UNIVERSIDAD PRIVADA DE TACNA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

COURSE: TECHNICAL ENGLISH

TEACHER: Hiraida Yesenia Pacheco Quispe

Student:

Angelo Brian Quispe Mamani (2015052826)

Tacna – Perú
2019
THE COMPUTER, HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

MONOGRAPH
TOPIC: THE COMPUTER, HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

I. INTRODUCTION

This work is about the computer in its beginnings and how it evolved in the history
in addition to taking into account how this device consisted of which we are
currently dependent so that you can have more knowledge on this subject
The reason for the elaboration of this topic gives rise to the technological progress
that is happening today which quickly and effectively changes radically changing
the way we live, this factor is important since knowing the beginning of a change
we can deduce the end in which we are on track with these technological
advances

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II. DEVELOPING
I. History
The computer is currently one of the most used tools worldwide by all kinds
of users, and perform tasks that go beyond the objective of when they were
developed. Nowadays a simple computer can be used as much for the
simple entertainment and the social networks even to control aspects as
complicated as the space missions in a completely automatic way.

Such is the variety of jobs in which a computer can help humanity.

However, there are few people who know that these devices were not born
with Windows, but have been around for centuries, perhaps in ways that
have nothing to do with current, but they are still computers for that.

The history of the computer, contrary to what many can imagine, has its
beginning a long time ago, when man discovered that he could make
accounts with his fingers, or with other objects, such as stones or pieces of
wood. These accounts became increasingly complicated as humanity

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learned, and soon men realized that they would need some artifact that
would allow them to perform more complex calculations at a higher speed.

For these needs, around 4,000 BC, a very simple apparatus was created,
formed by a clay plate where stones were moved that helped in the
calculations. That device was called an abacus, a word of Phoenician
origin. By 200 BC, the abacus had changed, and was formed by a
rectangular wooden molding with parallel rods and perforated stones that
slid through these rods. The concept and functions of the abacus remain
intact until today, as even this device is still used in, for example, learning
for the blind.

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We could say that the abacus is the starting point of this story. From here
the computers would take us to explore the nearby planets first and then,
who knows?

After the abacus, the next step in the history of computers (year of 1642)
occurred when an 18-year-old Frenchman named Blaise Pascal invented
the first addition machine: the Pascalina, which executed arithmetic
operations when the discs that were geared, thus being the forerunner of
mechanical calculators.

II. Hardware
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It is the set of physical and peripheral elements of the system: the

processor, the
platelets, electronic circuits, hard disk, monitor, keyboard, etc.

MONITOR
The monitor is the device that supplies the visual information. The signals
generated by the video adapter or driver are those that will be displayed on
the screen. The monitor incorporates typical brightness and contrast
controls. These can be 14 ", 15", 17, 21 inches or greater.

GRAPHICS CARD
Functionally it can be considered as a data output interface. A typical video
adapter for PC's will consist of a printed circuit board with a 9-pin connector
to which the monitor cable is connected (there are monitors that do not
meet this feature), and a 2 x 31-pin slot connector that is Insert into one of
the expansion slots (slots) of the PC motherboard.

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KEYBOARD
It is the main element to enter information in the PC. The operation of the
keyboard of a PC is practically identical to that of a typewriter.

MOUSE
It allows to reflect the movements of the hand on the screen, and, by
pressing its buttons, select options.

PRINTER
There are different types of printers:
Matrix: Are those whose operation is based on small needles that leave a
mark on the paper when hitting on an inked ribbon.
Thermal: They are used mainly to print documents from portable
equipment. Its operation is based on the generation of heat on a special
paper.
Injection or Ink Jet: These are the most widely used. They print high quality
color images.
Laser: They are those that provide higher image quality and, consequently,
those that have a higher price.

CPU (Central Processing Unit): If we compare the operation of the

computer with that of the human body, the role played by the brain could
be compared to that in the machine played by the MICROPROCESSOR.
Within it we find several components, where the most important is the
CPU. It is responsible for performing all arithmetic and logical operations,
executing program instructions at an incredible speed of millions of
instructions per second MIPS.

CENTRAL UNIT OR GABINTE

It is made up of different parts:

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Start button: It is the switch that starts and stops the equipment.
Floppy disk: The use of diskettes is in disuse, in the course of this year
they have stopped making, since their capacity to store information is very
limited.
However, they are still used by companies or institutions with equipment
that has this type of reader.
CD-ROM and DVD-ROM reader / recorder: Within the reach of a few years
ago, its use has become widespread today.
Speaker: A decade ago, only some acoustic signals could be generated.
Today it is already possible to play stereo sound.
Motherboard or Mother Board: It is a large plate that is inside
of the cabinet, in it they are mounted (soldiers, connected with cables,
chips or
fixed connectors, etc) the main components that a computer needs to
function.

The ROM (Read Only Memory, Memory Only Memory), which stores the
set of instructions that starts the PC and enables the loading of the
operating system. It is of vital importance to
the system and it can not be erased (it's a chip that comes
incorporated into the PC).
The RAM (Random Access Memory), called working memory, is a
temporary storage space used by the microprocessor and other
components and that allows storing the data that the programs are using.

The second level CACHE memory (L2) is a very fast memory called static
SRAM that is placed between the main memory (RAM) and the CPU and
which stores the last data transferred.

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The processor, first consult the buffer to see if the information you are
looking for is there, if so we can work with it without having to wait for the
slower RAM main memory.

III. Software
It is the set of data that the computer needs in order to work. The data vary
according to the type of operation that the computer must perform, and for
that reason they are grouped forming different PROGRAMS.
We can also say that SOFTWARE is the set of programs and utilities that
are responsible for explaining to HARDWARE what it has to do.
Software classification
1. Of System
2. Of Application
3. Of Programming
Programming software
It is the set of tools that allow the programmer to develop computer
programs, using different alternatives and programming languages, in a
practical way. A programming language is an artificial language designed
to express instructions that can be carried out by machines such as
computers. They can be used to create programs that control the physical
and logical behavior of a machine, to express algorithms with precision, or
as a mode of human communication.

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App software
They are practically "UNCONTAINABLE". Thus there are programs that
allow us to solve mathematical calculations, others with which we can play,
those that serve to draw and those that allow us to communicate with other
computers through the telephone line or wireless networks. There are also
different programs to design a building, to make music videos, to create
special effects in a movie, etc. The possibilities grow day by day, and these
depend on the programs and the type of HARDWARE that is used.
Systems software
Within the SOFTWARE, it is necessary the presence of an OPERATIVE
SYSTEM, whose main function is to translate our orders to the P.C. so that
you can understand them. The operating system best known and / or most
used by users of desktop PCs or laptops in the last 2 decades comes from
the hand of the Microsoft company and is WINDOWS. In its different
versions Windows98, Windows ME (Millennium), Windows XP, Windows
Vista and the last one, Windows 7.
There are other operating systems, such as Unix, Mac OS, Linux, Chrome
OS, etc.
III. CONCLUSIONS

The technological advance is advanced in a radical way influencing people, improving

their lifestyle in an efficient way. One can imagine what the future will be like with so
many technological advances.

IV. WEBGRAPHY
- https://tecnologia-informatica.com/historia-de-la-computadora/
- http://cs.sru.edu/~mullins/cpsc100book/module02_introduction/module02-
03_introduction.html
- https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/software.htm

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