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Thermodynamics Nozzle 1

This document discusses nozzle shape and critical pressure ratio. It begins by explaining how nozzle shape is determined using the steady flow energy equation and isentropic flow assumptions. It then defines critical pressure ratio as the ratio of pressure at the throat to inlet pressure where sonic velocity is reached. Several equations are derived relating pressure ratio to temperature and velocity for an ideal gas undergoing isentropic flow. The velocity of sound is defined mathematically and in terms of pressure and temperature. An example problem calculates the critical pressure ratio of a nozzle.

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82 views19 pages

Thermodynamics Nozzle 1

This document discusses nozzle shape and critical pressure ratio. It begins by explaining how nozzle shape is determined using the steady flow energy equation and isentropic flow assumptions. It then defines critical pressure ratio as the ratio of pressure at the throat to inlet pressure where sonic velocity is reached. Several equations are derived relating pressure ratio to temperature and velocity for an ideal gas undergoing isentropic flow. The velocity of sound is defined mathematically and in terms of pressure and temperature. An example problem calculates the critical pressure ratio of a nozzle.

Uploaded by

waseemjutt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 10

(T.D EASTOP)
NOZZLES & JET
PROPULSION
Part 1
NOZZLES
NOZZLE SHAPE

Applying the steady flow energy equation between section 1 and


X-X & considering 𝑄 = 𝑊 = 0:
NOZZLE SHAPE Cont.
For the ideal frictionless case, since the flow is adiabatic
& reversible, thus the process is isentropic:

Variation of cross sectional area A vs. pressure p


along the duct can be plotted by using the Eqn. 10.2
& following 𝑝𝑣 𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (for ideal gas):

Fig. 10.1
NOZZLE SHAPE Cont.

nozzle.

• Velocity at the throat of nozzle working on


its designed pressure ratio is called velocity
of sound.
• The flow up to throat is subsonic & the flow
after the throat is supersonic.
• The velocity of sound is denoted either by ‘a’
or by ‘c’
CRIRICAL PRESSURE RATIO
• The ratio of the pressure at the section where sonic velocity is
attained to the inlet pressure of a nozzle is called critical
pressure ratio.
• For a nozzle that is convergent only, the fluid will attain sonic
velocity at exit if the pressure drop across the nozzle is large
enough.

Generally, inlet velocity is negligibly small


leading to very large area, thus nozzles are
shaped at inlet to converge rapidly over the
first fraction of its length (Fig. 10.4)
CRIRICAL PRESSURE RATIO Cont.

Since ℎ = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇
CRIRICAL PRESSURE RATIO Cont.
𝑅𝑇
Since, 𝑣 =
𝑝

𝑝
Let the pressure ratio be = 𝑥, for an isentropic process for
𝑝1
a perfect gas:
CRIRICAL PRESSURE RATIO Cont.
CRIRICAL PRESSURE RATIO Cont.
CRIRICAL PRESSURE RATIO Cont.
CRIRICAL PRESSURE RATIO Cont.
• Eqn. 10.8 is also applicable to a steam nozzle if expansion
follows the law 𝑝𝑣 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
• In the above law/process, value of k is equal to 1.135 for
initially dry saturated steam; while k = 1.3 for the initially
superheated steam.
• However, Eqn. 10.8 can not be used for wet vapor.

Putting 𝐶1 = 0 & ℎ = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇, we get:


CRIRICAL PRESSURE RATIO Cont.

As

Thus,

Velocity of sound (a): It is, mathematically, defined by the equation:


CRIRICAL PRESSURE RATIO Cont.
𝒅𝒑
To prove that 𝒂 = = 𝒄𝟐
𝟐
𝒅𝝆
Consider a control volume that encloses the
wave front and moves with it, as shown in Fig.
To an observer traveling with the wave front,
the fluid to the right will appear to be moving
toward the wave front with a speed of c and
the fluid to the left to be moving away from
the wave front with a speed of 𝑐 − 𝑑𝑉.
The mass balance for this single-stream,
steady-flow process can be expressed as:

or
CRIRICAL PRESSURE RATIO Cont.

As no heat or work crosses the boundaries of the control


volume during this steady-flow process, energy balance
𝑒𝑖𝑛 − 𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑡 leads to:

Also we have equation:


CRIRICAL PRESSURE RATIO Cont.
Velocity of sound in terms of pressure/temperature:
As

Thus,
CRIRICAL PRESSURE RATIO Cont.

EXAMPLE
Solution
Thus,

Now,

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