Chapter 11 PDF
Chapter 11 PDF
11–1.
45° A 30°
SOLUTION
Free Body Diagram: The tension in cable AC can be determined by releasing
cable AC. The system has only one degree of freedom defined by the independent
coordinate u. When u undergoes a positive displacement du, only FAC and the weight
of lamp (10 lb force) do work.
Virtual Displacement: Force FAC and 10 lb force are located from the fixed point B
using position coordinates yA and xA.
10 cos 45°
FAC = = 7.32 lb Ans.
0.5 cos 45° + 0.8660 sin 45°
Ans:
FAC = 7.32 lb
1123
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11–2.
C D
SOLUTION A B
x = L cos u, dx = -L sin u du u
y = 2L sin u, dy = 2L cos u du
dU = 0; - Pdy - Fdx = 0
F = 2P cot u Ans.
Ans:
F = 2P cot u
1124
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11–3.
SOLUTION A
Free - Body Diagram: When u undergoes a positive virtual angular displacement of u 30°
du, the dash line configuration shown in Fig. a is formed. We observe that only the 3 in. B
force in the screw Fs and force P do work when the virtual displacements take place.
Virtual Displacement: The position of the points of application for Fs and P are
specified by the position coordinates yA and yD, measured from the fixed point B,
respectively.
Virtual Work Equation: Since P acts towards the positive sense of its corresponding
virtual displacement, it does positive work. However, the work of Fs is negative
since it acts towards the negative sense of its corresponding virtual displacement.
Thus,
90 - 6FS = 0
FS = 15 lb Ans.
Ans:
FS = 15 lb
1125
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*11–4.
k 12 lb/ft
SOLUTION
P 8 lb
dyF = dyP = 1.5du
u(20 - 1.5F) = 0
Since du Z 0
20 -1.5F = 0 F = 13.33 lb
F = kx
Where x = 1.5u
13.33 = 12(1.5u)
Ans:
u = 42.4°
1126
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11–5.
Solution
Free Body Diagram. The system has only one degree of freedom, defined by the
independent coordinate u. When u undergoes a positive angular displacement du as
shown in Fig. a, only force F and couple moment M do work.
Ans:
F = 369 N
1127
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11–6.
Solution
Free Body Diagram. The system has only one degree of freedom, defined by the
independent coordinate u. When u undergoes a positive angular displacement du as
shown in Fig. a, only force F and couple moment M do work.
Here, M = 75 N # m. Then
0.4 cos u - 2xA
F = - 75 a b (4)
0.4 xA sin u
Using Eq. (1) and (4), the following tabulation can be computed. Subsequently, the
graph of F vs u shown in Fig. c can be plotted
1128
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11–7.
Virtual Displacements: The spring forces Fsp, the weight of the block (50 lb) and the
weight of the links (10 lb) are located from the fixed point C using position
coordinates y3, y2 and y1 respectively.
Since du Z 0, then
Ans:
M = 52.0 lb # ft
1129
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*11–8.
C
l
SOLUTION
s = a sin u, ds = a cos u du
y = l sin u, dy = l cos u du
ka (a sin u - l0)
P = Ans.
l
Ans:
ka (a sin u - l0)
P =
l
1130
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11–9.
2 ft 2 ft
SOLUTION
B
y = 4 sin u, x = 4 cos u 2 ft 2 ft
cos u
Fs = 60 a b
sin u
u = 16.6° Ans.
and
u = 35.8° Ans.
Ans:
u = 16.6°
u = 35.8°
1131
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11–10.
The thin rod of weight W rest against the smooth wall and
floor. Determine the magnitude of force P needed to hold it
in equilibrium for a given angle u. B
SOLUTION l
Free-Body Diagram: The system has only one degree of freedom defined by the
independent coordinate u. When u undergoes a positive displacement du, only the
weight of the rod W and force P do work.
Virtual Displacements: The weight of the rod W and force P are located from the
fixed points A and B using position coordinates yC and xA, respectively A θ
P
1 1
yC = sin u dyC = cos udu (1)
2 2
Wl
a Pl sin u - cos ub du = 0
2
Since du Z 0, then
Wl
Pl sin u - cos u = 0
2
W
P = cot u Ans.
2
Ans:
W
P = cot u
2
1132
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11–11.
200 mm D
200 mm
u
Solution B
C
200 mm
Free Body Diagram. The system has only one degree of freedom, defined by the
independent coordinate u. When u undergoes a positive angular displacement du
as shown in Fig. a, only the weights W1 = W2 = W3 = W, couple moment M, and
spring force Fsp do work.
Virtual Displacement. The positions of the weights W1, W2, W3 and spring force
Fsp are measured from fixed point A using position coordinates y1, y2, y3 and y4
respectively
Virtual Work Equation. When all the weights undergo positive virtual displacement,
all of them do positive work. However, Fsp does negative work when its undergoes
positive virtual displacement. Also, M does positive work when it undergoes positive
virtual angular displacement.
Since d ≠ 0, then
1133
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11–11. Continued
Solve numerically:
or
Ans:
u = 23.8°
u = 72.3°
1134
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*11–12.
M 300 N m
Solution
Free Body Diagram. The system has only one degree of freedom, defined by the
independent coordinate u. When u undergoes a positive angular displacement du as
shown in Fig. a, only the spring force Fsp and couple moment M do work.
Virtual Work Equation. When the disk undergoes a positive angular displacement
du, correspondingly point A undergoes a positive displacement of dxA. As a result
couple moment M does positive work whereas spring force Fsp does negative work.
Here, Fsp = kxA = 4000(0.50) = 2000u and dxA = 0.5du. Substitute these results
into Eq. (1)
300du - 2000u(0.5du) = 0
(300 - 1000u)du = 0
Since du ≠ 0,
300 - 1000u = 0
Ans:
u = 17.2°
1135
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11–13.
250 mm
u u
SOLUTION D
B
Free -Body Diagram: When u undergoes a positive virtual angular displacement of
du, the dash line configuration shown in Fig. a is formed. We observe that only the 150 mm
spring force Fsp, the weight Wt of the table, and the weight Wb of the bowl do work
when the virtual displacement takes place. The magnitude of Fsp can be computed
using the spring force formula, Fsp = kx = 200 A 0.25 cos u B = 50 cos u N.
Virtual Displacement: The position of points of application of Wb, Wt, and Fsp are
specified by the position coordinates yGb, yGt, and xC, respectively. Here, yGb and yGt
are measured from the fixed point B while xC is measured from the fixed point D.
yGb = 0.25 sin u + b dyGb = 0.25 cos udu (1)
yGt = 0.25 sin u + a dyGt = 0.25 cos udu (2)
xC = 0.25 cos u dxC = -0.25 sin udu (3)
Virtual Work Equation: Since Wb, Wt, and Fsp act towards the negative sense of
their corresponding virtual displacement, their work is negative. Thus,
dU = 0; -WbdyGb + A - WtdyGt B + A - FspdxC B = 0 (4)
1 5
Substituting Wb = a b(9.81) = 4.905 N, Wt = a b(9.81) = 24.525 N,
2 2
Fsp = 50 cos u N, Eqs. (1), (2), and (3) into Eq. (4), we have
- 4.905(0.25 cos udu) - 24.525(0.25 cos udu) - 50 cos u( -0.25 sin udu) = 0
du A - 7.3575 cos u + 12.5 sin u cos u B = 0
Since du Z 0, then
- 7.3575 cos u + 12.5 sin u cos u = 0
cos u( -7.3575 + 12.5 sin u) = 0
Solving the above equation,
cos u = 0 u = 90° Ans.
- 7.3575 + 12.5 sin u = 0
u = 36.1° Ans.
Ans:
u = 90°
u = 36.1°
1136
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11–14.
250 mm
u u
SOLUTION D
B
Free -Body Diagram: When u undergoes a positive virtual angular displacement of
du, the dash line configuration shown in Fig. a is formed. We observe that only the 150 mm
spring force Fsp, the weight Wt of the table, and the weight Wb of the bowl do work
when the virtual displacement takes place. The magnitude of Fsp can be computed
using the spring force formula, Fsp = kx = k A 0.25 cos u B = 0.25 k cos u.
Virtual Displacement: The position of points of application of Wb, Wt, and Fsp are
specified by the position coordinates yGb, yGt, and xC, respectively. Here, yGb and yGt
are measured from the fixed point B while xC is measured from the fixed point D.
yGb = 0.25 sin u + b dyGb = 0.25 cos udu (1)
yGt = 0.25 sin u + a dyGt = 0.25 cos udu (2)
xC = 0.25 cos u dxC = -0.25 sin udu (3)
Virtual Work Equation: Since Wb, Wt, and Fsp act towards the negative sense of
their corresponding virtual displacement, their work is negative. Thus,
dU = 0; -WbdyGb + A - WtdyGt B + A - FspdxC B = 0 (4)
1 5
Substituting Wb = a b(9.81) = 4.905 N, Wt = a b(9.81) = 24.525 N,
2 2
Fsp = 0.25k cos u N, Eqs. (1), (2), and (3) into Eq. (4), we have
- 4.905(0.25 cos udu) - 24.525(0.25 cos udu) - 0.25k cos u(-0.25 sin udu) = 0
du A -7.3575 cos u + 0.0625k sin u cos u B = 0
Since du Z 0, then
- 7.3575 cos u + 0.0625k sin u cos u = 0
117.72
k =
sin u
When u = 45°, then
117.72
k = = 166 N>m Ans.
sin 45°
Ans:
k = 166 N>m
1137
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11–15.
SOLUTION
x = 2a cos u, dx = - 2a sin u du
dU = 0; -M du - F dx = 0
M
F = Ans.
2a sin u
Ans:
M
F =
2a sin u
1138
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*11–16.
k 6 kN/m
1m
1m 1m
Solution A
Free Body Diagram. The system has only one degree of freedom, defined by the
independent coordinate u. When u undergoes a positive angular displacement du as 800 N
shown in Fig. a, only spring force Fsp and force P do work.
Virtual Displacement. The positions of Fsp and P are measured from fixed point B
using position coordinates yc and yA respectively.
Virtual Work Equation. When Fsp and P undergo their respective positive virtual
displacement, P does positive work whereas Fsp does negative work.
Fsp = 3P
Ans:
u = 23.6°
1139
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11–17.
Free Body Diagram. The system has only one degree of freedom, defined by the
independent coordinate u. When u undergoes a positive angular displacement du as
shown in Fig. a, only spring force Fsp, the weight of the block W, and couple moment
M do work.
Virtual Displacement. The positions of Fsp and W are measured from fixed point B
using position coordinates x and y respectively.
Since du ≠ 0, then
M = 0.3(300) sin 30° - 0.15(245.25) cos 30° = 13.14 N # m = 13.1 N # m Ans.
Ans:
M = 13.1 N # m
1140
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11–18.
D
SOLUTION C P
Virtual Displacement: The position of points A and B at which Fsp acts and point C
at which force P acts are specified by the position coordinates yA, yB, and yC,
measured from the fixed point E, respectively.
Virtual Work Equation: Since Fsp at point A and force P acts towards the positive
sense of its corresponding virtual displacement, their work is positive. The work of
Fsp at point B is negative since it acts towards the negative sense of its
corresponding virtual displacement. Thus,
Substituting Fsp = 6000(sin u - 0.2588), P = 600 N, Eqs. (1), (2), and (3) into Eq. (4),
6000(sin u - 0.2588)(0.2 cos udu - 0.6 cos udu) + 600(1.6 cos udu) = 0
u = 41.2° Ans.
Ans:
u = 41.2°
1141
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11–19.
D
SOLUTION C P
Virtual Displacement: The position of points A and B at which Fsp acts and point C
at which force P acts are specified by the position coordinates yA, yB, and yC,
measured from the fixed point E, respectively.
Virtual Work Equation: Since Fsp at point A and force P acts towards the positive
sense of its corresponding virtual displacement, their work is positive. The work of
Fsp at point B is negative since it acts towards the negative sense of its
corresponding virtual displacement. Thus,
Substituting Fsp = k(sin u - 0.2588), P = 600 N, Eqs. (1), (2), and (3) into Eq. (4),
(0.4)k(sin u - 0.2588)(0.2 cos udu - 0.6 cos udu) + 600(1.6 cos udu) = 0
6000
k =
sin u - 0.2588
When u = 60°,
6000
k = = 9881N>m = 9.88 kN>m Ans.
sin 60° - 0.2588
Ans:
k = 9.88 kN>m
1142
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*11–20.
M
SOLUTION
(0.4)2 = (0.1)2 + x2 - 2(0.1)(x)(cos u)
dU = 0; - 50du - Fdx = 0
dx = - 0.09769 du Ans.
( -50 + 0.09769F) du = 0
F = 512 N Ans.
Ans:
dx = - 0.09769 du
F = 512 N
1143
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11–21.
M
SOLUTION
(0.4)2 = (0.1)2 + x 2 - 2(0.1)(x)(cos u) (1)
0.2x sin u
dx = a b du
0.2 cos u - 2x
dU = 0; -50du - Fdx = 0
0.2x sin u
- 50du - F a b du = 0, du Z 0
0.2 cos u - 2x
Ans:
50020.04 cos2 u + 0.6
F =
(0.2 cos u + 20.04 cos2 u + 0.6) sin u
1144
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11–22.
2 ft
2 ft
SOLUTION
y1 = 2 sin u, dy1 = 2 cos u du
dU = 0; - Fs dy1 + Pdy2 = 0
4 ft
- 100 sin u(2 cos u du) + 8(4 cos u du) = 0
u = 9.21° Ans.
Ans:
u = 9.21°
1145
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11–23.
D E
2 in.
SOLUTION
Free-Body Diagram: When the lever undergoes a virtual angular displacement of F
du about point B, the dash line configuration shown in Fig. a is formed. We observe
that only the weight WG of block G and the weight WF of load F do work when the
virtual displacements take place.
Virtual Displacement: Since dyG is very small, the vertical virtual displacement of
block G and load F can be approximated as
Virtual Work Equation: Since WG acts towards the positive sense of its
corresponding virtual displacement, its work is positive. However, force WF does
negative work since it acts towards the negative sense of its corresponding virtual
displacement. Thus,
WG A 16du B - 20(2du) = 0
du(16WG - 40) = 0
Since du Z 0, then
16WG - 40 = 0
WG = 2.5 lb Ans.
Ans:
WG = 2.5 lb
1146
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*11–24.
D E
2 in.
SOLUTION
Free -Body Diagram: When the lever undergoes a virtual angular displacement of F
du about point B, the dash line configuration shown in Fig. a is formed. We observe
that only the weight WG of block G and the weight WF of load F do work when the
virtual displacements take place.
Virtual Displacement: Since dyG is very small, the vertical virtual displacement of
block G and load F can be approximated as
Virtual Work Equation: Since WG acts towards the positive sense of its
corresponding virtual displacement, its work is positive. However, force WF does
negative work since it acts towards the negative sense of its corresponding virtual
displacement. Thus,
du C 2(4 + x) - 40 D = 0
Since du Z 0, then
2(4 + x) - 40 = 0
x = 16 in. Ans.
Ans:
x = 16 in.
1147
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11–25.
G
b
d
a
SOLUTION
θ
s = 2a2 + c2 - 2a c cos (u + 90°)
= 2a2 + c2 + 2a c sin u
1 c
ds = (a2 + c2 + 2a c sin u)- 2 ac cos u du
y = (a + b) sin u + d cos u
dy = (a + b) cos u du - d sin u du
dU = 0; Fds - Wdy = 0
1
F(a2 + c2 + 2a c sin u)- 2 ac cos u du - W(a + b) cos u du + Wd sin u du = 0
W(a + b - d tan u)
F = a b 2a2 + c2 + 2a c sin u Ans.
ac
Ans:
W(a + b - d tan u)
F = 2a2 + c 2 + 2ac sin u
ac
1148
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11–26.
SOLUTION
Equilibrium Configuration: Taking the first derivative of V, we have
dV
= 60x2 - 20x - 25
dx
dV
Equilibrium requires = 0. Thus,
dx
60x 2 - 20x - 25 = 0
20 ; 3( -20)2 - 4(60)(- 25)
x =
2(60)
x = 0.833 ft and - 0.5 ft Ans.
Stability: The second derivative of V is
d2V
= 120x - 20
dx2
At x = 0.8333 ft,
d2V 2
= 120(0.8333) - 20 = 80 7 0
dx2 x = 0.8333 ft
d 2V 2
= 120( - 0.5) - 20 = - 80 6 0
dx2 x = -0.5 ft
Ans:
x = - 0.5 ft unstable
x = 0.833 ft stable
1149
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11–27.
SOLUTION
V = 12 sin 2u + 15 cos u
dV
= 0; 24 cos 2u - 15 sin u = 0
du
48 sin2 u + 15 sin u - 24 = 0
u = 34.6° Ans.
and
u = 145° Ans.
d2V
= - 48 sin 2u - 15 cos u
du2
d 2V
u = 34.6°, = - 57.2 6 0 Unstable Ans.
du2
d2V
u = 145°, = 57.2 7 0 Stable Ans.
du2
Ans:
Unstable at u = 34.6°
stable at u = 145°
1150
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*11–28.
SOLUTION
V = 8x3 - 2x2 - 10
dV
= 24x2 - 4x = 0
dx
124x - 42x = 0
d2V
= 48x - 4
dx2
d 2V
x = 0, = -4 6 0 Unstable Ans.
dx2
d2V
x = 0.167 m, = 4 7 0 Stable Ans.
dx2
Ans:
x = 0.167 m
d 2V
= -4 6 0 Unstable
dx2
d 2V
= 4 7 0 Stable
dx2
1151
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11–29.
SOLUTION
V = 10 cos 2u + 25 sin u
For equilibrium:
dV
= - 20 sin 2u + 25 cos u = 0
du
25
u = sin-1 a b = 38.7° and 141° Ans.
40
and
Stability:
d2V
= - 40 cos 2u - 25 sin u
du2
d2V
u = 38.7°, = - 24.4 6 0, Unstable Ans.
du2
d2V
u = 141°, = - 24.4 6 0, Unstable Ans.
du2
d 2V
u = 90°, = 15 7 0, Stable Ans.
du2
Ans:
u = 38.7° unstable
u = 90° stable
u = 141° unstable
1152
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11–30.
SOLUTION
V = 4x3 - x2 - 3x + 10
Equilibrium Position:
dV
= 12x 2 - 2x - 3 = 0
dx
Stability:
d 2V
= 24x - 2
dx 2
d2V
At x = 0.590 ft = 24(0.590) - 2 = 12.2 7 0 Stable Ans.
dx 2
d 2V
At x = -0.424 ft = 24( - 0.424) - 2 = -12.2 6 0 Unstable Ans.
dx 2
Ans:
x = - 0.424 ft unstable
x = 0.590 ft stable
1153
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11–31.
SOLUTION
400 mm
s = 2(0.4)2 + (0.4)2 - 2(0.4)2 cos u B
= (0.4)22(1 - cos u)
V = Vg + Ve
1
= -(0.2)(sin u)3(9.81) + (100) C (0.4)2(2)(1 - cos u) D
2
dV
= - (5.886) cos u + 16(sin u) = 0 (1)
du
u = 20.2° Ans.
d2V
= 5.886 sin u + (16) cos u = 17.0 7 0 stable Ans.
du2
Ans:
u = 20.2°
stable
1154
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*11–32.
SOLUTION
L L
Potential Function: The datum is established at point A. Since the weight W is u u
above the datum, its potential energy is positive. From the geometry, the spring
stretches x = 2L sin u and y = 2L cos u.
V = Ve + Vg
a
1 2
= kx + Wy
2
1
= (k)(2 L sin u)2 + W(2L cos u)
2
= 2kL2 sin 2 u + 2WL cos u
dV
Equilibrium Position: The system is in equilibrium if = 0.
du
dV
= 4kL2 sin u cos u - 2WL sin u = 0
du
dV
= 2kL2 sin 2u - 2WLsin u = 0
du
Solving,
W
u = 0° or u = cos-1 a b Ans.
2kL
d2V 2
Stability: To have neutral equilibrium at u = 0°, = 0.
du2 u - 0°
d 2V
= 4kL2 cos 2 u - 2WL cos u
du2
d 2V
2 = 4kL2 cos 0° - 2WLcos 0° = 0
du2 u - 0°
W = 2kL Ans.
Ans:
W
u = cos-1a b
2kL
W = 2kL
1155
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
11–33.
B
4m
k 400 N/ m
Solution
u
Potential Function. The Datum is established through point A, Fig. a. Since the A
center of gravity of the bar is above the datum, its potential energy is positive. Here,
y = 2 sin u and the spring stretches x = 4(1 - sin u) m. Thus,
V = Ve + Vg
1 2
= kx + Wy
2
1
= (400) 3 4(1 - sin u) 4 2 + 80(9.81)(2 sin u)
2
= 3200 sin2 u - 4830.4 sin u + 3200
dV
Equilibrium Position. The bar is in equilibrium of = 0
du
dV
= 6400 sin u cos u - 4830.4 cos u = 0
du
Solving,
dV
= 3200 sin 2u - 4830.4 cos u
du
d 2V
= 6400 cos 2u + 4830.4 sin u
du 2
d 2V d 2V
Stability. The equilibrium configuration is stable if 7 0, unstable if 6 0
d 2V du 2 du 2
and neutral if = 0.
du 2
At u = 90°,
d 2V
2 = 6400 cos [2(90°)] + 4830.4 sin 90° = -1569.6 6 0
du 2 u = 90°
Thus, the bar is in unstable equilibrium at u = 90°
At u = 49.00°,
d 2V
= 6400 cos [2(49.00°)] + 4830.4 sin 49.00° = 2754.26 7 0
du2
Thus, the bar is in stable equilibrium at u = 49.0°.
Ans:
Unstable equilibrium at u = 90°
Stable equilibrium at u = 49.0°
1156
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
11–34.
u
B
0.5 m
Solution
Potential Function. The Datum is established through point A, Fig. a. Since the 1m
center of gravity of the bar is below the datum, its potential energy is negative. Here, D
y = 0.75 cos u and the spring stretches x = 0.5 cos u. Thus,
V = Ve + Vg
1 2
= kx + ΣWy
2
1
= (2000)(0.5 cos u)2 + 3 - 20(9.81)(0.75 cos u) 4
2
dV
Equilibrium Position. The bar is in equilibrium if = 0.
du
dV
= - 500 sin u cos u + 147.15 sin u = 0
du
Solving,
dV
= - 250 sin 2u + 147.15 sin u
du
d 2V
= - 500 cos 2u + 147.15 cos u
du 2
d 2V d 2V
Stability. The equilibrium configuration is stable if 2
7 0, unstable if 6 0
d 2V du du 2
and neutral if = 0.
du 2
d 2V 2
= - 500 cos 0° + 147.15 cos 0° = -352.85 6 0
du 2 u = 0°
Thus, the bar is in unstable equilibrium at u = 0°.
At u = 72.88°,
d 2V 2
= - 500 cos [2(72.88°)] + 147.15 cos 72.88° = 456.69 7 0
du2 u = 72.88°
Thus, the bar is in stable equilibrium at u = 72.9°.
Ans:
Unstable equilibrium at u = 0°
Stable equilibrium at u = 72.9°
1157
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
11–35.
θ k
A C
SOLUTION
1
V = 2(8)(1 sin u) + k(4 cos u - 1)2
2
dV
= 16 cos u + k(4 cos u - 1)( - 4 sin u)
du
dV
= 16 cos u - 4k(4 cos u - 1) sin u
du
dV
u = 30°, = 0
du
Ans:
k = 2.81 lb>ft
1158
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
*11–36.
u u
A C
SOLUTION 500 mm
l = 500 mm
l
y1 = sin u
2 D
y2 = l + 2l(1 - cos u) = l(3 - 2 cos u)
V = 2Wy1 - WDy 2
u = 12.1° Ans.
d2V
= l( -W sin u - 2WD cos u)
du2
d 2V
u = 12.1°, = 0.5[- 3(9.81) sin 12.1° - 14(9.81) cos 12.1°]
du2
Ans:
u = 12.1°
Unstable
1159
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
11–37.
u k 1.5 kN/ m u
A C
500 mm
Solution
Potential Function. The Datum is established through point A, Fig. a. Since
the centers of gravity of the bars are above the datum, their potential
energies are positive. Here y = 0.25 sin u and the spring stretches
x = 3 2(0.5 cos u) - 0.5 4 - 0.1 = (cos u - 0.6) m. Thus
V = Ve + Vg
1 2
= kx + ΣWy
2
1
= (1500)(cos u - 0.6)2 + 2[10(9.81)](0.25 sin u)
2
dV
Equilibrium Position. The system is in equilibrium if = 0.
du
dV
= - 1500 sin u cos u + 900 sin u + 49.05 cos u = 0
du
Solving numerically,
dV
= - 750 sin 2u + 900 sin u + 49.05 cos u
du
d 2V
= 900 cos u - 1500 cos 2u - 49.05 sin u
du 2
d 2V d 2V
Stability. The equilibrium configurate is stable if 7 0, unstable if 6 0 and
d 2V du 2 du 2
neutral if = 0.
du 2
1160
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
11–37. Continued
At u = 51.22°,
d 2V
2 = 900 cos 51.22° - 49.05 sin 51.22° - 1500 cos [2(51.22°)] = 848.77 7 0
du 2 u = 51.22°
Thus, the system is in stable equilibrium at u = 51.2°.
At u = 4.713°,
d 2V 2
= 900 cos 4.713° - 49.05 sin 4.713° - 1500 cos [2(4.713°)] = - 586.82 6 0
du2 u = 4.713°
Thus, the system is in unstable equilibrium at u = 4.71°.
Ans:
Stable equilibrium at u = 51.2°
Unstable equilibrium at u = 4.71°
1161
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
11–38.
k B
Solution 1.5 m
Potential Function. The Datum is established through point A, Fig. a. Since the
centers of gravity of the bars are below the datum, their potential energies are C
negative. Here, y1 = 0.75 cos u, y2 = 1.5 cos u + 0.75 cos u = 2.25 cos u and the
spring stretches x = 2(1.5 cos u) - 1 = (3 cos u - 1) m. Thus,
V = Ve + Vg
1 2
= kx + ΣWy
2
1
= k(3 cos u - 1)2 + [ - 8(9.81)(0.75 cos u)] + [ - 8(9.81)(2.25 cos u)]
2
235.44
k =
9 cos u - 3
When u = 60°,
235.44
k = = 156.96 N>m = 157 N>m Ans.
9 cos 60° - 3
dV
= -9(156.96) sin u cos u + [3(156.96) + 235.44] sin u
du
dV
= 706.32 sin u - 706.32 sin 2u
du
d 2V
= 706.32 cos u - 1412.64 cos 2u
du 2
1162
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
11–38 Continued
d 2V d 2V
Stability. The equilibrium configuration is stable if 2
7 0, unstable if 6 0,
d 2V du du 2
and neutral if = 0.
du 2
At u = 60°,
d 2V
2 = 706.32 cos 60° - 1412.64 cos [2(60°)] = 1059.16 7 0
du 2 u = 60°
Thus, the system is in stable equilibrium at u = 60°.
Ans:
k = 157 N>m
Stable equilibrium at u = 60°
1163
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
11–39.
L
SOLUTION 2
k
Potential Function: With reference to the datum, Fig. a, the gravitational potential B
energy of the block is positive since its center of gravity is located above the datum. Here, L
2
L 3
the rods are tilted with a small angle u. Thus, y = cos u + L cos u = L cos u.
2 2 C
u2
However, for a small angle u, cos u 1 -
.Thus,
2
3 u2 3WL u2
Vg = Wy = W a L b a1 - b = a1 - b
2 2 2 2
The elastic potential energy of the torsional spring can be computed using
1
Ve = kb 2, where b = 2u. Thus,
2
1
Vg = k(2u)2 = 2ku2
2
dV
Equilibrium requires = 0. Thus,
du
3WL
ua - + 4k b = 0
2
u = 0°
d2V
To have neutral equilibrium at u = 0°, 2 = 0. Thus,
du2 u = 0°
3WL
- + 4k = 0
2
8k
W = Ans.
3L
Ans:
Note: The equilibrium configuration of the system at u = 0° is stable if 8k
8k d 2V 8k d2V W =
W< > 0 and is unstable if W > < 0 . 3L
3L du2 3L du2
1164
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
*11–40.
SOLUTION
Potential Function: First, we must determine the center of gravity of the cylinder. By
referring to Fig. a,
h d 1
(rpr2h) - a rpr2d b
©yCm 2 4 3 6h2 - d 2
y = = = (1)
©m 1 4(3h - d)
rpr 2h - rpr2d
3
With reference to the datum, Fig. a, the gravitational potential energy of the cylinder
is positive since its center of gravity is located above the datum. Here,
Thus,
V = Vg = Wy = W B R cos u
6h2 - 12hd + 3d2
4(3h - d)
= -W B R sin u
dV 6h2 - 12hd + 3d2
du 4(3h - d)
dV
Equilibrium requires = 0. Thus,
du
-WB R sin u = 0
6h2 - 12hd + 3d2
4(3h - d)
sin u = 0 u = 0°
= -W B R cos u
d 2V 6h2 - 12hd + 3d2
2 4(3h - d)
du
d 2V 2
To have neutral equilibrium at u = 0°, = 0. Thus,
d2u u = 0°
-WB R cos 0° = 0
6h2 - 12hd + 3d2
4(3h - d)
Note: If we substitute d = 0.5858h into Eq. (1), we notice that the fulcrum must be Ans:
at the center of gravity for neutral equilibrium. d = 0.586h
1165
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
11–41.
2m
Solution
Potential Function. The Datum is established through point A, Fig. a. Since the
center of gravity of the bar is below the datum, its potential energy is negative. Here
y = 2 cos u, and the spring stretches x = 2 sin 60° - 2 sin u = 2(sin 60° - sin u).
Thus
V = Ve + Vg
1 2
= kx + Wy
2
1
= (500)[2(sin 60° - sin u)]2 + [ - 100(9.81)(2 cos u)]
2
dV
= 1000 sin 2u - 100013 cos u + 1962 sin u = 0
du
Solved numerically,
d 2V
= 2000 cos 2u + 100013 sin u + 1962 cos u
du 2
d 2V d 2V
Stability. The equilibrium configuration is stable if 2
7 0, unstable if 6 0
d 2V du du 2
and neutral if = 0.
du 2
At u = 24.62°,
d 2V
= 2000 cos[2(24.62°)] + 100013 sin 24.62° + 1962 cos 24.62° = 3811.12 7 0
du 2
Thus, the bar is in stable equilibrium at u = 24.6°.
Ans:
Stable equilibrium at u = 24.6°
1166
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
11–42.
Each bar has a mass per length of m0. Determine the angles u
and f at which they are suspended in equilibrium. The
contact at A is smooth, and both are pin connected at B. B
3l u f
2
Solution A
l
Require G for system to be at its lowest point. 2
l l 3
0 - a b - (0.75 l sin 26.565°)a lb
4 2 2
x = = -0.20937 l
l 3
l + + l
2 2
1 lx 3
- a b(l) - l a b - (0.75 l cos 26.565°)a lb
2 2 2
y = = -0.66874 l
l 3
l + + l
2 2
0.20937 l
f = tan-1a b = 17.38° = 17.4° Ans.
0.66874 l
u = 26.565° - 17.38° = 9.18° Ans.
Ans:
f = 17.4°
u = 9.18°
1167
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
11–43.
3.5 m
SOLUTION
Potential Function: The datum is established at point A. Since the center of gravity 1.5 m
for the truck is above the datum, its potential energy is positive. Here, 1.5 m
y = (1.5 sin u + 3.5 cos u) m. u
dV
Equilibrium Position: The system is in equilibrium if = 0
du
dV
= W(1.5 cos u - 3.5 sin u) = 0
du
Since W Z 0,
Stability:
d2V
= W(-1.5 sin u - 3.5 cos u)
du2
d2V
= W( - 1.5 sin 23.20° - 3.5 cos 23.20°) = -3.81W 6 0
du2 u = 23.20°
Ans:
Unstable equilibrium at u = 23.2°
1168
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
*11–44.
u
SOLUTION b a
f
y1 = b cos u
W1
y2 = a sin f = a sin (90° - u - g)
V = -W1y1 + W2y2
dV
= W1 b sin u - W2 a cos (90° - u - g)
du
b sin u
W2 = W1 a b Ans.
a cos f
Ans:
b sin u
W2 = W1a b
a cos f
1169
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
11–45.
D
10 in.
4 in.
SOLUTION
x = 2(6)2 - (4 sin u)2 = 236 - 16 sin2 u A
6 16
=
x (x + 4 cos u) + y
x + 4 cos u + y = 2.667x
1
dy = 4 sin u du + 1.667a b (36 - 16 sin2 u)- 2 ( -32 sin u cos u)du
1
dU = 0; W dy = 0
Thus,
sin u = 0
u = 0° Ans.
or,
u = 33.0° Ans.
Ans:
u = 0°
u = 33.0°
1170
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
11–46.
3m
SOLUTION
Geometry: Using the law of cosines, A
1m
2 2
lA¿B = 21 + 3 - 2112132 cos190° - u2 = 210 - 6 sin u
e O
lAB = 212 + 32 = 210 m
Potential Function: The datum is established at point O. Since the center of gravity
of the rod and the block are above the datum, their potential energy is positive.
V = Vg = W1y1 + W2y2
`
dV
= 0.
du u = 30°
dV 1
= - 9.81m c - 110 - 6 sin u2- 21- 6 cos u2 d + 58.86 cos u
1
du 2
29.43m cos u
= - + 58.86 cos u
210 - 6 sin u
At u = 30°,
`
dV 29.43m cos 30°
= - + 58.86 cos 30° = 0
du u = 30° 210 - 6 sin 30°
m = 5.29 kg Ans.
Ans:
m = 5.29 kg
1171
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
11–47.
SOLUTION
Potential Function: The datum is established at point A. Since the center of gravity
of the cylinder is above the datum, its potential energy is positive. Here,
y = r + d cos u.
V = Vg = Wy = mg(r + d cos u)
dV
Equilibrium Position: The system is in equilibrium if = 0.
du
dV
= - mgd sin u = 0
du
sin u = 0 u = 0°
Stability:
d 2V
= - mgd cos u
du2
d 2V 2
= - mgd cos 0° = - mgd 6 0
du2 u = 0°
Thus, the cylinder is in unstable equilibrium at u = 0° (Q.E.D.)
1172
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
*11–48.
The bent rod has a weight of 5 lb ft. A pivot of negligible 8 in. 8 in.
size is attached at its center A and the rod is balanced as
shown. Determine the length L of its vertical segments so 2 in. A
that it remains in neutral equilibrium. Neglect the thickness
of the rod. L L
SOLUTION
To remain in neutral equilibrium, the center of gravity must be located at A.
©yW
y =
©W
16 L 2L
2a b (5) - a - 2 b a b (5)
12 2 12
0 =
16 2L
a b (5) + a b (5)
12 12
L = 8 in. Ans.
Ans:
L = 8 in.
1173
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
11–49.
SOLUTION a
AF = AD sin f = AD sin (60° - u)
AD a
=
sin a sin 60°
a
AD = (sin (60° + u))
sin 60°
a
AF = (sin (60° + u)) sin (60° - u)
sin 60°
a
= (0.75 cos2 u - 0.25 sin2 u)
sin 60°
d
y= cos u - AF
23
V = Wy
dV a
= Wc( -0.5774 d) sin u - ( -1.5 sin u cos u - 0.5 sin u cos u)d = 0
du sin 60°
a
or - 0.5774 d - ( -2 cos u) = 0
sin 60°
d
u = cos-1 a b Ans.
4a
Ans:
u = 0°
d
u = cos-1a b
4a
1174