A

Technical Report
On

Sand Filter & Seperator

Submitted to partial fulfilment of the

Requirements for the award of the degree

Of
Bachelor of Technology
in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

Krishna Kumar (1524040029)

Manish Kumar (1524040030)
Mohit Sharma (1524040036)
Mukesh (1524040038)

B.Tech-IVth Year

Under The guidance of

Mr. NEERAJ SIR
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Sunder Deep Engineering College

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this submission is our own work to the best of our knowledge and belief .it contains no
material previously or written by any other preson not material which to a substantial extent has been accepted
for the award of any degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning.except where due
acknowledgment and references has been made in the text.

NAME ROLL NO SIGNATURE

KRISHNA KUMAR 1524040029

MANISH KUMAR 1524040030

MOHIT SHARMA 1524040036

MUKESH 1524040038

Date:-

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

 ABSTRACT
Here we demonstrate the fabrication system. Sand is used in construction,
manufacturing and many industries. Sand needs to be filtered and separated from
unneeded particles, stones and other large particles before it is put to use. Our
system puts forward a automated sand filtering and separator system that
automatically filters sand poured on it. Here we use a motorized shaft that is
mounted horizontally using mounts. The shaft is connected to a filter frame with
mesh below and enclosing frame on the sides. We now have a rod connected
from the shaft to the filter frame in a way such as to achieve the best horizontal
motion. Also we have a frame to hold the filter frame in place while ensuring
proper horizontal motion at the same time. On switching on the motor using our
motor controller circuit, the system allows to operate the motor. This allows us
to operate the sand filter motion for appropriate sand filtering needs.

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank to the HOD, Prof. B.P. Srivastava and Neeraj Saraswat for
his continuous support and precious guidance throughout this study.
I sincerely thank the faculty members of WORKSHOP for their helpful
comments and on this topic.
Last but not least, my deepest thank goes to my family and friends for their
support and encouragement.

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

 CERTIFICATE

This is certify that project progress report entitled “ Sand Filter & Seperator” which is
submitted by Krishna Kumar, Manish Kumar, Mohit Sharma, & Mukesh in partial
fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree B.Tech in department of Mechanical
Engineering at the Sunder Deep Engineering College Ghaziabad, is an authentic work carried
out by them under my supervision and guidance to the best of my knowledge, the matter
embodied in the thesis has been submitted to any other university/institute for the award of
the degree.

Prof. B.P.Srivastav

HOD (ME DEPARTMENT)

Sunder deep engineering college, Ghaziabad Sign...................

Prof. NEERAJ SARASWAT

Project Guide

Sunder deep engineering college, Ghaziabad Sign...................

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................iii

CERTIFICATRE......................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................vi

LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................vii

1. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................7
2. ...............................................................14
3. .....................................................................................21

4. .............................................................................27

5. ................................................................................. 31
6. CALCULATION AND TABLE..............................................................33
7. APPLICATION..........34
8. ................................................................................37
9. PARTS USED IN MANUFRACTURING .............................................42

10. TOOLS USED..........................................................................................47

11. OVER VIEW OF PRODUCT..................................................................52

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1..............................................................8
Figure 2........................................................................................10
Figure 3....................................................................14
Figure 4....................................................................16
Figure 5..........................................................17
Figure 6........................18
Figure 7.....................................................................18
Figure 8..........................................................................................19
Figure 9.......................................................................21
Figure 10..........................................................................25
Figure 11.............................................................................................26
Figure 12.....................................................................................................................28
Figure 13.....................................................................................................................32
Figure 14......................................................................................................................33
Figure 15......................................................................................................................47
Figure 16. TOOL BOX USED IN MANUFRACTURING .......................................49
Figure 17. WRENCHES..............................................................................................51
Figure 18. OVER VIEW OF THE PROJECT.............................................................52

TABLES
TABLE 6.1.....................................................................................35
TABLE 6.2.....................................................................................35
TABLE 6.3.....................................................................................36

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

 Chapter 1

Introduction

Generally while preparing the concrete for construction purpose, the process
of sieving and mixing is carried out separately. These processes are carried
out manually. Sieving of sand is carried out using rectangular mesh which is
inclined at certain angle. In the present sand sieving method, the sample is
subjected to horizontal or vertical movement in accordance with the chosen
method. This causes a relative motion between the particles and the sieve.
Depending on their size the individual particles either pass through the sieve
mesh or retained on the sieve surface

Machining
Machining is any of various processes in which a piece of raw material is cut
into a desired final shape and size by a controlled material-removal process. The
processes that have this common theme, controlled material removal, are today
collectively known as subtractive manufacturing in distinction from processes
of controlled material addition, which are known as additive manufacturing.
Exactly what the "controlled" part of the definition implies can vary, but it
almost always implies the use of (in addition to just power tools and hand
tools).
Machining is a part of the manufacturing of many metal products, but it can also
be used on materials such as wood, plastic, ceramic, and composites. A person
who specializes in machining is called a mechanist. A room, building, or
company where machining is done is called a machine shop. Much of modern-
day machining is carried out by computer numeric control (CNC), in which
computers are used to control the movement and operation of the mills, lathes,
and other cutting machines.

History and terminology

The precise meaning of the term machining has evolved over the past one and a
half centuries as technology has advanced. In the 18th century, the word
machanist simply meant a person who built or repaired machines. This person's
work was done mostly by hand, using processes such as the carving of
wood and the hand- and hand filling of metal. At the time, millwrights and

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

builders of new kinds of engines (meaning, more or less, machines of any kind),
such as James Watt or John Wilkinson, would fit the definition. The
noun machine tool and the verb to machine (machined, machining) did not yet
exist.
Around the middle of the 19th century, the latter words were coined as the
concepts that they described evolved into widespread existence. Therefore,
during the Machine age. machining referred to (what we today might call) the
"traditional" machining processes, such
as turnin boring, drilling, milling, broaching, sawing, shaping, planing, reaming,
and tapping. In these "traditional" or "conventional" machining
processes, machine tools, such as lathes, milling machines, drill presses, or
others, are used with a sharp cutting tool to remove material to achieve a desired
geometry.

Overview of machining technology

Machining is any process in which a cutting tool is used to remove small chips
of material from the workpiece (the workpiece is often called the "work"). To
perform the operation, relative motion is required between the tool and the
work. This relative motion is achieved in most machining operation by means
of a primary motion, called "cutting speed" and a secondary motion called
"feed". The shape of the tool and its penetration into the work surface, combined
with these motions, produce the desired shape of the resulting work surface.
Machining operations.
There are many kinds of machining operations, each of which is capable of
generating a certain part geometry and surface texture.
In turning a cutting tool with a single cutting edge is used to remove material
from a rotating workpiece to generate a cylindrical shape. The primary motion
is provided by rotating the workpiece, and the feed motion is achieved by
moving the cutting tool slowly in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation of
the workpiece.
Drilling is used to create a round hole. It is accomplished by a rotating tool that
typically has two or four helical cutting edges. The tool is fed in a direction
parallel to its axis of rotation into the workpiece to form the round hole.
In boaring a tool with a single bent pointed tip is advanced into a roughly made
hole in a spinning workpiece to slightly enlarge the hole and improve its

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

accuracy. It is a fine finishing operation used in the final stages of product
manufacture.
Reaming is one of the sizing operations that removes a small amount of metal
from a hole already drilled.
In Milling, a rotating tool with multiple cutting edges is moved slowly relative
to the material to generate a plane or straight surface. The direction of the feed
motion is perpendicular to the tool's axis of rotation. The speed motion is
provided by the rotating milling cutter. The two basic forms of milling are:

 Peripheral milling
 Face milling.
Other conventional machining operations include shaping, planing, broaching
and sawing. Also, grinding and similar abrasive operations are often included
within the category of machining.

Cutting tool
A cutting tool has one or more sharp cutting edges and is made of a
material that is harder than the work material. The cutting edge serves to
separate chip from the parent work material. Connected to the cutting
edge are the two surfaces of the tool:

 The rake face; and

 The flank.
The rake face which directs the flow of newly formed chip, is oriented at
a certain angle is called the rake angle "α". It is measured relative to the
plane perpendicular to the work surface. The rake angle can be positive or
negative. The flank of the tool provides a clearance between the tool and
the newly formed work surface, thus protecting the surface from abrasion,
which would degrade the finish. This angle between the work surface and
the flank surface is called the relief angle. There are two basic types of
cutting tools:

 Single point tool; and

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

  Multiple-cutting-edge tool
A single point tool has one cutting edge and is used for turning, boring
and planing. During machining, the point of the tool penetrates below the
original work surface of the workpart. The point is sometimes rounded to
a certain radius, called the nose radius.
Multiple-cutting-edge tools have more than one cutting edge and usually
achieve their motion relative to the workpart by rotating. Drilling and
milling uses rotating multiple-cutting-edge tools. Although the shapes of
these tools are different from a single-point tool, many elements of tool
geometry are similar.

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

 Wielding process
Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials,
usually metals or thermoplastics, by using high heat to melt the parts together and allowing
them to cool causing fusion. Welding is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining
techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.

In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically added to the joint to form a
pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that, based on weld
configuration (butt, full penetration, fillet, etc.), can be stronger than the base material (parent
metal). Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce a weld.
Welding also requires a form of shield to protect the filler metals or melted metals from being
contaminated or oxidized.
Arc
These processes use a welding power supply to create and maintain an electric arc between
an electrode and the base material to melt metals at the welding point. They can use
either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC), and consumable or non-
consumable electrodes. The welding region is sometimes protected by some type of inert or
semi-inert gas, known as a shielding gas, and filler material is sometimes used as well.

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

 Power supplies
The type of current used plays an important role in arc welding. Consumable electrode
processes such as shielded metal arc welding and gas metal arc welding generally use direct
current, but the electrode can be charged either positively or negatively. In welding, the
positively charged anode will have a greater heat concentration, and as a result, changing the
polarity of the electrode affects weld properties. If the electrode is positively charged, the
base metal will be hotter, increasing weld penetration and welding speed. Alternatively, a
negatively charged electrode results in more shallow welds. Non-consumable electrode
processes, such as gas tungsten arc welding, can use either type of direct current, as well as
alternating current. However, with direct current, because the electrode only creates the arc
and does not provide filler material, a positively charged electrode causes shallow welds,
while a negatively charged electrode makes deeper welds. Alternating current rapidly moves
between these two, resulting in medium-penetration welds. One disadvantage of AC, the fact
that the arc must be re-ignited after every zero crossing, has been addressed with the
invention of special power units that produce a square wave pattern instead of the normal sine
wave, making rapid zero crossings possible and minimizing the effects of the problem.

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

 Processes

The process is versatile and can be performed with relatively inexpensive equipment, making
it well suited to shop jobs and field work. An operator can become reasonably proficient with
a modest amount of training and can achieve mastery with experience. Weld times are rather
slow, since the consumable electrodes must be frequently replaced and because slag, the
residue from the flux, must be chipped away after welding. Furthermore, the process is
generally limited to welding ferrous materials, though special electrodes have made possible
the welding of cast iron, nickel, aluminum, copper, and other metals.

Diagram of arc and weld area, in shielded metal arc welding.

1. Coating Flow
2. Rod
3. Shield Gas
4. Fusion
5. Base metal
6. Weld metal
7. Solidified Slag

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

 Metal Grinding in Metal Fabrication
Metal grinding is a process that is used extensively in metal fabrication. Metal grinding is
most often a manual operation at job shops while large custom parts fabricators will automate
through the use of finishing machines. Metal Grinding is used to finish off rough edges,
deburr metal parts, smooth welds, create sharp edges and sometimes create unique finished
looks like the jitterbug finish on a metal part.

Manual metal grinding can be performed simply by using a file, but in most metal fabrication
operations grinding is performed with a grinding machine. Metal grinding with a handheld
grinder or a stationary grinding machine with industrial grinding wheels or belts are two
forms of grinding in metal fabrication. A portable handheld grinder may be used instead of a
grinding machine in hard to reach areas or when grinding larger metal parts that will not fit
on a machine grinder.

Types of Metal Grinders

 Belt Grinder
 Bench Grinder
 Cylinder Grinder
 Surface Grinder
 Bit Grinder
 Jig Grinder

NUT-
A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used in conjunction
with a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together. The two partners are kept together by a
combination of their threads' friction (with slight elastic deformation), a slight stretching of
the bolt, and compression of the parts to be held together.
In applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various locking
mechanisms may be employed: lock washers, jam nuts, specialist adhesive thread-locking
fluid such as Loctite, safety pins (split pins) or lock wire in conjunction with castellated nuts,
nylon inserts or slightly oval-shaped threads.
Square nuts, as well as bolt heads, were the first shape made and used to be the most common
largely because they were much easier to manufacture, especially by hand. While rare
today due to the reasons stated below for the preference of hexagonal nuts, they are
occasionally used in some situations when a maximum amount of torque and grip is needed
for a given size: the greater length of each side allows a spanner to be applied with a larger
surface area and more leverage at the nut.
The most common shape today is hexagonal, for similar reasons as the bolt head: six sides
give a good granularity of angles for a tool to approach from (good in tight spots), but more
(and smaller) corners would be vulnerable to being rounded off. It takes only one sixth of a
rotation to obtain the next side of the hexagon and grip is optimal. However, polygons with

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

more than six sides do not give the requisite grip and polygons with fewer than six sides take
more time to be given a complete rotation. Other specialized shapes exist for certain needs,
such as pignuts for finger adjustment and captive nuts (e.g. cage nuts) for inaccessible areas.

TYPE OF MATERIALS USED

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is
a metal, that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is by
mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is
the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust.
Pure iron is very rare on the Earth's crust, basically being limited to meteorites. Iron ores are
quite abundant, but extracting usable metal from them requires kilns or furnaces capable of
reaching 1500 °C or higher, about 500 °C higher than what is enough to smelt copper.
Humans started to dominate that process in Eurasia only about 2000 BCE, and iron began to
displace copper alloys for tools and weapons, in some regions, only around 1200 BCE. That
event is considered the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. Iron alloys, such
as steel, ion, and special steels are now by far the most common industrial metals, because of
their mechanical properties and their low cost.

Aluminium

Aluminium (also spelled aluminum) is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic
number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic and ductile metal in the boron group. By
mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's crust; it is the third most abundant
element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the crust, though it is less
common in the mantle below. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite. Aluminium metal is so
chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to
extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals.
Aluminium is remarkable for its low density and its ability to resist corrosion through the
phenomenon of passivation. Aluminium and its alloys are vital to the aerospace industry and
important in transportation and building industries, such as building facades and window
frames. The oxides and sulphates are the most useful compounds of aluminium.

Sheet metal
Sheet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. Sheet metal is one
of the fundamental forms used in metalworkingand it can be cut and bent into a variety of

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

shapes. Countless everyday objects are fabricated from sheet metal. Thicknesses can vary
significantly; extremely thin sheets are considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm
(0.25 in) are considered plate steel or "structural steel."
Sheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips. The coils are formed by running a
continuous sheet of metal through a roll slitter.
In most of the world, sheet metal thickness is consistently specified in millimeters. In the US,
the thickness of sheet metal is commonly specified by a traditional, non-linear measure
known as its gauge. The larger the gauge number, the thinner the metal. Commonly used steel
sheet metal ranges from 30 gauge to about 7 gauge. Gauge differs between ferrous (iron
based) metals and nonferrous metals such as aluminum or copper. Copper thickness, for
example, is measured in ounces; representing the weight of copper contained in an area of
one square foot. Parts manufactured from sheet metal must maintain a uniform thickness for
ideal results.[1]
There are many different metals that can be made into sheet metal, such
as aluminium, brass, copper, steel, tin, nickel and titanium. For decorative uses, some
important sheet metals include silver, gold, and platinum (platinum sheet metal is also
utilized as a catalyst.)
Sheet metal is used in automobile and truck (lorry) bodies, airplane fuselages and wings,
medical tables, roofs for buildings (architecture) and many other applications. Sheet metal of
iron and other materials with high magnetic permeability, also known as laminated steel
cores, has applications in transformers and electric machines. Historically, an important use
of sheet metal was in plate armor worn by cavalry, and sheet metal continues to have many
decorative uses, including in horse tack. Sheet metal workers are also known as "tin bashers"
(or "tin knockers"), a name derived from the hammering of panel seams when installing tin
roofs

Tape measure

A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler and used to measure distance.
It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement
markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its design allows for a measure of great length to
be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one to measure around curves or corners.
Today it is ubiquitous, even appearing in miniature form as a keychain fob, or novelty
item. Surveyors use tape measures in lengths of over 100 m.

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

 Sieving
Sieving is a simple technique for separating particles of different sizes. A sieve such as used
for sifting flour has very small holes. Coarse particles are separated or broken up by grinding
against one-another and screen openings. Depending upon the types of particles to be
separated, sieves with different types of holes are used. Sieves are also used to separate
stones from sand. Sieving plays an important role in food industries where sieves (often
vibrating) are used to prevent the contamination of the product by foreign bodies. The design
of the industrial sieve is here of primary importance.

Sieves

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

 MOTOR
Introduction

300 RPM Side Shaft Heavy Duty DC Gear Motor is suitable for large robots / automation
systems. It has sturdy construction with gear box built to handle stall torque produced by the
motor. Drive shaft is supported from both sides with metal bushes. Motor runs smoothly from

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

4V to 12V and gives 300 RPM at 12V. Motor has 8mm diameter, 17.5mm length drive shaft
with D shape for excellent coupling.

Table below gives fairly good idea of the motor’s performance in terms of RP. Vs. voltage at
no load and that of stall torque at different voltages.

Note: This motor will be bit noisy while running.

12v, 300 rpm DC Side Shaft High Torque Geared Motor Heavy Duty

Specifications

RPM: 300 at 12V

Voltage: 4V to 12V
Stall torque: 23Kg-cm at stall current of 8.4A@12V

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

Shaft diameter: 8mm
Shaft length: 17.5mm
Gear assembly: Spur
Brush type: Carbon
Motor weight: 280gms
Dimension: Refer to diagram below

Dimensions

Side-Shaft-Heavy-Duty-DC-Ge-dimensions

Motor performance specifications

Note: No load current will be less than 1/7th of stall current

Voltage (V) RPM (No Load) Stall torque (Kg/cm) Stall Current (A)
2 40.9 1.56 1.2
4 96.8 4.29 2.5
6 157.8 7.8 4.5
8 198.5 10.53 5.9
10 269.8 12.09 7.0
12 325.3 22.62 8.4

Recommended wheels

Any wheel with 8mm diameter bore can be used with this motor
106mm Diameter x 44mm Thick x 8mm Bore Wheel

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

Recommended Motor drivers for large loads

Hercules Lite 6V-16V, 8Amp Motor Driver with Current Sensing

8V-28V, 5Amp Dual DC Motor Driver with Current Sense
Hercules 6V-16V, 16Amp Motor Driver with Current Sensing

Recommended Motor drivers for moderate loads

L298 46V, 2A Stepper Motor / Dual DC Motor Driver

ADAPTER
Feature

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]

  Universal Input 100~240VAC 50/60Hz
 Short Circuit Protection, OVP, OCP
 High Efficiency

Applications:

 LED lamp, humidifier, portable cooler refrigerator, vacuum cleaner, robot

sweeper
 Audio device, POS machine, set top box, tablet, PC, CCTV camera

Specification

Electrical Data Environmental Data

 Output Voltage: 5~36V DC  Operating temperature: 0~40℃

 Output Current: 100~6000mA  Storage tempetature: -10~70℃
 Power:48Watt  Humidity: 5% to 95% non-
condensing

`[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]