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(3-1) Max and Min Values

This document discusses finding the maximum and minimum values of functions. It defines relative and absolute extrema. The key points are: 1. For a function to have a relative extremum at a point c, the derivative must be 0 at c if it exists. 2. Critical numbers are points where the derivative is 0 or undefined, as these are possible extrema. 3. A function has an absolute extremum on an interval if it gives the highest or lowest value of the function over that entire interval. 4. By finding critical numbers, endpoint values, and checking the derivative test, one can determine the absolute maximum and minimum values of continuous functions on intervals.

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Andrea Detera
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171 views10 pages

(3-1) Max and Min Values

This document discusses finding the maximum and minimum values of functions. It defines relative and absolute extrema. The key points are: 1. For a function to have a relative extremum at a point c, the derivative must be 0 at c if it exists. 2. Critical numbers are points where the derivative is 0 or undefined, as these are possible extrema. 3. A function has an absolute extremum on an interval if it gives the highest or lowest value of the function over that entire interval. 4. By finding critical numbers, endpoint values, and checking the derivative test, one can determine the absolute maximum and minimum values of continuous functions on intervals.

Uploaded by

Andrea Detera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Maximum and Minimum Function Values

Second Semester AY 2018-2019


Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
University of the Philippines Baguio
Relative Extrema
The function f has a relative maximum value at the number c if
there exists an open interval containing c, on which f is defined such
that f (c) ≥ f (x) for all x in this interval.
3 y

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3

−4

The function f has a relative minimum value at the number c if


there exists an open interval containing c, on which f is defined such
that f (c) ≤ f (x) for all x in this interval.
Maximum and Minimum Function Values
Theorem 1
If f (x) exists for all values of x in the open interval (a, b), and if f
has a relative extremum at c, where a < c < b, and if f 0 (c) exists, then
f 0 (c) = 0.

Example 2
Consider the following functions.

a. f (x) = x2 − 1 c. h(x) = |x|


3
√
b. g(x) = (x − 1) d. p(x) = 3 x

Maximum and Minimum Function Values


Relative Extrema

Remarks.
1. It is possible that f 0 (c) = 0 even if f does not have a relative
extremum at c.
2. A function f may have a relative extremum at c where f 0 (c) fails
to exist.
3. It is also possible that f 0 (c) may fail to exist and there is no
relative extremum at c.

Maximum and Minimum Function Values


Relative Extrema

If c is a number in the domain of the function f , and if either


f 0 (c) = 0 or f 0 (c) does not exist, then c is a critical number of f .
Example 3
Find the critical numbers of the following functions:

a. f (x) = 2x3 − 2x2 − 16x + 1 c. h(x) = (x − 1)3/2 + x


b. g(x) = sin x cos x

Maximum and Minimum Function Values


Absolute Extrema
The function f has an absolute maximum value on an interval if
there is some number c in the interval such that f (c) ≥ f (x) for all x
in the interval.
3 y

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5

−1

−2

−3

−4

The function f has an absolute minimum value on an interval if


there is some number c in the interval such that f (c) ≤ f (x) for all x
in the interval.
Maximum and Minimum Function Values
Absolute Extrema

Example 4

a. f (x) = x − 2, [1,4) 1
c. h(x) = , [-2,2]
b. g(x) = −x2 , (-3, 2] x

Maximum and Minimum Function Values


Theorem 5
Extreme-Value-Theorem If the function f is continuous on the
closed interval [a, b], then f has an absolute maximum and an absolute
minimum value on [a, b].

Procedure in finding the absolute extrema of continuous


functions
a. Find the critical numbers of f on (a, b).
b. Find the function values at the critical numbers of f on (a, b).
c. Find the values of f (a) and f (b).
d. The largest (or smallest) of the values from steps (a) and (b) is the
absolute maximum (or minimum) value.

Maximum and Minimum Function Values


Absolute Extrema

Example 6
Find the absolute extrema of the following functions on the given
interval.
a. f (x) = x3 − 12x − 1 on [−2, 3].
b. g(x) = x4 − 8x2 + 16 on [−4, 0], [−3, 2], and [−1, 4].
c. h(x) = cos x on [−π, π].

Maximum and Minimum Function Values


Applications of Absolute Extrema
Example 7
The sum of two nonnegative numbers is 16. What is the smallest
possible value of the sum of their squares?

Example 8
For several weeks, the highway department has been recording the
speed of freeway traffic flowing past a certain downtown exit. The
data suggest that between the hours of 1:00 and 6:00 P.M. on a
normal weekday, the speed of traffic at the exit is approximately

S(t) = t3 − 10.5t2 + 30t + 20

miles per hour, where t is the number of hours past noon.


At what time between 1:00 and 6:00 P.M. is the traffic speed
maximum?

Maximum and Minimum Function Values

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