DISTRIBUTION TRANSMISSION LINE VOLTAGE MONITORING AND

ALERT SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

In three phase equipment’s, if supply voltage is low in any of the one phase and you if you wish
to run all the equipment properly. This equipment will help you to rescue this situation. However
proper rating fuse need to be used in three phase i.e. R, Y, and B inputs lines. Where the correct
voltage is available that time. Other low voltage phase shift to correct voltage in same manner, to
run all the equipment on the single phase in the building. The circuit consist of relay comparator,
transformer.

Phase absence is a very common and severe problem in any industry, home or office. Many
times one or two phases may not be live in three phase supply. Because of this, many times,
some electrical appliances will be on in one room and OFF in another room. This creates a big
disturbance to our routine work.

Power Failure is common problem. it hampers the production of industry , construction work of
new plants and building . It is often noticed that power interruption in distribution system is
about 70% for single phase faults while other two phases are in normal condition. Thus, in any
commercial or domestic power supply system where 3 phases is available, an automatic phase
selector system is required for uninterrupted power to critical loads in the event of power failure
in any phase. There is no requirement of backup power supply in that case. also there is no time
consumption as the phase is changed automatically within a few seconds.
 INTRODUCTION

Now, in 21st century, fully world is of automation, and it is the time we must think of
microcontroller to control. All automatic controller like remote controller, hand held
communication devices, automatic and semiautomatic washing machine, automobile indicating
and measuring instruments have its application in each. The project described here being also a
microcontroller based project used for automatic phase changer. The Arduino Uno is a
microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins
(of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a
AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it
does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2
(Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

The microcontroller used for this project is Atmega 328. Now a days many times out of three
phases one of the phase cut’s off and the circuit breaker trips at that time the MSEB Operator has
to operate it manually by turning on the at the time of office hours at that time the hooter shouts
and gives us an alert. Keeping in mind the day to day life of human being, the circumstances
which occur due to power instability issues we decided to design such a system which would
overcome this issues ultimately and help to reduce human efforts too. Secondly in order to
overcome the various phase change issue and avoid damages in industries and automation area
plus hospitals & airports
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In our daily life our focus was to modify the system which can minimize the circumstances or
difficulties in person life. In 21st century of modern science and technology there was one thing
in mind that to develop a system which can be applied for several application in our daily life. So
our concept of automatic phase changer was selected, which can be used in 3 phase application.
If there is low voltage in any two phase and want to work all equipment in normal voltage. Our
project will solve this problems.
 EXISTING SYSTEM

There is the switch box which separate the source between MSEB supply and generator. When
there is electricity supply from MSEB supply someone goes to change the generator line. And
thus the electricity supply restore and off the generator and change the supply line from
generator to MSEB supply As said in solution it reduces the manpower in using energy for
starting generator and switching over from public supply.
 PROPOSED SYSTEM

This project is designed to check the availability of any live phase, and the load will be
connected to the particular live phase only. Even a single phase is available, and then also, the
load will be in ON condition. This project is designed with ARDUINO UNO MCU. This
controller continuously checks for live condition of all phases connected to it, and the controller
connects the load to the active phase using a Relay. This relay is driven with a transistor. If two
or three phases are live, the load will be connected to phase I only. An LCD is provided to
display the status of the phase condition. Contrast control preset is given for LCD contrast
control. This project uses regulated 12V, 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage
regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac
out put of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer.
 AIM & OBJECTIVE

 Main aim of project is automatic phase switch which give input as 230v ac to input power
to single phase output application.
 To design system which does not require backup like generator.
 To design system which operate automatically.
 To implement system which work uninterrupted power for critical Loads in power
failure condition.
 LITERATURE SURVEY

1. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AUTOMATIC THREE PHASE CHANGER

USING LM324 QUAD INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Author :- Oduobuk, E. J., Ettah, E. B. , Ekpenyong, E. E.

Design and implementation of an automatic three phase changer using LM324 quad
integrated circuit was carried out. The system was designed and simulated using
(Multisim). The circuit components were mounted a Vero board. LM324 integrated
circuit (comparator) and 2N2222 transistors were used as active components alongside
other passive components. Result shows that, when the three phase a.c inputs: Red phase
( ), yellow phase ( ) and blue phase ( ) from public utility supply was fed to the system,
the system compared the inputs with regard to phase imbalances, and the input with the
highest voltage appears across the output. It also changes over from one phase to another
immediately the circuit senses further phase imbalance.

2. AUTOMATIC PHASE CHANGER

Author :- Bhanu Bhawesh

In three-phase applications, if low voltage is available in any one or two phases, and you
want your equipment to work on normal voltage, this circuit will solve your problem.
However, a proper-rating fuse needs to be used in the input lines (R, Y and B) of each
phase. The circuit provides correct voltage in the same power supply lines through relays
from the other phase where correct voltage is available. Using it you can operate all your
equipment even when correct voltage is available on a single phase in the building.
The circuit is built around a transformer, comparator, transistor and relay. Three identical
sets of this circuit, one each for three phases, are used.The mains power supply phase R is
stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver 12V, 300 mA, which is rectified by diode D1
and filtered by capacitor C1 to produce the operating voltage for the operational amplifier
(IC1). The voltage at inverting pin 2 of operational amplifier IC1 is taken from the
voltage divider circuit of resistor R1 and preset resistor VR1. VR1 is used to set the
reference voltage according to the requirement. The reference voltage at non-inverting
pin 3 is fixed to 5.1V through zener diode ZD1. The phase voltage is compared against
the reference voltage and if the phase voltage is low the relay trips and shifts the load to
other phase.

3. Design of Automatic Phase Selector from Any Available Three Phase Supply
Author :- Ayan Ghosh, Shamik Chattaraj, Snehashis Das, Kaustav Mallick
Power failure is a common problem. It hampers the production of industry, construction
work of new plants and buildings. It can be overcome by using a backup power supply
such as a generator. But it is cost effective and also time consuming as certain time is
required to switch on the generator manually. It is often noticed that power interruption in
distribution system is about 70% for single phase faults while other two phases are in
normal condition. Thus, in any commercial or domestic power supply system where 3
phases is available, an automatic phase selector system is required for uninterrupted
power to critical loads in the event of power failure in any phase. There is no requirement
of backup power supply in that case. Also there is no time consumption as the phase is
changed automatically within a few seconds. The main aim of this paper is to present the
real idea of an automatic phase switch for 220V to 240V alternating current. Although,
there are many designs that can perform almost similar functions like, single phase
change-over switches, two phase automatic transfer switch and three phase automatic
change-over switch, but this model is about an automatic phase switchover (phase
selector) which is designed for only three phase A.C input power to single phase output
applications.
 METHODOLOGY

 We implement system automatic active phase selector. This project divided into
three parts input section controlling section and output section.
 In input section we continuously check three phase. we check in this section if
any phase absence
 In controlling section microcontroller continuously take output from input section
 For different condition of input microcontroller send different signal to output
section.
 In output If no phase absence load in output will on first phase.
 If any phase absence load in output shift to live phase with the help of
microcontroller through relay circuit.
 Current data will be displayed on web server using thingspeak.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

 In this project we continuously on Load using three phase .

 If all phase are present microcontroller turn on Load on phase 1.at that on LCD display as
“Phase 1 selected ”
 If first phase absence, Load automatically shift to phase 2 with the help of relay circuit.
 Same if first two phase absent microcontroller shift that load to phase 3 with the help of
rely circuit.
 System will display selected phase on LCD.
 This project uses regulated 5v, 750mA power supply. 7805, a three terminal voltage
regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify
the ac output of secondary of 230/12v step down transformer.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
POWER SUPPLY
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

 ARDUINO UNO Microcontroller

 LCD Display
 Relay circuit
  Load
 Step Down Transformers.
 Comparators.
 Switching Devices.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

 ARDUINO IDE(PROGRAMMING)
 PROTEUS(SIMULATION)

Arduino uno

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with
a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from
all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it
features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter.

MicrocontrollerATmega328

Operating Voltage5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader S

RAM 2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The
power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-
to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-
positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and
Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to
20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and
the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as follows: •
VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply
voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin. •
5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on the
board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or
another regulated 5V supply. • 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator.
Maximum current draw is 50 mA. • GND. Ground pins.

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions: • Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX).
Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. TThese pins are connected to the
corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip . • External Interrupts: 2 and 3.
These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a
change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details. • PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11.
Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function. • SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12
(MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication, which, although provided by the
underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language. • LED: 13. There is a
built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the
pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different
values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the
upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally,
some pins have specialized functionality: • I 2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI)
communication using the Wire library. There are a couple of other pins on the board: • AREF.
Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference(). • Reset. Bring this line
LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the
one on the board.

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, an *.inf file is required.. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-toserial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's
digital pins. The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select "Arduino
Uno w/ ATmega328" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your
board). For details, see the reference and tutorials. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes
preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an
external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference,
C header files). You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the
ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details. The
ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available . The ATmega8U2 is loaded with a DFU
bootloader, which can be activated by connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board
(near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software
(Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can
use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader).
1. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:
LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs (seven
segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:

1. The declining prices of LCDs.

2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs,
which are limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the
task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep
displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers, which
means that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for writing
different messages on a miniature LCD.

Pin Logic
Function Name Description
Number State

Ground 1 Vss - 0V

Power supply 2 Vdd - +5V

Contrast 3 Vee - 0 – Vdd

D0 – D7 are interpreted as
Control of 0
4 RS commands
operating 1
D0 – D7 are interpreted as data
 Write data (from controller to
0 LCD)
5 R/W
1 Read data (from LCD to A
controller)
mod
0 Access to LCD disabled
el
1 Normal operating
6 E desc
From 1 to Data/commands are transferred to
ribe
0 LCD
d
here
7 D0 0/1 Bit 0 LSB
is
8 D1 0/1 Bit 1 for
its
9 D2 0/1 Bit 2
low

10 D3 0/1 Bit 3 pric

Data / commands e
11 D4 0/1 Bit 4 and
grea
12 D5 0/1 Bit 5
t
13 D6 0/1 Bit 6 poss
ibilit
14 D7 0/1 Bit 7 MSB ies
most
frequently used in practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can
display messages in two lines with 16 characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek
letters, punctuation marks, mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display
symbols that user makes up on its own. Automatic shifting message on display (shift left
and right), appearance of the pointer, backlight etc. are considered as useful
characteristics.

Pins Functions
 There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for connection to the
microcontroller. There are total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the
background light is built in). Their function is described in the table below:

LCD screen:

LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of
5x7 dot matrix. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether
messages are displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is
applied on pin marked as Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose.
Some versions of displays have built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during
operating, a resistor for current limitation should be used (like with any LE diode).

LCD Basic Commands:

All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands or
as data, which depends on logic state on pin RS:

RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. Built in

processor addresses built in “map of characters” and displays corresponding symbols. Displaying
position is determined by DDRAM address. This address is either previously defined or the
address of previously transferred character is automatically incremented.

RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine display mode. List of commands

which LCD recognizes are given in the table below:

Command RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Execution
 Time

Clear display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.64mS

Cursor home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 1.64mS

Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S 40uS

Display on/off control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D U B 40uS

Cursor/Display Shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 D/C R/L x x 40uS

Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F x x 40uS

Set CGRAM address 0 0 0 1 CGRAM address 40uS

Set DDRAM address 0 0 1 DDRAM address 40uS

Read “BUSY” flag

0 1 BF DDRAM address -
(BF)

Write to CGRAM or
1 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS
DDRAM

Read from CGRAM

1 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS
or DDRAM

List of commands which LCD recognizes

I/D 1 = Increment (by 1) R/L 1 = Shift right

0 = Decrement (by 1) 0 = Shift left

 S 1 = Display shift on DL 1 = 8-bit interface

0 = Display shift off 0 = 4-bit interface

D 1 = Display on N 1 = Display in two lines

0 = Display off 0 = Display in one line

U 1 = Cursor on F 1 = Character format 5x10 dots

0 = Cursor off 0 = Character format 5x7 dots

B 1 = Cursor blink on D/C 1 = Display shift

0 = Cursor blink off 0 = Cursor shift

LCD Connection:

Depending on how many lines are used for connection to the microcontroller, there
are 8-bit and 4-bit LCD modes. The appropriate mode is determined at the beginning of
the process in a phase called “initialization”. In the first case, the data are transferred
through outputs D0-D7 as it has been already explained. In case of 4-bit LED mode, for the
sake of saving valuable I/O pins of the microcontroller, there are only 4 higher bits (D4-D7)
used for communication, while other may be left unconnected.
Consequently, each data is sent to LCD in two steps: four higher bits are sent first
(that normally would be sent through lines D4-D7), four lower bits are sent afterwards.
With the help of initialization, LCD will correctly connect and interpret each data received.
Besides, with regards to the fact that data are rarely read from LCD (data mainly are
transferred from microcontroller to LCD) one more I/O pin may be saved by simple
connecting R/W pin to the Ground. Such saving has its price. Even though message
displaying will be normally performed, it will not be possible to read from busy flag since it
is not possible to read from display.
LCD Initialization:

Once the power supply is turned on, LCD is automatically cleared. This process
lasts for approximately 15mS. After that, display is ready to operate. The mode of
operating is set by default. This means that:
1. Display is cleared
2. Mode
DL = 1 Communication through 8-bit interface
N = 0 Messages are displayed in one line
F = 0 Character font 5 x 8 dots

3. Display/Cursor on/off
D = 0 Display off
U = 0 Cursor off
B = 0 Cursor blink off
4. Character entry
ID = 1 Addresses on display are automatically incremented by 1
S = 0 Display shift off

Automatic reset is mainly performed without any problems. Mainly but not always!
If for any reason power supply voltage does not reach full value in the course of 10mS,
display will start perform completely unpredictably. If voltage supply unit can not meet
this condition or if it is needed to provide completely safe operating, the process of
initialization by which a new reset enabling display to operate normally must be applied.
Algorithm according to the initialization is being performed depends on whether
connection to the microcontroller is through 4- or 8-bit interface. All left over to be done
after that is to give basic commands and of course- to display messages.
SPECIFICATION

 Display :- 16 Char* 2 Lines

 Controller:-LSI HD44780 IN BUILT
 Power Supply :- + 5v Dc
 Display Color :-Gray
 Weight :- 35g

RELAYS:

A relay is an electrically controllable switch widely used in industrial controls, automobiles

and appliances.

The relay allows the isolation of two separate sections of a system with two different voltage
sources i.e., a small amount of voltage/current on one side can handle a large amount of
voltage/current on the other side but there is no chance that these two voltages mix up.

Operation:

When a current flow through the coil, a magnetic field is created around the coil i.e., the
coil is energized. This causes the armature to be attracted to the coil. The armature’s contact acts
like a switch and closes or opens the circuit. When the coil is not energized, a spring pulls the
armature to its normal state of open or closed. There are all types of relays for all kinds of
applications.

Fig: Relay Operation and use of protection diodes

Transistors and ICs must be protected from the brief high voltage 'spike' produced when the
relay coil is switched off. The above diagram shows how a signal diode (eg 1N4148) is
connected across the relay coil to provide this protection. The diode is connected 'backwards' so
that it will normally not conduct. Conduction occurs only when the relay coil is switched off, at
this moment the current tries to flow continuously through the coil and it is safely diverted
through the diode. Without the diode no current could flow and the coil would produce a
damaging high voltage 'spike' in its attempt to keep the current flowing.
TRANSISTOR DRIVER CIRCUIT:

An SPDT relay consists of five pins, two for the magnetic coil, one as the common
terminal and the last pins as normally connected pin and normally closed pin. When the current
flows through this coil, the coil gets energized. Initially when the coil is not energized, there will
be a connection between the common terminal and normally closed pin. But when the coil is
energized, this connection breaks and a new connection between the common terminal and
normally open pin will be established. Thus when there is an input from the microcontroller to
the relay, the relay will be switched on. Thus when the relay is on, it can drive the loads
connected between the common terminal and normally open pin. Therefore, the relay takes 5V
from the microcontroller and drives the loads which consume high currents. Thus the relay acts
as an isolation device.

Digital systems and microcontroller pins lack sufficient current to drive the relay. While the
relay’s coil needs around 10milli amps to be energized, the microcontroller’s pin can provide a
maximum of 1-2milli amps current. For this reason, a driver such as a power transistor is placed
in between the microcontroller and the relay.

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs (seven
segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:

5. The declining prices of LCDs.

6. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs,
which are limited to numbers and a few characters.
 7. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the
task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep
displaying the data.
8. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

POWER SUPPLY

RESISTOR:

Resistors "Resist" the flow of electrical current. The higher the value of resistance (measured
in ohms) the lower the current will be. Resistance is the property of a component which restricts
the flow of electric current. Energy is used up as the voltage across the component drives the
current through it and this energy appears as heat in the component.
Colour Code:
 CAPACITOR:

Capacitors store electric charge. They are used with resistors in timing circuits because it
takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They are used to smooth varying DC supplies by
acting as a reservoir of charge. They are also used in filter circuits because capacitors easily pass
AC (changing) signals but they block DC (constant) signals.

Circuit symbol:

Electrolytic capacitors are polarized and they must be connected the correct wayround, at least
one of their leads will be marked + or -.

Examples:

DIODES:

Diodes allow electricity to flow in only one direction. The arrow of the circuit symbol shows
the direction in which the current can flow. Diodes are the electrical version of a valve and early
diodes were actually called valves.

Circuit symbol:

Diodes must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be labeled a or + for anode
and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for cathode!). The cathode is marked by a line
painted on the body. Diodes are labeled with their code in small print; you may need a
magnifying glass to read this on small signal diodes.
Example:

LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED):

The longer lead is the anode (+) and the shorter lead is the cathode (&minus). In the schematic
symbol for an LED (bottom), the anode is on the left and the cathode is on the right. Light
emitting diodes are elements for light signalization in electronics.

They are manufactured in different shapes, colors and sizes. For their low price, low
consumption and simple use, they have almost completely pushed aside other light sources-
bulbs at first place.
It is important to know that each diode will be immediately destroyed unless its current is
limited. This means that a conductor must be connected in parallel to a diode. In order to
correctly determine value of this conductor, it is necessary to know diode’s voltage drop in
forward direction, which depends on what material a diode is made of and what colors it is.
Values typical for the most frequently used diodes are shown in table below: As seen, there are
three main types of LEDs. Standard ones get full brightness at current of 20mA. LowCurrent
diodes get full brightness at ten time’s lower current while Super Bright diodes produce more
intensive light than Standard ones.

Since the 8051 microcontrollers can provide only low input current and since their pins
are configured as outputs when voltage level on them is equal to 0, direct confectioning to LEDs
is carried out as it is shown on figure (Low current LED, cathode is connected to output pin).

Switches and Pushbuttons:

A push button switch is used to either close or open an electrical circuit depending on the
application. Push button switches are used in various applications such as
industrial equipment control handles, outdoor controls, mobile communication terminals, and
medical equipment, and etc. Push button switches generally include a push button disposed
within housing. The push button may be depressed to cause movement of the push button
relative to the housing for directly or indirectly changing the state of an electrical contact to open
or close the contact. Also included in a pushbutton switch may be an actuator, driver, or plunger
of some type that is situated within a switch housing having at least two contacts in
communication with an electrical circuit within which the switch is incorporated.
 Typical actuators used for contact switches include spring loaded force cap actuators that
reciprocate within a sleeve disposed within the canister. The actuator is typically coupled to the
movement of the cap assembly, such that the actuator translates in a direction that is parallel with
the cap. A push button switch for a data input unit for a mobile communication device such as a
cellular phone, a key board for a personal computer or the like is generally constructed by
mounting a cover member directly on a circuit board. Printed circuit board (PCB) mounted
pushbutton switches are an inexpensive means of providing an operator interface on industrial
control products. In such push button switches, a substrate which includes a plurality of movable
sections is formed of a rubber elastomeric. The key top is formed on a top surface thereof with a
figure, a character or the like by printing, to thereby provide a cover member. Push button
switches incorporating lighted displays have been used in a variety of applications. Such
switches are typically comprised of a pushbutton, an opaque legend plate, and a back light to
illuminate the legend plate.

Block Diagram For Regulated Power Supply (RPS):

Figure: Power Supply

Transformer

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary
winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic
field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual
induction.

Figure: Transformer Symbol

(or)

Transformer is a device that converts the one form energy to another form of energy like a
transducer.

Figure: Transformer
Basic Principle

A transformer makes use of Faraday's law and the ferromagnetic properties of an iron core to
efficiently raise or lower AC voltages. It of course cannot increase power so that if the voltage is
raised, the current is proportionally lowered and vice versa.

Figure: Basic Principle

Transformer Working

A transformer consists of two coils (often called 'windings') linked by an iron core, as shown in
figure below. There is no electrical connection between the coils; instead they are linked by a
magnetic field created in the core.

Figure: Basic Transformer

Transformers are used to convert electricity from one voltage to another with minimal loss of
power. They only work with AC (alternating current) because they require a changing magnetic
field to be created in their core. Transformers can increase voltage (step-up) as well as reduce
voltage (step-down).

Alternating current flowing in the primary (input) coil creates a continually changing magnetic
field in the iron core. This field also passes through the secondary (output) coil and the changing
strength of the magnetic field induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil. If the
secondary coil is connected to a load the induced voltage will make an induced current flow. The
correct term for the induced voltage is 'induced electromotive force' which is usually abbreviated
to induced e.m.f.

The iron core is laminated to prevent 'eddy currents' flowing in the core. These are currents
produced by the alternating magnetic field inducing a small voltage in the core, just like that
induced in the secondary coil. Eddy currents waste power by needlessly heating up the core but
they are reduced to a negligible amount by laminating the iron because this increases the
electrical resistance of the core without affecting its magnetic properties.

Transformers have two great advantages over other methods of changing voltage:

1. They provide total electrical isolation between the input and output, so they can be safely
used to reduce the high voltage of the mains supply.
2. Almost no power is wasted in a transformer. They have a high efficiency (power out /
power in) of 95% or more.

Classification of Transformer

 Step-Up Transformer
 Step-Down Transformer

Step-Down Transformer

Step down transformers are designed to reduce electrical voltage. Their primary voltage is
greater than their secondary voltage. This kind of transformer "steps down" the voltage applied
to it. For instance, a step down transformer is needed to use a 110v product in a country with a
220v supply.

Step down transformers convert electrical voltage from one level or phase configuration usually
down to a lower level. They can include features for electrical isolation, power distribution, and
control and instrumentation applications. Step down transformers typically rely on the principle
of magnetic induction between coils to convert voltage and/or current levels.

Step down transformers are made from two or more coils of insulated wire wound around a core
made of iron. When voltage is applied to one coil (frequently called the primary or input) it
magnetizes the iron core, which induces a voltage in the other coil, (frequently called the
secondary or output). The turn’s ratio of the two sets of windings determines the amount of
voltage transformation.
 Figure: Step-Down Transformer

An example of this would be: 100 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary, a ratio of
2 to 1.

Step down transformers can be considered nothing more than a voltage ratio device.

With step down transformers the voltage ratio between primary and secondary will mirror the
"turn’s ratio" (except for single phase smaller than 1 kva which have compensated secondary). A
practical application of this 2 to 1 turn’s ratio would be a 480 to 240 voltage step down. Note that
if the input were 440 volts then the output would be 220 volts. The ratio between input and
output voltage will stay constant. Transformers should not be operated at voltages higher than
the nameplate rating, but may be operated at lower voltages than rated. Because of this it is
possible to do some non-standard applications using standard transformers.

Single phase step down transformers 1 kva and larger may also be reverse connected to step-
down or step-up voltages. (Note: single phase step up or step down transformers sized less than 1
KVA should not be reverse connected because the secondary windings have additional turns to
overcome a voltage drop when the load is applied. If reverse connected, the output voltage will
be less than desired.)

Step-Up Transformer

A step up transformer has more turns of wire on the secondary coil, which makes a larger
induced voltage in the secondary coil. It is called a step up transformer because the voltage
output is larger than the voltage input.
Step-up transformer 110v 220v design is one whose secondary voltage is greater than its primary
voltage. This kind of transformer "steps up" the voltage applied to it. For instance, a step up
transformer is needed to use a 220v product in a country with a 110v supply.

A step up transformer 110v 220v converts alternating current (AC) from one voltage to another
voltage. It has no moving parts and works on a magnetic induction principle; it can be designed
to "step-up" or "step-down" voltage. So a step up transformer increases the voltage and a step
down transformer decreases the voltage.

The primary components for voltage transformation are the step up transformer core and coil.
The insulation is placed between the turns of wire to prevent shorting to one another or to
ground. This is typically comprised of Mylar, nomex, Kraft paper, varnish, or other materials. As
a transformer has no moving parts, it will typically have a life expectancy between 20 and 25
years.

Figure: Step-Up Transformer

Applications:

Generally these Step-Up Transformers are used in industries applications only.

Types of Transformer

Mains Transformers

Mains transformers are the most common type. They are designed to reduce the AC mains
supply voltage (230-240V in the UK or 115-120V in some countries) to a safer low voltage.
The standard mains supply voltages are officially 115V and 230V, but 120V and 240V are the
values usually quoted and the difference is of no significance in most cases.

Figure: Main Transformer

To allow for the two supply voltages mains transformers usually have two separate primary coils
(windings) labeled 0-120V and 0-120V. The two coils are connected in series for 240V (figure
2a) and in parallel for 120V (figure 2b). They must be wired the correct way round as shown in
the diagrams because the coils must be connected in the correct sense (direction):
Most mains transformers have two separate secondary coils (e.g. labeled 0-9V, 0-9V) which may
be used separately to give two independent supplies, or connected in series to create a centre-
tapped coil (see below) or one coil with double the voltage.

Some mains transformers have a centre-tap halfway through the secondary coil and they are
labeled 9-0-9V for example. They can be used to produce full-wave rectified DC with just two
diodes, unlike a standard secondary coil which requires four diodes to produce full-wave
rectified DC.

A mains transformer is specified by:

1. Its secondary (output) voltages Vs.

2. Its maximum power, Pmax, which the transformer can pass, quoted in VA (volt-amp). This
determines the maximum output (secondary) current, Imax...

...where Vs is the secondary voltage. If there are two secondary coils the maximum
power should be halved to give the maximum for each coil.
 3. Its construction - it may be PCB-mounting, chassis mounting (with solder tag
connections) or toroidal (a high quality design).

Audio Transformers

Audio transformers are used to convert the moderate voltage, low current output of an audio
amplifier to the low voltage, high current required by a loudspeaker. This use is called
'impedance matching' because it is matching the high impedance output of the amplifier to the
low impedance of the loudspeaker.

Figure: Audio transformer

Radio Transformers

Radio transformers are used in tuning circuits. They are smaller than mains and audio
transformers and they have adjustable ferrite cores made of iron dust. The ferrite cores can be
adjusted with a non-magnetic plastic tool like a small screwdriver. The whole transformer is
enclosed in an aluminum can which acts as a shield, preventing the transformer radiating too
much electrical noise to other parts of the circuit.

Figure: Radio Transformer

Turns Ratio and Voltage

The ratio of the number of turns on the primary and secondary coils determines the ratio of the
voltages...

...where Vp is the primary (input) voltage, Vs is the secondary (output) voltage, Np is the number
of turns on the primary coil, and Ns is the number of turns on the secondary coil.

Diodes
Diodes allow electricity to flow in only one direction. The arrow of the circuit symbol shows the
direction in which the current can flow. Diodes are the electrical version of a valve and early
diodes were actually called valves.

Figure: Diode Symbol

A diode is a device which only allows current to flow through it in one direction. In this
direction, the diode is said to be 'forward-biased' and the only effect on the signal is that there
will be a voltage loss of around 0.7V. In the opposite direction, the diode is said to be 'reverse-
biased' and no current will flow through it.

3.2.2 Rectifier

The purpose of a rectifier is to convert an AC waveform into a DC waveform (OR) Rectifier

converts AC current or voltages into DC current or voltage. There are two different rectification
circuits, known as 'half-wave' and 'full-wave' rectifiers. Both use components called diodes to
convert AC into DC.

The Half-wave Rectifier

The half-wave rectifier is the simplest type of rectifier since it only uses one diode, as shown in
figure.
Figure: Half Wave Rectifier

Figure 2 shows the AC input waveform to this circuit and the resulting output. As you can see,
when the AC input is positive, the diode is forward-biased and lets the current through. When
the AC input is negative, the diode is reverse-biased and the diode does not let any current
through, meaning the output is 0V. Because there is a 0.7V voltage loss across the diode, the
peak output voltage will be 0.7V less than Vs.

Figure: Half-Wave Rectification

While the output of the half-wave rectifier is DC (it is all positive), it would not be suitable as a
power supply for a circuit. Firstly, the output voltage continually varies between 0V and Vs-
0.7V, and secondly, for half the time there is no output at all.

The Full-wave Rectifier

The circuit in figure 3 addresses the second of these problems since at no time is the output
voltage 0V. This time four diodes are arranged so that both the positive and negative parts of the
AC waveform are converted to DC. The resulting waveform is shown in figure 4.

Figure: Full-Wave Rectifier

Figure: Full-Wave Rectification

When the AC input is positive, diodes A and B are forward-biased, while diodes C and D are
reverse-biased. When the AC input is negative, the opposite is true - diodes C and D are
forward-biased, while diodes A and B are reverse-biased.

While the full-wave rectifier is an improvement on the half-wave rectifier, its output still isn't
suitable as a power supply for most circuits since the output voltage still varies between 0V and
Vs-1.4V. So, if you put 12V AC in, you will 10.6V DC out.
Capacitor Filter

The capacitor-input filter, also called "Pi" filter due to its shape that looks like the Greek letter
pi, is a type of electronic filter. Filter circuits are used to remove unwanted or undesired
frequencies from a signal.

Figure: Capacitor Filter

A typical capacitor input filter consists of a filter capacitor C1, connected across the rectifier
output, an inductor L, in series and another filter capacitor connected across the load.

1. The capacitor C1 offers low reactance to the AC component of the rectifier output while
it offers infinite reactance to the DC component. As a result the capacitor shunts an
appreciable amount of the AC component while the DC component continues its journey
to the inductor L
2. The inductor L offers high reactance to the AC component but it offers almost zero
reactance to the DC component. As a result the DC component flows through the
inductor while the AC component is blocked.
3. The capacitor C2 bypasses the AC component which the inductor had failed to block. As
a result only the DC component appears across the load RL.

Figure: Centered Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier with a Capacitor Filter

Voltage Regulator

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant

voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic
components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC
voltages. There are two types of regulator are they.

 Positive Voltage Series (78xx) and

 Negative Voltage Series (79xx)

78xx:
’78’ indicate the positive series and ‘xx’ indicates the voltage rating. Suppose 7805 produces the
maximum 5V.’05’indicates the regulator output is 5V.

79xx:
’78’ indicate the negative series and ‘xx’ indicates the voltage rating. Suppose 7905
produces the maximum -5V.’05’indicates the regulator output is -5V.

These regulators consists the three pins there are

Pin1: It is used for input pin.

Pin2: This is ground pin for regulator

Pin3: It is used for output pin. Through this pin we get the output.

Figure: Regulator
 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT:

1. ARDUINO software is used

HOW TO START WITH ARDUINO SOFTWARE

1. | Get an Arduino or Genuino board and USB cable. ...

2. | Download and install the Arduino Software (IDE) ...
3. | Connect the board. ...
4. | Install the board drivers. ...
5. | Launch the Arduino Software (IDE) ...
6. | Open the blink example. ...
7. | Select your board. ...
8. | Select your serial port.
 1. Get an Arduino or Genuino board and USB cable
In this tutorial, we assume you're using an Arduino or Genuino Uno or an Arduino or Genuino
Mega 2560. If you are using a retired board as Arduino Duemilanove, Nano or Diecimila please refer to
the driver installation instructions end of this document. If you have another board, read the
corresponding page linked in the main getting started page.
 2. Download and install the Arduino Software (IDE)

Get the latest version from the download page. You can choose between the Installer (.exe) and
the Zip packages. We suggest you use the first one that installs directly everything you need to
use the Arduino Software (IDE), including the drivers. With the Zip package you need to install
the drivers manually.

When the download finishes, proceed with the installation and please allow the driver installation
process.

Choose the components to install

 Choose the installation directory (we suggest to keep the default one)

The process will extract and install all the required files to execute properly the Arduino
Software (IDE)

3. Connect the board

The USB connection with the PC is necessary to program the board and not just to power it up.
The Uno and Mega automatically draw power from either the USB or an external power supply.
Connect the board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED (labelled PWR)
should go on.

4. Install the board drivers

If you used the Installer, Windows - from XP up to 10 - will install drivers automatically as soon
as you connect your board.

If you downloaded and expanded the Zip package or, for some reason, the board wasn't properly
recognized, please follow the procedure below.

 Click on the Start Menu, and open up the Control Panel.

 While in the Control Panel, navigate to System and Security. Next, click on System. Once the System
window is up, open the Device Manager.
 Look under Ports (COM & LPT). You should see an open port named "Arduino UNO (COMxx)". If there
is no COM & LPT section, look under "Other Devices" for "Unknown Device".
 Right click on the "Arduino UNO (COmxx)" port and choose the "Update Driver Software" option.
 Next, choose the "Browse my computer for Driver software" option.
 Finally, navigate to and select the driver file named "arduino.inf", located in the "Drivers" folder of the
Arduino Software download (not the "FTDI USB Drivers" sub-directory). If you are using an old version
of the IDE (1.0.3 or older), choose the Uno driver file named "Arduino UNO.inf"
 Windows will finish up the driver installation from there.

5. Launch the Arduino Software (IDE)

Double-click the Arduino icon (arduino.exe) created by the installation process. (Note: if the
Arduino Software loads in the wrong language, you can change it in the preferences dialog.

6. Open the blink example

Open the LED blink example sketch: File > Examples >01.Basics > Blink.
 7. Select your board

You'll need to select the entry in the Tools > Board menu that corresponds to your Arduino or
Genuino board.
 8. Select your serial port

Select the serial device of the board from the Tools | Serial Port menu. This is likely to
be COM3 or higher (COM1 andCOM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial ports). To find
out, you can disconnect your board and re-open the menu; the entry that disappears should be the
Arduino or Genuino board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port.
 9. Upload the program

Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds - you should see
the RX and TX leds on the board flashing. If the upload is successful, the message "Done
uploading." will appear in the status bar.

A few seconds after the upload finishes, you should see the pin 13 (L) LED on the board start to
blink (in orange). If it does, congratulations! You've gotten Arduino or Genuino up-and-running
 1. PROTEUS

What Is Proteus ??

Basically PROTEUS is also a simulating software but it helps you attach many components with
the 8051. Like resistors, capacitors, LEDs, LCDs, keypads, ICs etc. and these are just few that I
have named in general. It has a complete library and you will find everything that you will ever
need. You can design your complete circuit and then simulate it to view the final output. This
means that after perfecting your project on the programming side in KEIL, you'll need to
simulate it on PROTEUS to determine the output of the hardware components and change it if
need be. This will completely ensure your project's success.

USING PROTEUS

PROTEUS is designed to be user-friendly and you will get the hold of it instantly. There is no
need to worry about some complex configuration / settings prior to simulation. Here are the
basic steps.

 Place your components from the library

 Connect them accordingly

 Load HEX file (if 8051 is involved)

 Simulate the circuit

UNDERSTAND EACH STEP IN DETAIL

1. PLACING COMPONENTS

 Click the "Pick from library (P)" button as shown in the figure
 Select any category

 Select item from the list

 Click OK

 After selecting component, click anywhere in the design area to select it and then click
again to place it

2. CONNECTING COMPONENTS

 Place all the required components

 Connect the desired nodes by clicking at starting and ending points

3. LOAD HEX FILE

 Double click the 8051 component to open its properties

 Browse for the HEX file as shown and select it

And don't worry, in PROTEUS, there is no need to provide the RESET circuit or crystal oscillator
to the microcontroller. It will work just fine even without it. The frequency can be adjusted in
the properties window as well.

4. SIMULATING THE CIRCUIT

 The controls at the left-bottom corner will help you simulate the circuit in real time

The above picture is the complete circuitry for testing an LED on P2.0 like toggling (ON / OFF)
through programming but we will get to that part later on. At this point, you will just see the
LED glow if you have programmed it to be always ON.

Like this developer done design on Proteus before starts working on Hardware.
BOARD LAYOUT
1. LCD Display
2. Power supply circuit
 ALGORITHM

STEP 1:- Power Up hardware.

STEP 2:- Initialize hardware Module.

STEP 3:-Display On LCD as “ACTIVE PHASE SELECTOR”

STEP 4:- if all phase are active by default load shifted to R phase.

STEP 5:- if R phase is absent then load shifted to Y phase

STEP 6:- if both R and Y phase are absent then load shifted to B phase.

STEP 7:- if all phases are absent by default load will off.
 FLOWCHART

START

Power Up Hardware

Initialize Hardware Module

Display On LCD “ACTIVE PHASE

SELECTOR”

Microcontroller continuously check for

phase

If all NO
phases are A
present??

YES

By default R phase is selected

Step 1:

NO
If Y & B
phases are B
absent??

YES

By default R phase is selected

Step 2:

NO
If B & R
phases are C
absent??

YES

By default Y phase is selected

Step 3:

NO
If Y & R
phases are D
absent??

YES

By default B phase is selected

Step 4:

If All
phases are
absent??

YES

By default load will off.

 CONCLUSION

In this system we automatically shift phase if any phase absence .

It tested on hardware with some trial n error conditions.

We make some truth table for it n using truth table we checking failure condition & depend on
that condition we shift phase automatically.

The system operates smoothly as expected. It is reliable, durable and portable. The cost involved
in developing it, makes it much more affordable than comparable product.
 FUTURE SCOPE

 In future for enhance system we add some module.

 Like we can add GSM module in system.
 Whenever load fails we send message through GSM to respected person mobile no also
we send location using GPS module.
 ADVANTAGE

 Automatic Switching Of The Load Will Decrease Human Errors.

 Controller Will See That The Load Is Balanced At Every Instant Of Time.

 The Switching Time Is Less Because Of Which The Fault Duration On The System Is
Very Less.
 APPLICATIONS:

 Can be used in industries and commercial complexes

 Can be used near distribution transformers to switch the load between phases
automatically.
 Hospitals
 Colleges
 Home
 REFERENCES

[1] Steven M. Hietpas, Mark Naden,”Automatic Voltage regulator

using an AC Voltage-Voltage Converter,” IEEE Transaction on
Industrial Application, Vol 36,no 1, January-February 2000.
[2] Gua-Kiang Hung, Chih- chang Chang, “Automatic Phase Shift
Method for Islanding Detection of Grid –Connected Photovoltaic
Inverters,” IEEE Transaction On Energy conversion, Vol.18.No.1,
March 2003.
[3] Erika Twining, “Grid Current Regulation Of A Three Phase
Voltage Source Inverter With an LCL Input Filter,” Transaction
On Power Electronic, Vol .18, No .3 May 2003.
[4] Mariusz Malinowski and Jasinski Marek,”Simple Direct Power
Control Of Three Phase PWM Rectifier Using Space Vector
Modulation (DPC-SVM),“ IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronic
, Vol.51,No.2,April 2004

[5].Himadri Sil “Design Of Automatic Phase Selector From Any Available Three Phase With
The Use Of Logic Gate And Relay Driver” Ijiet , June 2016 .

[6].Bhanu Bhawesh “Automatic Phase Changer” minor report on Automatic phase changer.

[7].Oduobuk, E. J., Ettah, E. B. , Ekpenyong, E. E. “Design And Implementation Of

Automatic Three Phase Changer Using Lm324 Quad Integrated Circuit” International
Journal of Engineering and Technology Research Vol. 2, No. 4, April 2014.

[8].en.wikipedia.org/