Syed Muhammad Jameel CMS: 37042

BANDWIDTH ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES

Abstract:
Since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has released a bandwidth of
7.5GHz for ultrawide Band wireless communication. Now the UWB has been rated has the
highest wireless communication technology. Making an UWB is easier then a narrow band,
antenna also plays a vital role in UWB systems. As a suitable UWB antenna should ne capable
of operating over an ultrawide bandwidth as allocated by FCC. In UWB main challenge is to
achieve very broad bandwidth, high radiation, efficiency and small size. To choose an antenna
for UW some topologies design must be taken into consideration as physical profile,
compatibility, impedance bandwidth, radiation efficiency and radiation pattern.

Monopole antenna:
A monopole antenna is a class of radio antenna consisting of a straight rod-shaped
conductor, often mounted perpendicularly over some type of conductive surface, called
a ground plane. The driving signal from the transmitter is applied, or for receiving antennas the
output signal to the receiver is taken, between the lower end of the monopole and the ground
plane. One side of the antenna feedline is attached to the lower end of the monopole, and the
other side is attached to the ground plane, which is often the Earth. This contrasts with a dipole
antenna which consists of two identical rod conductors, with the signal from the transmitter
applied between the two halves of the antenna.

Introduction:
In a radio transmission technology which occupies an extremely wide band width
exceeding the minimum of 50MHz or at least 20% of center frequency is revolutionary
approach for short range high-bandwidth wireless communication, as FCC as allocated a
bandwidth 7.5GHz from 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz for UWB applications. UWB systems generates
radio energy at specific time for very short pulses which occupies very large bandwidth. As
result of non-successive transmission UWB radio propagation provides very high data rate up
to hundred Megabytes per second.
UWB technology are widely used as indoor positioning, radar/medical imaging and
target sensor data collection. As compare to narrow band radio systems the transmitting power
of UWN systems is very low but the short pulses give rise to avoidance of multipath fading. In
the UWB system the main issue is designing a compact antenna with ultrawide characteristics
over the operating band.

Slot antenna:
A slot antenna consists of a metal surface, usually a flat plate, with one or more holes or slots
cut out. When the plate is driven as an antenna by a driving frequency, the slot
radiates electromagnetic waves in a way similar to a dipole antenna. The shape and size of the
slot, as well as the driving frequency, determine the radiation pattern. Often the radio waves
are provided by a waveguide, and the antenna consists of slots in the waveguide. Slot antennas
are often used at UHF and microwave frequencies instead of line antennas when greater
control of the radiation pattern is required. Slot antennas are widely used in radar antennas,

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Syed Muhammad Jameel CMS: 37042

particularly marine radar antennas on ships, for the sector antennas used for cell phone base
stations, and are often found in standard desktop microwave sources used for research
purposes. A slot antenna's main advantages are its size, design simplicity, and convenient
adaptation to mass production using either waveguide or PC board technology
Slot antenna become very attractive candidates because of their low profile, wide bandwidth
and compact size. A lot of slot antenna and its types has been investigated and reported with different
geometries a square ring slot, E-slot, quasi-self, a rectangular notch and multi inverted cone slot. To
enhance the operation bandwidth of UWB some novel techniques such as rectangular aperture, a fractal
shaped slot and multiple resonant slots, but these techniques are used only for large size systems.

Special design considerations for UWB antennas:

As interference in the one of the problems for UWB applications systems. So there are a lot of antennas
that are used to over come the problem of the interference in the UWB, the popular antennas design
with high frequency band rejection are embedding slot, double U slots , square slot, V slot and attaching
bar.

Beveling technique:
Bandwidth enhancements techniques variety:
To fulfill the UWB antenna requirements, various bandwidth enhancement has been
developed for planar monopole antennas to improve its impedance bandwidth.

Various geometry and perturbations:

The most investigated technique to enhance the impedance bandwidth is beveling. The input
impedance is also dependent on the feeding configuration.

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Syed Muhammad Jameel CMS: 37042

Beveling the bottom edge off the radiating element has been demonstrated to shift upward
significantly the upper edge frequency. The optimization of the shape of the planar monopole
antenna improve the impedance bandwidth. Any reshaping in the shape of the antenna effects
the current path.
The patch used in the antenna used for the improvement of the impedance matching at
the higher frequency. The slot cut from the radiators changes the current distribution of the
input impedance change and notch is cut from the radiator to reduce the antenna size. Adding
a strip reduces the height to improve the bandwidth enhancement

Genetic algorithm:
For electromagnetic optimization problems generally involve a large number of
parameters. The parameters can be either continuous, discrete or both. Generic algorithm
application is used to solve the problems of the broadband patch antenna. This kind of
optimization involves the feed probe, height of the patch and width and length of the patch
above the ground plane. The use of the GA approach in the design of
UWB antennas has been proposed in The planar fully-metal monopole (PFMM) of bow
tie (BT) and reverse bow tie (RBT) have been demonstrated in have an ultra-wide bandwidth.
The element height, the feed height, and the element flare angle were the parameters that used
in optimization. The height essentially determines the operating mode and the lower frequency
limit of the antenna, while the flare angle and the feed height control the variation of the input
impedance over frequency, the high frequency impedance value, as well as the resonance
bandwidth. In this paper, the GA was used to determine the optimal dimensions of the selected
element shape in order to fulfill the given bandwidth requirement.

Resonance overlapping:
The resonant of the antenna is not very broad as it has only one resonance. But if there
are multiple resonant and each of them operating at its own resonance this leads broadband
performance. The ultra wide bandwidth can be obtained if there is multiple resonant and their
resonance overlaps each other.

Case study:
In this case study, we present a very simple rectangular (no perturbation) planar antenna
having the operating bandwidth ranging from 2GHz- 8GHz, by integrating various
technologies into one compact antenna. We start with a simple rectangular planar antenna fed

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by a 50Ωmicrostrip line with a truncated ground plane. Next, based on the study of the feeding
position and current distribution, the antenna is designed to have the operating bandwidth
covering the entire UWB, i.e. 3.1GHz-10.6GHz. Then, studies upon the size of the partial
ground plane are done to increase the bandwidth towards the lower side of the frequency
spectrum, covering the bands for WLAN (2.4GHz - 2.484GHz) and CMMB (2.635GHz–
2.66GHz). With an extra patch printed on the back side of the substrate, underneath the
rectangular radiator, the bandwidth can be further increased to cover Wibro (2.3GHz-2.4GHz)
and S-DBM (2.17GHz-2.2GHz) without significantly influencing other frequency bands.

Conclusion:
Since the release by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of a bandwidth of
7.5GHz (from 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz) for ultra wideband (UWB) wireless communications,
UWB is rapidly advancing as a high data rate wireless communication technology. As is the
case in conventional wireless communication systems, an antenna also plays a very crucial role
in UWB systems. Therefore, UWB planar printed circuit board (PCB) antenna design and
analysis have been discussed in this paper. Studies have been undertaken covering the areas of
UWB fundamentals and antenna theory. Extensive investigations were also carried out on the
development of UWB antennas from the past to present. First, the planar PCB antenna designs
for UWB system is introduced and described. Next, the special design considerations for UWB
antennas were discussed and summarized. A new concept (case studies) for the design of a
UWB antenna with a bandwidth ranging from 3GHz-8GHz is introduced, which satisfies the
system requirements for S-DMB, WiBro, WLAN, CMMB and the entire UWB

Review:
In this research paper we saw some of the bandwidth enhancement techniques that reduces the
input impedance of the ultra wide band antenna and we saw how to enhance the bandwidth of
from 3GHz to 8GHz by using beveling, overlapping methods. We can observe the change in
the radiation pattern and its return loss as compare to the other ultra wide band antenna

Keywords:
 Monopole antenna
 Beveling
 Genetic algorithm
 Perturbations
 Ultra wide band
 Input impedance
 Resonant
 Optimization

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