value. Fig. 6: Transient waveform created by external circuit.
These phenomena can cause serious problems because the
present of large amount of current may have ruthless
damage to both the faulty part and healthy part of power
system [4].
Even a small duration of transients in voltage and
current may involve the operation of the protection relays.
As an output, this will cause the relays to fail-to-trip or mal-
trip occasion to occur [4]. Fail-to-trip occurs when the relay
fails to trip in the presence of faults. Mal-trip occurs when Fig. 7: Current ratio and trip value for transient testing.
the relay trips even though it is in healthy condition. Thus, Numerical Electro-Mechanical
Parameters
in this paper a high speed superior protection for transient Relay relay
faults by using numerical relay is implemented and its Accuracy More Less
performance is examined.[3],[4] Time Consume Less More
Memory Extra No memory
V. MODELING OF SYSTEM Cost High Low
The simulink model along with the required results is shown Table 1: Result Analysis
in this paper. The modeling is done through MATLAB. It is
the software in which the mathematical modeling can be
made. For the proposed system it is very helpful to have

All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 173

 Comparative Analysis of Electromechanical Relay over Numerical/Digital Relay
(IJSRD/Vol. 4/Issue 11/2017/048)

VII. CONCLUSION
The objective of this paper was to design and develop the
numerical quadrilateral relay. In this it describes the
performance evaluation of protective relay using DSP,
TMS320F2812 for over current protection. Results clearly
indicate that the operation time obtained for both
implementations methods are similar to IEC 255-3 standard.
By analyzing the different characteristics of electro-
mechanical relay as well as numerical relay, to use
numerical relay is more advantageous. According to the
results the accuracy of numerical relay is more, same time it
is costly.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Author is thankful to all the references available in the
paper, as well as the faculties of the institute that they
support very well and by giving the right direction.

REFERENCES
[1] Hamid Bentarzi, “A review on protective relays’
developments and trends,” Journal of Energy in
Southern Africa • Vol 25 No 2 • May 2014 91.
[2] Nidhi Verma, Kartik Gupta, Sheila Mahapatra,
“Implementation of Solid State Relays For Power
System Protection.
[3] T. M. Yesansure, T. G. Arora, “Numerical Quadrilateral
Distance relay,” International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.
2, Issue 7, July 2013.
[4] Kaustubh Gadgil, “A numerical protection relay
solution,” Texas instrument, Application report, SLAA.
-September 2010.

All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 174