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Chem Notes

This document covers key concepts in chemistry including mole concepts, conversions between moles and other units, empirical and molecular formulas, solutions, factors affecting solubility, colligative properties, percent composition, and calculations involving molarity, molality, dilution, and mole fraction. It defines important terms and outlines procedures for determining empirical formulas from elemental analysis and molecular formulas from empirical formulas and molar masses.

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Shania Gwyneth Sumalpong
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57 views9 pages

Chem Notes

This document covers key concepts in chemistry including mole concepts, conversions between moles and other units, empirical and molecular formulas, solutions, factors affecting solubility, colligative properties, percent composition, and calculations involving molarity, molality, dilution, and mole fraction. It defines important terms and outlines procedures for determining empirical formulas from elemental analysis and molecular formulas from empirical formulas and molar masses.

Uploaded by

Shania Gwyneth Sumalpong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Mole Concepts

 Conversions
 Empirical and Molecular Formula
 Solutions
 Factors Affecting Solubility
 Colligative Properties
 % Composition
 Molarity, Molality
 Dilution, Mole Fraction

ZUESMITA GHABE ANTE


MOLE CONCEPT
The Mole
 Abbreviation: mol
 The SI base unit used to measure the amount of substance.

Avogadro’s Number
 6.02 𝑥 1023
 A mole is simply Avogadro's number of things. In chemistry, those
"things" are atoms or molecules.

Representative Particle
 Can be represented by an atom, molecule, formula unit, electron or
an ion

Conversions
 mass to moles: Divide initial mass by the molar mass

 moles to mass: Multiply initial mole value by the molar mass

 volume to moles: Divide initial volume by 22.4 L

 moles to volume: Multiply initial mole value 22.4 L

 particles to moles: Divide particle value by 6.02 × 1023

 moles to particles: Multiply mole value by 6.02 × 1023


EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAs
Molecular Formula
 “Regular Formula”
 Tells us how many atoms are in a compound

Empirical Formula
 The simplest or most reduced ratio of atoms in a compound

Conversions
 Simple Conversion (molecular to empirical)
Simplify equation by determining common factor
MOLECULAR: C4H8 EMPIRICAL: CH2

Steps for determining Empirical Formula


 The simplest or most reduced ratio of atoms in a compound
If percentages are given, assume that the total mass is 100 grams so
that the mass of each element = the percent given
 Convert the mass of each element to moles using the molar mass
 Divide each mole value by the smallest number of moles calculated

Steps for determining Empirical Formula


 Calculate the empirical formula mass
 Divide the gram molecular mass by the empirical formula mass
 Multiply each of the subscripts within the empirical formula by the
number calculated in Step 2
Examples
A compound was analyzed and found to contain 13.5 g Ca, 10.8 g O, and
0.675 g H. What is the empirical formula of the compound?

GIVEN

13.5g Ca

10.8g O

0.675g H
Determine the molecular formula of a compound with the empirical
formula CF2 and a molar mass of 200.04g/mol
FORMULA
Molar mass of molecular formula
Molar mass of empirical formula
200.04
50.01

50.01 200.04

CF2 C4H8

MOLECULAR FORMULA = C4H8


SOLUTIONS
Solutions
 a mixture of 2 or more substances in a single phase

Parts of a Solution
 SOLUTE – the part of a solution that is being dissolved (usually the
lesser amount)
 SOLVENT – the part of a solution that dissolves the solute (usually the
greater amount)
 Solute + Solvent = Solution

3 stages of Solution Process


 Separation of Solute
 Separation of Solvent
 Interaction of Solute and Solvent

Electrolytes
 Compounds that dissolve in water (aqueous solution) and conducts
electricity

Nonelectrolytes
 Some compounds dissolve in water but do not conduct electricity

Solubility
 The maximum amount of a solute which will dissolve in a given
amount of solvent.
 soluble -> insoluble (solids) miscible -> immiscible (liquids)
Factors Affecting Solubility
 Nature of Solute / Solvent
like dissolves like

 Temperature
Solids/Liquids - Solubility increases with Temperature
Gas - Solubility decreases with Temperature

 Pressure Factor
Solids/Liquids - Very little effect.. Solids and Liquids are already close
together, extra pressure will not increase solubility
Gas - Solubility increases with Pressure. Increase pressure squeezes
gas solute into solvent

Saturated Solutions
 Solution contains the maximum quantity of dissolved solute

Unsaturated Solutions
 Solution contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can
dissolve.

Supersaturated Solutions
 Solution contains more solute than what is possible to be dissolved
To solve super saturation:
- Warm the solvent so that it will dissolve more, then cool the
solution
- Evaporate some of the solvent carefully so that the solute does not
solidify and come out of solution
Colligative Properties
 properties of solutions that depend on the number of particles in
a volume of solvent and not on the properties/identity of the particles

 VAPOR PRESSURE
the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with
its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a
closed system.

 MELTING POINT
temperature at which water changes phase from a solid to a liquid

 BOILING POINT
the temperature at which a liquid boils and turns to vapor

 FREEZING POINT
Temperature at which water changes phase from a liquid to a solid

 OSMOSIS
A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a
semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a
more concentrated one

Suspension
 A mixture containing particles that settle out if left undisturbed

Colloid
 A heterogenous mixture of intermediate-sized particles
FORMULAS
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Percent by mass = X 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Percent by volume = X 100
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molarity (M) =
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molarity (m) =
𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Moles of Solute =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Mole Fraction =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒+𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

Dilution = M1V1 = M2V2

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