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Laterally loaded piles in multi-layered soils

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 Lowland Technology International 2017; 19 (2): 87-98
International Association of Lowland Technology (IALT): ISSN 1344-9656

Research paper

Laterally loaded piles in multi-layered soils

M. Cao

ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT

The paper presents a rigorous analytical method, using the

Article history: theory of the transfer matrix method for calculating the laterally
loaded piles in multi-layered soils. Following the technique
Received: 04 April, 2017 proposed by Muki and Sternberg, the problem is decomposed
Received in revised form: 02 August, 2017 into extended layered soils and a fictitious pile characterized
Accepted: 04 August, 2017 respectively by Young’s moduli of the layered soils and those of
Publish on: 08 September, 2017 the differences between the piles and the layered soils. The
unknown bending moments along the fictitious pile are
Keywords: determined by solving a Fredholm integral equation of the
second kind, which imposes the compatibility condition that the
Fictitious pile lateral displacements of the fictitious pile are equal to those
Lateral load corresponding to the centroidal axe of the extended layered
Analytical solution soils. The pile lateral displacement and slope distributions can
Layered soils be calculated based on the determined fictitious pile bending
Transfer matrix method moment distribution. Selected results from parametrical studies
are presented to confirm the validity of the proposed approach
and to portray the influence of the governing parameters on the
pile bending moment, displacement and slope distributions.

1. Introduction subjected to lateral loads by many researchers, including

the p-y method (Matlock, 1970; Reese & Welch, 1975;
Piles are widely used to as the foundation in soft and Reese et al., 1974), the elastic continuum method
deposit to bearing vertical load from super-structure, to (Poulos, 1971; Banerjee & Davis, 1978; Poulos & Davis,
prevent subsidence due to groundwater pumping (Xu et 1980; and Shen et al., 2013a, c, 2017), finite element
al., 2016), and to support laterally loaded structures, such method (Randolph, 1981; Trochanis et al., 1991; and
as high-rise buildings, bridges, offshore platforms, nearby Shen & Xu 2011), and elastic subgrade reaction method
geotechnical constructions (Wang et al., 2013, 2014; Wu (Hetenyi, 1946; Reese & Matlock, 1956; and Davisson &
et al., 2015d; Zhang et al., 2015; Shen et al., 2013b, d), Gill, 1963).
deep excavation or tunnel construction etc. (Shen et al., All the above mentioned methods, however, have
2014, 2016; Wu et al., 2015a-c; Wu et al., 2016). These limitations. For example, the finite element method is
buildings have to resist sever lateral loads caused by capable of modeling soil non-linearity, soil continuity and
wind, earthquake, wind, waves, etc.. For a 100-m-tall pile-soil interface behavior. However, the finite element
building in Hong Kong, a typical design ultimate method cannot be used in the routine design because of
horizontal load may be as high as 2000 kN (Ng & Zhang, the effort required in modeling and computation. Hence,
2001). Therefore, much work has been done on three main approaches, the p-y method, the elastic
analyzing the load-deformation behavior of piles subgrade reaction method and the elastic continuum
_______________________________
Assistant Professor, Institute of Science and Technology, Shanghai Open University, Shanghai 200433, CHINA,
mingcaoxh@hotmail.com, caom@sou.edu.cn
Note: Discussion on this paper is open until April 2018
88
M. Cao / Lowland Technology International 2017; 19 (2): 87-98

method are often used for analysis of laterally loaded limitations for conventional calculation of the pile-soil
piles. The soil resistance is modeled with discontinuous interaction may be removed by using the fictitious pile
springs in the subgrade reaction method. The p-y method method originally proposed by Muki and Sternberg (1970),
exhibits limitations similar to the subgrade reaction which have been used for analysing vertically loaded
method except that soil resistance is considered to be a piles (Cao & Chen, 2008, 2011, 2012; Cao et al., 2007).
non-linear function of pile displacement. The elastic The analysis is thus similar in principle to analyses
continuum method, taking into account the continuity of previously made for a laterally loaded bar which is
the soil mass, is a more accurate solution considering the partially embedded in a three-dimensional elastic half
pile as a very thin rectangular strip and using Mindlin’s space (Pak, 1989). The layered soils are calculated by
equation (1936) for a point load in the interior of an the theory of the transfer matrix, which is an extension to
elastic half-space to obtain the deflections at various Muki (1960) and Sneddon (1992) solutions for multi-
points along the pile due to a force applied at one level. layered soils. The bending moment, the real pile lateral
Most of the elastic solutions consider piles displacement as well as the pile slope over the length of
embedded in a homogeneous soil system. Since in most the pile can be readily determined. The results obtained
applications, piles are installed in layered soils, a method are confirmed via comparisons with the available results.
which considers the piles in a layered soils is an Selected results from parametrical studies are presented
important part of the analysis of pile foundations. Pise to portray the influence of the governing parameters on
(1982) employed the Mindlin's equation to study the the pile bending moment, displacement and slope
effect of soil layering on the behavior of laterally loaded distributions.
piles. The location of the maximum bending moment was
not evaluated. Because Mindlin's solution is valid only for
homogeneous continuums, this analysis is strictly not 2. Mathematical formulation
capable to laterally loaded piles in layered soils. Because
Mindlin's solution is used, the finite difference method In this section, a mathematical formulation is

(Yang et al., 2002; and Yang & Liang, 2006) is only presented for the investigation of the behavior of a single

appropriate for laterally loaded piles in a two-layered soil laterally loaded pile embedded in layered soils. As shown

system and it cannot be used for a more general situation, in Fig. 1, let 0, x, y, z be a rectangular Cartesian
such as piles in a multi-layered soil system. In addition, coordinate frame spanning the semi-infinite elastic
analyses of a laterally loaded piles installed in multi- continuum with elastic properties of the layered soil
layered soils were done by assuming mathematical forms medium B . For the purpose of explanation, there are two-
for the displacement field in the soil and minimizing layered elastic soils. Three or more layers of foundation
potential energy for the pile-soil system (Basu & Salgado, can by analogy. The upper soil layer is of thickness H 1 ,
2007, 2010; Basu et al., 2009).
with Young’s modulus Es1 , Poisson’s ratio  s1 , overlying
In this paper, the laterally loaded piles in multi-
layered soils are reexamined and the abovementioned an infinite lower layer of modulus Es 2 , Poisson’s ratio s 2 .

M  0 M  0   M   0  M   0
V  0 0 V  0   V  0  V  0 
x, y x, y
0 Ep 0 0
z

p  z 
E*1
H1

z p  z 
ξ

Es1 ,  s1 Es1 ,  s1
L

Es 2 ,  s 2 = Es 2 ,  s 2 + E*2


V  L 
L
V  L 
M   L  M  L
B B
B*

z z

(a) Laterally loaded pile embedded in semi-infinite soil (b) Extended layered soils (c) Fictitious pile
Fig. 1. Laterally loaded pile embedded in elastic semi-infinite layered soils.
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M. Cao / Lowland Technology International 2017; 19 (2): 87-98

A circular pile of radius a , length L , Yung’s modulus normal force per unit length exerted by B on B* .
E p , and circular cross-sectional region  z  0  z  L  is E*i I =the bending rigidity of the fictitious pile.

embedded in layered soils. The pile is denoted by B  [Fig. The loads from the pile to its embedding medium

1(a)]. through concentrated bond force are direct load transfer

As in the treatment by Muki & Sternberg (1970) of this clarified by Muki and Sternberg (1968). Treating the

class of problems, the embedding soil medium is circumferential surface of the fictitious pile B* as

extended throughout the half space and the fictitious pile frictionless, the external forces acting on B* are
B* is introduced throughout their original location to
composed of the following items: (1) V  0 , the resultant
account for the presence of the embedded pile [Fig. 1(c)].
shear force at the top of B* after a direct shear transfer;
The Young’s modulus E*i of the fictitious pile is equal to
(2) M  0 , the resultant bending moment at the top of B*
the differences between that of the real pile and the
respective Young’s moduli of extended layered soils, i.e. after a direct moment transfer; (3) V  L  , the resultant

shear force at the bottom end of B* ; (4) M   L  , the

E*i  E p  Esi , (i  1, 2) [1]
resultant bending moment at the bottom of B* ; and (5)

p  z  , the distributed normal force per unit length exerted

where Esi is the Young’s modulus of the soil layer i , and
by B on B* . By the law of action and reaction, the
the subscript i  1 or 2 denotes the soil layer number.
The pile is loaded with a combination of lateral shear forgoing forces acting on the extended layered soils B

force V  0  and a moment M  0 at its head [Fig. 1(a)]. The are: (1) V  0   V  0  , the direct shear transfer to the

extended layered soils as shown in Fig. 1(b) are treated a extended layered soils from the fictitious pile at the cross-
three-dimensional elastic continuum with elastic properties section  0 ; (2) M  0   M   0  , the direct moment
of the layered soils. Following the technique of Pak (1989),
transfer to the extended layered soils from the fictitious
the fictitious reinforcement B* is regarded as one-
pile at the cross-section  0 ; (3) V  L  , the shear transfer
dimensional elastic structure. The bending moment -
from the fictitious pile; (4) M   L  , the moment transfer
displacement relation B* can be expressed in the forms
from the fictitious pile; and (5) p  z  , the distributed

d 2u  z  normal force per unit length at the cross-section  z . As in

E*1I 2
 M   z  , 0  z  H1 [2a]
dz the treatment by Pak (1989), if the assumption of small
d u  z 
2
cross-sectional rotation of the pile is made, the direct
E*2 I 2
 M   z  , H1  z  L [2b]
dz moment transfers at the pile ends are negligible.

and the equilibrium equations M*  L  = 0 [5]

and
dM   z 
 V  z  [3] M  0   M   0   0 [6]
dz
dV  z 
  p  z  [4]
dz The compatibility condition requires that the lateral
displacement of the fictitious pile and the extended soil

where u  z  , M  z  and V  z  =the lateral displacement, layers be equal along the z-axis of over the length of the
pile caused by the system of interactive forces. This
the bending moment and the shear force of the fictitious
condition leads to the following relationship
pile at depth z , respectively; p  z  =the distributed

u  z   V  0  V  0  ux  z,0  V  L  ux  z, L 

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M. Cao / Lowland Technology International 2017; 19 (2): 87-98

  p   ux  z,  d , 0  z  L  zx  z , z     zx  z , z    
L
[7] 1
0
[11]
2A

where ux  z,   =influence displacement function which where A is the area of the laterally loaded pile embedded
represents the displacement of the extended layered soils in layered soils. According to the Generalized Hooke’s
at the depth z along the axis of the real pile B  due to a Law, this influence function can be expressed as
circular load over the cross-section   , acting in the

 zx  z, z     zx  z, z     zx  z , z     zx  z , z  
1
positive x -direction, the resultant applied force having
Gsi  
unit magnitude. This influence function may be obtained
1
by the theory of the transfer matrix-bottom rigidity for  ,  i  1, 2  [12]
2Gsi A
layered soils which will be expressed later. Substituting Eq.
[4] into Eq. [7] leads to
where  zx  z , z   =influence shear strain function which

u  z   V  0  V  0  ux  z,0  V  L  ux  z, L  represents the shear strain of the extended layered soils

dV   at the depth z due to a circular load at the depth z  ,

u x  z ,  d , 0  z  L
L
 [8]
0 d acting in the positive x-direction, the resultant applied
force having unit magnitude, and Gsi =the shear modulus

Eq. [8] represents the primary governing equation for of the soil layer i .
the pile-layered soils interaction problem considered. With This condition leads to (Cao, 2017)
the aid of Eqs. [3, 5 and 6] and proper account of the
discontinuity of the integrand during an integration by u x  z , z   u x  z , z   1
  ,  i  1, 2  [13]
parts, Eq. [8] can be further reduced to a Fredholm   2Gsi A
equation of the second kind

Substituting Eq. [13] into Eq. [9] yields

u x  z,0  u x  z,  
u  z   V  0  u x  z,0   M  0   M  z  z
z
 
u x  z ,0  M  z
u  z   V  0  u x  z ,0   M  0  
 2u 
M    2x  z,   d , 0  z  L
L
 [9] 2Gsi A
0 
 2u x
  M     z ,   d , 0  z  L
L
[14]
0  2
Eq. [10] shows a horizontal circular load of unit
intensity over the cross-section of radius a in elastic
Eq. [14] can be simplified as
layered soils.

u  z    gi  z,  M    d
L

1 0
P [10]
2 a a 2  r 2  z z
u  0  1    u  L    ,  i  1, 2 [15]
 L L
With the aid of Eq. [10], the influence shear stress where
function  zx  z , z 
 , which is defined as the shear stress of    
1   z, z   
1  L  
the extended layered soils at the depth z due to a g1  z,      , 0  z  H1 [16a]
E1I  z 
horizontal circular load at the depth z  , the resultant 1    , z   
 L  
applied force having unit magnitude, has the following
   
property 1   z, z   
1  L  
g 2  z,     , H1  z  L [16b]
E2 I  z 
1    , z   
 L  
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M. Cao / Lowland Technology International 2017; 19 (2): 87-98

 z
   
u  z      i g z ,  M  d   u  0  1  
L

For the analysis in dimensionless form the following 0

 L
dimensionless parameters are introduced z
u  L    ,  i  1, 2  [18]
L
z  L Ep 8
z ,   , L , Ei  , i  ,
a a a Esi 1  si  Ei  1   The differential equation of u  z  is obtained as
M  0 M u V 0
M  0  , M  , u   , V 0  ,
4 Gsi a 3
4 Gsi a 3
a 4 Gsi a 2
  z      i H  z ,  M   d
L

0
V
V  ,  i  1, 2 
4 Gsi a 2 1
u  L   u  0   ,  i  1, 2 
 [19]
L 

With the aid of these parameters, the relevant second

kind Fredholm integral equation that furnishes the where   z  =the slope of the fictitious pile at depth z

unknown function M  z  and the top and bottom and

displacements of the fictitious pile B* in extended layered

  
soils can be expressed as the following form 1  , z   

H z ,    L

  , z   
B  z  u  0  C  z  u  L    K1  z ,   M   d  2M  z   L 
H1

  K 2  z ,   M   d 
L

H1

U  z ,0  3. Solution for influence displacement function in

 V  0 U  z ,0   M  0  , 0  z  H1 , H1  z  L [17]
 layered soils

where
To determine the influence displacement function, it is
 z
B  z   1   , C  z   , U  z ,    4 Gsi au  z ,   ,
z
convenient to employ the transfer matrix method (Bufler,
 L L
1971; Bahar, 1972; and Ai et al., 2002). The influence
    function can be expressed as
1   z , z   
 
g1  z ,     
L
 , 0  z  H1 ,
 z 
 1    , z   1 
 u  z,     11  , z ,   J 2  r 
   2 0 
L

     21  , z,   J 0  r   d [20]
1   z , z   
 
g 2  z ,    
L
 , H1  z  L , where J 2  r  and J 0  r  are Bessel functions of orders
 z 
1  L   , z   
  2 and 0 respectively.

2  2 
U
   
K i z ,     2i z ,    i gi z ,    ,   , z ,     S12 ( , z ,  ), S20 ( , z ,  ), w1 ( , z ,  ), T12 ( , z ,  ),
i 1   

T

i =
8
,  i  1, 2  T20 ( , z,  ), 1z ( , z,  ) 
1  si   E p Esi  1
  ,0,     S12 ( ,0,  ), S 20 ( ,0,  ), w1 ( ,0,  ), T12 ( ,0,  ),

Once M  z  has been found, the solution for the

T
T20 ( ,0,  ), 1z ( ,0,  ) 

lateral displacement u  z  of the fictitious pile in the

extended layered soils can be expressed as where S12 ( , z, ) , S20 ( , z, ) , w1 ( , z ,  ) , T12 ( , z, ) ,

T20 ( , z, ) and  1z ( , z ,  ) stand for the Hankel transforms

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M. Cao / Lowland Technology International 2017; 19 (2): 87-98

of S12 ( , z ,  ) , S 20 ( , z ,  ) , w1 ( , z ,  ) , T12 ( , z ,  ) , circular load is applied, as shown in Fig. 2,   , z,   can

T20 ( , z ,  ) and  1z ( , z ,  ) , respectively, which are given be derived from

by Ai (1999).
If the unknown quantities at the depth z in the ith   , z,      , z  H i 1    , H n 1    , H1    ,0,  
layer are above the loading level in which the horizontal ( H i 1  z  H i , z  H m1) [21]

r
H1
Es1 ,  s1


H m1
Esm ,  sm H m
H m 2

Esn ,  sn

H n
EsB ,  sB

z
Fig. 2. Horizontal circular load in elastic layered soils.

where   , z   6  6 size transfer matrix. It can be G 2 z  ch z G  sh z

 42     51
2 1    2 1   
written as
G 2 z  sh z
 43    53  2 61  2 62
 z  sh z 1 
11   ch z   22   44   55
4 1    G 2 z  ch z G  sh z
 63   
 z  sh z 1  1 
12     21   45   54
4 1   

 z  ch z 1  2  sh z   ,0,   can be determined from the following transfer

13     23  264  265
2 1    2 1    matrix

14 
z  ch z

 7  8  sh z  
8G 1    8G 1      ,0,      , H1    , H 2 
25

z  ch z sh z   , H n 1    , H n    , H n 

15      24
8G 1    8G 1    
   , H1    , H 2 
z  sh z
16    26  2 34  2 35
4G 1      , H m 1    0,0,0,0, P,0
T
[22]
 z  ch z 1  2  sh z 1 1
31     32    46  56
4 1    4 1    2 2
where P is the Hankel transform of Eq. [10]
 z  sh z
 33    ch z   66
2 1   
P  sin a /(2a )

36  
z  ch z

 3  4  sh z
4G 1    4G 1   
If the unknown quantities at the depth z in the ith
G z  ch z G  2      sh z
2
 41    52 layer is below the loading level,   , z,   can be derived
2 1    2 1   
from
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M. Cao / Lowland Technology International 2017; 19 (2): 87-98

The model of the laterally loaded piles in three-layer

  , z,      , z  H i    ,  H i 1  soils is shown in Fig. 3 (b). In the three-layer soil analyses,
the writers have assumed that H1  0.3L and
  , H n    , H n  ( H i 1  z  H i , z  H m1 ) [23]
H 2  0.7 L respectively for the thickness of the upper soil

layers, s1 =s2 =0.3 for the Poisson’s ratios, and

  , H n  is expressed as
Ep / Es 2  E p / Es1  E p / EsB  E  1000, 5000 for the ratios of

the layered soil stiffness. As shown in Fig. 4, the bending

  , H n     , H n    , H n 1 
moment, slope and displacement distributions from the
  , H m2    ,  H m1  two methods are in good agreement, which confirms the
validity of the present formulation and numerical scheme.
  , H1    ,0     , H n 

  , H m 2  0,0,0,0, P,0
T
4.2 Parametrical studies

( H i 1  z  H i , z  H m1 ) [24]
The influences of some parameters and soil layering
on the calculated bending moment, slope and
displacement of laterally loaded piles in two-layer soils
4. Illustrative results and discussion and three-layer soils are studied in detail in this section.
The model of the laterally loaded piles in two-layer soils
4.1 Comparison of the proposed analysis with other
and three-layer soils are shown in Fig. 3 for the ratio of
existent solutions
the base stiffness to the top soil stiffness EsB / Es1 =10 , pile
Based on the strain-potential approach proposed by slenderness ratio of L / a  60 , the base soil Poisson’s
Muki (1960) for asymmetric problem in the theory of ratio of  sB =0.3 and pile-soil stiffness ratios of
elastic, the displacement influence function has been
E p / Es1  100, 1000 , and 5000 . In the three-layer soil
obtained by Pak (1989). In this study, the normalized
displacement influence function is determined using the analyses, the writers have assumed that H1  0.4L and
transfer matrix method. To confirm the validity of the H 2  0.6 L respectively for the thickness of the upper soil
proposed solution, the present solutions using the transfer
layers, s1 =s2 =0.3 for the Poisson’s ratios, and
matrix method for the laterally loaded piles in layered soils
Es 2 / Es1  4 for the ratio of the layered soil stiffness. As
will be compared to with a nondimensional solution
obtained by Pak (1989) for the piles in homogeneous shown in Fig. 3 (b), the thickness of the upper two-layer

elastic soil. soils is L .

M  0 M  0
V  0 0 V  0 0
0 0
x, y x, y
Es1 ,  s1 H1
Ep
L

Es 2 ,  s 2 H 2
Es ,  s Es ,  s

EsB ,  sB
EsB ,  sB

z z

(a) Two-layer soils (b) Three-layer soils

Fig. 3. Model of laterally loaded pile in layered soils.

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M. Cao / Lowland Technology International 2017; 19 (2): 87-98

Normalized Moment M observed that for both layered soil systems there is a poor
-1.50
0
0.00 1.50 3.00 4.50 6.00 agreement of the variation of bending moment, slope and
Pak (1989) displacement along the direction of normalized depth.
Present
10
With the increase of the normalized depth z , the bending
moment, slope and displacement profiles under both
Normalized Depth z

20 E =5000
shear and moment loading cases in three-layer soils tend
to have a more apparent reversal at some depth. This
E =1000
30
feature reflects that the lateral loads applied to the pile are
transferred to a great depth in three-layer soils. The

40
examples show that explicit accounting of the different
layers is necessary for accurate prediction of the laterally

50
loaded pile response.
The normalized slope for the two layered soil systems
(a) Bending moment profile
and loading conditions are shown in Figs. 5(c, d) and
Normalized Slope θ Figs. 6(c, d), while the corresponding normalized
0.05 0.00 -0.05 -0.10 -0.15 -0.20 displacement are illustrated in Figs. 5(e, f) and Figs. 6(e,
0
f), respectively. In accord with the reciprocal theorem in
Pak (1989)
Present linear elastostatics, the absolute value of the top rotation
10

E =1000 due to a unit shear is found to be identical to the top

Normalized Depth z

displacement due to a unit moment for the whole range of

20
E =5000 modulus ratios and both layered soil systems.

30

40 5. Conclusions

50
This paper is aimed at establishing a rigorous method
(b) Slope profile of analysis for a single, circular pile embedded in multi-
layered soils and subjected to a horizontal force and a
Normalized Displacement u
moment at the pile top. The main findings and conclusions
-0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00
0
from this study are as follows:
Pak (1989)
(1) A fictitious-pile expression for estimating the pile-
Present
10 E =1000 soil interaction in multi-layered soils was established,
which was formulated as a Fredholm integral equation of
Normalized Depth z

20
E =5000 the second kind. The validity of the current method has
been verified through comparisons with existing solutions.
30
(2) In particular, it has been shown that soil layering
has a definite impact on the pile response. Hence, proper
40
accounting of the soil layers is necessary to accurately
predict the lateral pile response. The new fictitious-pile
50
expression and the theory of the transfer matrix for the
(c) Displacement profile laterally loaded pile have the capability of predicting the
pile response with full consideration of soil layering.
Fig. 4. Bending moment, slope and displacement distributions
under unit shear. (3) For the whole range of modulus ratios and both
layered soil systems, the absolute value of the top rotation
Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate solutions for shear loading due to a unit shear is found to be identical to the top
only and moment loading only, respectively. It can be displacement due to a unit moment.
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M. Cao / Lowland Technology International 2017; 19 (2): 87-98

Normalized Moment M Normalized Slope θ

-0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 -0.05 -0.10 -0.15
0 0

12 12

Normalized Depth z
Normalized Depth z

E =5000
24 24
E =1000
E =200
E =5000
36 E =1000 36
E =200

48 48

60 60

(a) Bending moment profile in two-layer soils (d) Slope profile in three-layer soils

Normalized Moment M Normalized Displacement u

-0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
0 -0.07 0.00 0.07 0.14 0.21 0.28
0

12
12
Normalized Depth z

Normalized Depth z

24 E =5000 24
E =5000
E =1000
E =1000
E =200
36 E =200
36

48
48

60
60

(b) Bending moment profile in three-layer soils

(e) Displacement profile in two-layer soils

Normalized Slope θ Normalized Displacement u

0.04 0.00 -0.04 -0.08 -0.12 -0.16
0 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30
0

12 10
Normalized Depth z

Normalized Depth z

E =5000 20
24
E =1000
E =5000
E =200
30 E =1000
E =200
36

40

48
50

60 60

(c) Slope profile in two-layer soils (f) Displacement profile in three-layer soils

Fig. 5. Bending moment, slope and displacement distributions under unit moment.
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M. Cao / Lowland Technology International 2017; 19 (2): 87-98

Normalized Moment M Normalized Slope θ

-0.60 0.00 0.60 1.20 1.80 2.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 -0.10 -0.20 -0.30
0 0

10
12
Normalized Depth z

Normalized Depth z
20
E =5000
24
E =1000
30 E =200
E =5000
36 E =1000
E =200 40

48
50

60 60

(a) Bending moment profile in two-layer soils (d) Slope profile in three-layer soils

Normalized Moment M Normalized Displacement u

-0.70 0.00 0.70 1.40 2.10 2.80
-0.40 0.00 0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60
0
0

12 12
Normalized Depth z

Normalized Depth z

24 E =5000 24
E =5000
E =1000
E =1000
E =200
36
E =200
36

48 48

60 60

(b) Bending moment profile in three-layer soils

(e) Displacement profile in two-layer soils

Normalized Slope θ Normalized Displacement u

0.07 0.00 -0.07 -0.14 -0.21 -0.28 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
0 0

10
12
Normalized Depth z

Normalized Depth z

E =5000 20
24
E =1000 E =5000
E =200 30 E =1000
E =200
36
40

48
50

60 60

(f) Displacement profile in three-layer soils

(c) Slope profile in two-layer soils

Fig. 6. Bending moment, slope and displacement distributions under unit shear.
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M. Cao / Lowland Technology International 2017; 19 (2): 87-98

Acknowledgements Cao, M. and Chen, S.L., 2012. An elastic theory

approach and parametric analysis of pile group in
Financial supports from the Innovation Project of layered soils. Journal of Civil, Architectural &
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Key Science research of Shanghai Open University (NO. Davisson, M.T. and Gill, H.L., 1963. Laterally loaded piles
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Hetenyi, M., 1946. Beams on elastic foundations.
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