INTERMEDIATE PYTHON FOR DATA SCIENCE

Comparison Operators
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

Numpy Recap
In [1]: import numpy as np
In [2]: np_height = np.array([1.73, 1.68, 1.71, 1.89, 1.79])
In [3]: np_weight = np.array([65.4, 59.2, 63.6, 88.4, 68.7])
In [4]: bmi = np_weight / np_height ** 2

In [5]: bmi
Out[5]: array([ 21.852, 20.975, 21.75 , 24.747, 21.441])

In [6]: bmi > 23

Out[6]: array([False, False, False, True, False], dtype=bool)

In [7]: bmi[bmi > 23]

Out[7]: array([ 24.747]) Code from Intro to Python for Data Science, Chapter 4

Comparison operators: how Python values relate

 Intermediate Python for Data Science

Numeric Comparisons
In [8]: 2 < 3
Out[8]: True

In [9]: 2 == 3
Out[9]: False

In [10]: 2 <= 3
Out[10]: True

In [11]: 3 <= 3
Out[11]: True

In [12]: x = 2

In [13]: y = 3

In [14]: x < y
Out[14]: True
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

Other Comparisons
In [15]: "carl" < "chris"
Out[15]: True

In [16]: 3 < "chris"

TypeError: unorderable types: int() < str()

In [17]: 3 < 4.1

Out[17]: True

In [18]: bmi
Out[18]: array([ 21.852, 20.975, 21.75 , 24.747, 21.441])

In [19]: bmi > 23

Out[19]: array([False, False, False, True, False], dtype=bool)
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

Comparators
< strictly less than

<= less than or equal

> strictly greater than

>= greater than or equal

== equal

!= not equal
INTERMEDIATE PYTHON FOR DATA SCIENCE

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 INTERMEDIATE PYTHON FOR DATA SCIENCE

Boolean Operators
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

Boolean Operators
● and
● or
● not
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

and
In [1]: True and True
Out[1]: True

In [2]: False and True

Out[2]: False

In [3]: True and False

Out[3]: False

In [4]: False and False

Out[4]: False

In [5]: x = 12
True True
In [6]: x > 5 and x < 15
Out[6]: True
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

or
In [7]: True or True
Out[7]: True

In [8]: False or True

Out[8]: True

In [9]: True or False

Out[9]: True

In [10]: False or False

Out[10]: False

In [11]: y = 5
True False
In [12]: y < 7 or y > 13
Out[12]: True
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

not
In [13]: not True
Out[13]: False

In [14]: not False

Out[14]: True
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

Numpy
In [19]: bmi # calculation of bmi left out
Out[19]: array([ 21.852, 20.975, 21.75 , 24.747, 21.441])

In [20]: bmi > 21

Out[20]: array([ True, False, True, True, True], dtype=bool)

In [21]: bmi < 22

Out[22]: array([ True, True, True, False, True], dtype=bool)

In [23]: bmi > 21 and bmi < 22

ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element
is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

Numpy logical_and()
logical_or()
logical_not()
In [19]: bmi # calculation of bmi left out
Out[19]: array([ 21.852, 20.975, 21.75 , 24.747, 21.441])

In [20]: bmi > 21

Out[20]: array([ True, False, True, True, True], dtype=bool)

In [21]: bmi < 22

Out[22]: array([ True, True, True, False, True], dtype=bool)

In [23]: bmi > 21 and bmi < 22

ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element
is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()

In [24]: np.logical_and(bmi > 21, bmi < 22)

Out[24]: array([ True, False, True, False, True], dtype=bool)

In [25]: bmi[np.logical_and(bmi > 21, bmi < 22)]

Out[25]: array([ 21.852, 21.75, 21.441])
INTERMEDIATE PYTHON FOR DATA SCIENCE

Let’s practice!
INTERMEDIATE PYTHON FOR DATA SCIENCE

if, elif, else

 Intermediate Python for Data Science

Overview
● Comparison Operators
● <, >, >=, <=, ==, !=
● Boolean Operators
● and, or, not
● Conditional Statements
● if, else, elif
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

if if condition :
expression
"

! control.py

z = 4 True
if z % 2 == 0 :
print("z is even")

Output:
z is even
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

if if condition :
expression

"

expression # not part of if

! control.py

z = 4 True
if z % 2 == 0 :
print("z is even")

Output:
z is even
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

if if condition :
expression
"

! control.py

z = 4
if z % 2 == 0 :
print("checking " + str(z))
print("z is even")

Output:
checking 4

z is even
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

if if condition :
expression
"

! control.py

z = 5 False
if z % 2 == 0 :
print("checking " + str(z))
print("z is even") Not executed

Output:
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

else if condition :
expression
"

else :
! control.py expression

z = 5 False
if z % 2 == 0 :
print("z is even")
else :
print("z is odd")

Output:
z is odd
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

elif if condition :
expression
"

elif condition :
! control.py expression
else :
z = 3
expression
if z % 2 == 0 : False
print("z is divisible by 2")
elif z % 3 == 0 : True
print("z is divisible by 3")
else :
print("z is neither divisible by 2 nor by 3")

Output:
z is divisible by 3
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

elif if condition :
expression
"

elif condition :
! control.py expression
else :
z = 6
expression
if z % 2 == 0 : True
print("z is divisible by 2")
elif z % 3 == 0 : Never reached
print("z is divisible by 3")
else :
print("z is neither divisible by 2 nor by 3")

Output:
z is divisible by 2
INTERMEDIATE PYTHON FOR DATA SCIENCE

Let’s practice!
 INTERMEDIATE PYTHON FOR DATA SCIENCE

Filtering Pandas DataFrame

 Intermediate Python for Data Science

brics
In [1]: import pandas as pd

In [2]: brics = pd.read_csv("path/to/brics.csv", index_col = 0)

In [3]: brics
Out[3]:
country capital area population
BR Brazil Brasilia 8.516 200.40
RU Russia Moscow 17.100 143.50
IN India New Delhi 3.286 1252.00
CH China Beijing 9.597 1357.00
SA South Africa Pretoria 1.221 52.98
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

Goal BR
RU
IN
country
Brazil
Russia
India
capital
Brasilia
Moscow
New Delhi
area
8.516
17.100
3.286
population
200.40
143.50
1252.00

Select countries with 


CH China Beijing 9.597 1357.00
● SA South Africa Pretoria 1.221 52.98

area over 8 million km 2

● 3 steps
● Select the area column
● Do comparison on area column
● Use result to select countries
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

Step 1: Get column BR

RU
IN
country
Brazil
Russia
India
capital
Brasilia
Moscow
New Delhi
area
8.516
17.100
3.286
population
200.40
143.50
1252.00
CH China Beijing 9.597 1357.00
In [4]: brics["area"] SA South Africa Pretoria 1.221 52.98

Out[4]: Alternatives:
BR 8.516
RU 17.100 brics.loc[:,"area"]
IN 3.286
CH 9.597 brics.iloc[:,2]
SA 1.221
Name: area, dtype: float64
Need Pandas Series
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

Step 2: Compare BR
RU
IN
country
Brazil
Russia
India
capital
Brasilia
Moscow
New Delhi
area
8.516
17.100
3.286
population
200.40
143.50
1252.00
CH China Beijing 9.597 1357.00
In [4]: brics["area"] SA South Africa Pretoria 1.221 52.98

Out[4]:
BR 8.516
RU 17.100
IN 3.286
CH 9.597
SA 1.221
Name: area, dtype: float64

In [5]: brics["area"] > 8

Out[5]:
BR True
RU True
IN False
CH True
SA False
Name: area, dtype: bool

In [6]: is_huge = brics["area"] > 8

 Intermediate Python for Data Science

Step 3: Subset DF BR
RU
IN
country
Brazil
Russia
India
capital
Brasilia
Moscow
New Delhi
area
8.516
17.100
3.286
population
200.40
143.50
1252.00
CH China Beijing 9.597 1357.00
In [7]: is_huge SA South Africa Pretoria 1.221 52.98

Out[7]:
BR True
RU True
IN False
CH True
SA False
Name: area, dtype: bool

In [8]: brics[is_huge]
Out[8]:
country capital area population
BR Brazil Brasilia 8.516 200.4
RU Russia Moscow 17.100 143.5
CH China Beijing 9.597 1357.0
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

Summary BR
RU
IN
country
Brazil
Russia
India
capital
Brasilia
Moscow
New Delhi
area
8.516
17.100
3.286
population
200.40
143.50
1252.00
CH China Beijing 9.597 1357.00
In [9]: is_huge = brics["area"] > 8 SA South Africa Pretoria 1.221 52.98

In [10]: brics[is_huge]
Out[10]:
country capital area population
BR Brazil Brasilia 8.516 200.4
RU Russia Moscow 17.100 143.5
CH China Beijing 9.597 1357.0

In [11]: brics[brics["area"] > 8]

Out[11]:
country capital area population
BR Brazil Brasilia 8.516 200.4
RU Russia Moscow 17.100 143.5
CH China Beijing 9.597 1357.0
 Intermediate Python for Data Science

Boolean operators BR
RU
IN
country
Brazil
Russia
India
capital
Brasilia
Moscow
New Delhi
area
8.516
17.100
3.286
population
200.40
143.50
1252.00
CH China Beijing 9.597 1357.00
In [12]: import numpy as np SA South Africa Pretoria 1.221 52.98

In [13]: np.logical_and(brics["area"] > 8, brics["area"] < 10)

Out[13]:
BR True
RU False
IN False
CH True
SA False
Name: area, dtype: bool

In [14]: brics[np.logical_and(brics["area"] > 8, brics["area"] < 10)]

Out[14]:
country capital area population
BR Brazil Brasilia 8.516 200.4
CH China Beijing 9.597 1357.0
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Let’s practice!