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Physics As Definitions General Physics: Scalar: Vector

This document defines various physics terms and concepts. It defines scalars as quantities that require only a magnitude, and vectors as quantities that require both magnitude and direction. It also defines types of errors in measurements, as well as precision and accuracy. Additionally, it defines concepts such as distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, mass, force, momentum, energy, stress, strain, and more.

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87 views4 pages

Physics As Definitions General Physics: Scalar: Vector

This document defines various physics terms and concepts. It defines scalars as quantities that require only a magnitude, and vectors as quantities that require both magnitude and direction. It also defines types of errors in measurements, as well as precision and accuracy. Additionally, it defines concepts such as distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, mass, force, momentum, energy, stress, strain, and more.

Uploaded by

rahma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICS AS DEFINITIONS

GENERAL PHYSICS
 Scalar: a quantity, which requires only a magnitude to be expressed.

 Vector: a quantity that requires both magnitude and direction to be


expressed.

 Systematic error: are errors of measurements in which the measured


quantities are displaced from the true value by fixed magnitude and in the
same direction.

 Random error: are errors of measurements in which the measured


quantities differ from the mean value with different magnitudes and
directions.

 Precision: is a measure of how close the results of an experiment agree


with each other.

 Accuracy: is a measure of how close the results of an experiment agree


with the true value.

 Distance: total length covered irrespective of the direction of motion

 Displacement: is the distance moved by the particle from its equilibrium


position.

 Speed: is the rate of change of distance traveled with respect to time.

 Velocity: is the rate of change of its displacement with respect to time.

 Acceleration: of an object is the rate of change of its velocity with respect


to time.

 Efficiency: the ratio of (useful) output energy of a machine to the input


energy

 Mass: a measure of the amount of matter in a body, & is the property of a


body which resists change in motion.

 Force: is the rate of change in momentum and net force and momentum
are in the same direction.
 Linear momentum: a momentum where collision causes no spin and no
movement with angles, it’s also called head on collision.

 Elastic collision: both momentum & kinetic energy of the system are
conserved and the relative speed of approach is equal to relative speed of
separation.

 Weight: the force of gravitational attraction on a body

 Inelastic collision: only momentum is conserved, total kinetic energy is


not conserved and the relative speed of approach is not equal to relative
speed of separation.

 Normal contact force is a force perpendicular to the surface experienced


by a body when it is in physical contact with something else

 Density: mass per unit volume

 Stress: force per unit area

 Strain: extension per unit length

 Young modulus: is the ratio of stress/strain.

 Hooke’s law: states that within the limit of proportionality, the extension
produced in a material is directly proportional to the load applied.

 Kinetic energy: energy in an object due to its motion.

 Elastic potential energy: energy stored due to deformation of a


body

 Principle of moments: the principle of moments states that, when an


object is in equilibrium, the sum of anticlockwise moments about any point
equals the sum of clockwise moments about the same point.

 Moment of a force: the moment of a force is the product of the force and
the perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the line of
action of the force.

 Couple: a couple is a pair of forces, equal in magnitude but opposite in


direction, whose lines of motion do not coincide.
 Conditions of equilibrium: no net moment and no net force.

 Torque: the product of one of the forces of the couple and the
perpendicular distance between the lines of action of the forces

 Centre of gravity is the point on an object through which the entire weight
of the object may be considered to act.

 Stability of an object refers to its ability to return to its original position


after it has been displaced from that position.

 Pressure is force acting per unit area.

 Up thrust/buoyancy force is an upward force on a body produced by the


surrounding fluid (i.e., a liquid or a gas) in which it is fully or partially
immersed, due to the pressure difference of the fluid between the top and
bottom of the object.

 Archimedes’ principle states that the upthrust experienced by an object


partially or entirely immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object.

 Newton’s first law of motion states that a body will continue in its state
of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless an external resultant
force acts on it.

 Newton’s second law states that the rate of change of momentum of a


body is proportional to the resultant force acting on it and the change
takes place in the direction of the force.
 Newton’s third law states that: if body a exerts a force on body b, then
body b exerts a force of equal magnitude but in the opposite direction on
body a.

 The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total


momentum of a system of objects remains constant provided no resultant
external force acts on the system.

 Work done: the product of the force and displacement (of its point of
application) in the direction of the force
 Heat is the non-mechanical transfer of energy from the environment to the
system or from the system to the environment because of a temperature
difference between the two.

 The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be


created nor destroyed in any process.

 Gravitational potential energy is defined as the amount of work done in


order to raise the body to the height h from a reference level.

 Power is defined as the rate of work done or energy converted with


respect to time.

 The period t of an object in circular motion is the time taken for the object
to make one complete revolution.

 The frequency f of an object in circular motion is the number of complete


revolutions made by the object per unit time.

 Ultimate tensile stress (u.t.s.) is the maximum stress when the sample
brakes.

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