Chapter 1

Introduction

(IF0060 Jaringan Komputer)

A note on the use of these ppt slides:

We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). Computer
They’re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and can add, modify, and
delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. They Networking: A Top
obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the
following: Down Approach
❖ If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) that you mention their source (after all,
we’d like people to use our book!)
6th edition
❖ If you post any slides on a www site, that you note that they are adapted from Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
(or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this material. Addison-Wesley
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR March 2012
All material copyright 1996-2012
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

MODIFIKASI SLIDE : ANDREW SAGITTA JAUHARI

Introduction 1-1
Chapter 1: introduction
our goal: overview:
• get “feel” and • what’s the Internet?
terminology • what’s a protocol?
• more depth, detail • network edge; hosts, access net,
later in course physical media
• approach: • network core: packet/circuit
switching, Internet structure
• use Internet as
• performance: loss, delay, throughput
example
• security
• protocol layers, service models

Introduction 1-2
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
PC • millions of connected mobile network
server computing devices:
• hosts = end systems
wireless global ISP
laptop • running network apps
smartphone
home
❖ communication links network
▪ fiber, copper, radio, regional ISP
wireless satellite
links ▪ transmission rate:
wired bandwidth
links

❖ Packet switches: forward packets

router (chunks of data) institutional
▪ routers and switches network

Introduction 1-3
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
• Internet: “network of networks”
• Interconnected ISPs
global ISP
• protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs
home
• e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11 network
regional ISP
• Internet standards
• RFC: Request for comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task
Force

institutional
network

1-4
Introduction
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
• “what’s the time?” • machines rather than
• “I have a question” humans
• introductions • all communication activity
in Internet governed by
protocols
… specific messages sent
… specific actions taken protocols define format, order
when messages received, of messages sent and
or other events
received among network
entities, and actions taken
on message transmission,
Introduction
receipt 1-5
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>

time

Q: other human protocols?

Introduction 1-6
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
▪ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
▪ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security

Introduction 1-7
 A closer look at network structure:
• network edge: mobile network
• hosts: clients and servers
• servers often in data centers global ISP

home
❖ access networks, physical network
regional ISP
media: wired, wireless
communication links

❖ network core:
▪ interconnected routers
▪ network of networks
institutional
network

Introduction 1-8
Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end

systems to edge router?
• residential access nets
• institutional access networks
(school, company)
• mobile access networks
keep in mind:
• bandwidth (bits per second)
of access network?
• shared or dedicated?

Introduction 1-9
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

❖ use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

▪ data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
▪ voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
❖ < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps)
❖ < 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps)

Introduction 1-10
Access net: cable network
cable headend
…

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted

in different frequency bands

Introduction 1-11
Access net: cable network
cable headend
…

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system

data, TV transmitted at different

frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

❖ HFC: hybrid fiber coax

▪ asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream transmission rate, 2 Mbps upstream
transmission rate
❖ network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
▪ homes share access network to cable headend
▪ unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office

Introduction 1-12
 Access net: home network
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (100 Mbps)

Introduction 1-13
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)

institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router

Ethernet institutional mail,

switch web servers

• typically used in companies, universities, etc

❖ 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
❖ today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch

Introduction 1-14
Wireless access networks
• shared wireless access network connects end system to router
• via base station aka “access point”
wireless LANs: wide-area wireless access
▪ within building (100 ft) ▪ provided by telco (cellular)
operator, 10’s km
▪ 802.11b/g (WiFi): 11, 54 Mbps
transmission rate ▪ between 1 and 10 Mbps
▪ 3G, 4G: LTE

to Internet

to Internet
Introduction 1-15
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
• takes application message
• breaks into smaller chunks, two packets,
known as packets, of length L L bits each
bits
• transmits packet into access
network at transmission rate
R 2 1
• link transmission rate,
aka link capacity, aka R: link transmission rate
link bandwidth host

packet time needed to L (bits)

transmission = transmit L-bit = R (bits/sec)
delay packet into link

1-16
Physical media
• bit: propagates between
transmitter/receiver pairs
twisted pair (TP)
• physical link: what lies between
transmitter & receiver • two insulated copper wires
• Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1
• guided media: Gpbs Ethernet
• signals propagate in solid • Category 6: 10Gbps
media: copper, fiber, coax
• unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Introduction 1-17
Physical media: coax, fiber
coaxial cable: fiber optic cable:
❖ glass fiber carrying light pulses, each
• two concentric copper pulse a bit
conductors ❖ high-speed operation:
• bidirectional ▪ high-speed point-to-point
transmission (e.g., 10’s-100’s
• broadband: Gpbs transmission rate)
• multiple channels on cable ❖ low error rate:
▪ repeaters spaced far apart
• HFC
▪ immune to electromagnetic
noise

Introduction 1-18
Physical media: radio

• signal carried in radio link types:

electromagnetic spectrum ❖ terrestrial microwave
▪ e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
• no physical “wire” ❖ LAN (e.g., WiFi)
• bidirectional ▪ 11Mbps, 54 Mbps
❖ wide-area (e.g., cellular)
• propagation environment ▪ 3G cellular: ~ few Mbps
effects: ❖ satellite
• reflection ▪ Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
multiple smaller channels)
• obstruction by objects
▪ 270 msec end-end delay
• interference ▪ geosynchronous versus low
altitude

Introduction 1-19
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
▪ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
▪ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security

Introduction 1-20
How do loss and delay occur?
packets queue in router buffers
• packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link
capacity
• packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)

B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction 1-21
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A
propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dproc: nodal processing dqueue: queueing delay

▪ check bit errors ▪ time waiting at output link for
transmission
▪ determine output link ▪ depends on congestion level of
▪ typically < msec router

Introduction 1-22
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A
propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay:

▪ L: packet length (bits) ▪ d: length of physical link
▪ R: link bandwidth (bps) ▪ s: propagation speed in medium
▪ dtrans = L/R (~2x108 m/sec)
dtrans and dprop ▪ dprop = d/s
very different
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on trans vs. prop delay
Introduction 1-23
“Real” Internet delays and routes
• what do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?
• traceroute program: provides delay measurement
from source to router along end-end Internet path
towards destination. For all i:
• sends three packets that will reach router i on path
towards destination
• router i will return packets to sender
• sender times interval between transmission and reply.

3 probes 3 probes

3 probes

Introduction 1-24
“Real” Internet delays, routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr

3 delay measurements from

gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms link
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms

* Do some traceroutes from exotic countries atIntroduction

www.traceroute.org 1-25
Packet loss
• queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite
capacity
• packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
• lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by
source end system, or not at all

buffer
A (waiting area) packet being transmitted

B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
Introduction
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss 1-26
Throughput
• throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits
transferred between sender/receiver
• instantaneous: rate at given point in time
• average: rate over longer period of time

server,
server withbits
sends linkpipe
capacity
that can carry linkpipe
capacity
that can carry
file of into
(fluid) F bitspipe Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate Rc bits/sec
fluid at rate
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)

Introduction 1-27
Chapter I1
Network Layers

(IF0060 Jaringan Komputer)

A note on the use of these ppt slides:

We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). Computer
They’re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and can add, modify, and
delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. They Networking: A Top
obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the
following: Down Approach
❖ If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) that you mention their source (after all,
we’d like people to use our book!)
6th edition
❖ If you post any slides on a www site, that you note that they are adapted from Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
(or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this material. Addison-Wesley
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR March 2012
All material copyright 1996-2012
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

MODIFIKASI SLIDE : ANDREW SAGITTA JAUHARI

Introduction 1-28
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
▪ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
▪ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security

Introduction 1-29
Protocol “layers”
Networks are complex,
with many “pieces”:
• hosts Question:
• routers is there any hope of
organizing structure of
• links of various network?
media
• applications …. or at least our discussion
• protocols of networks?
• hardware,
software

Introduction 1-30
Why layering?
dealing with complex systems:
• explicit structure allows identification, relationship
of complex system’s pieces
• layered reference model for discussion
• modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
• change of implementation of layer’s service transparent
to rest of system
• e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of
system

Introduction 1-31
Internet protocol stack
• application: supporting network
applications
• FTP, SMTP, HTTP Application

• presentation: allow applications to Presentation

interpret meaning of data, e.g.,
encryption, compression, machine- Session
specific conventions Transport
• session: synchronization,
checkpointing, recovery of data Network
exchange Link
• transport: process-process data Physical
transfer
• TCP, UDP

Introduction 1-32
Internet protocol stack
• network: routing of datagrams from
source to destination
• IP, routing protocols Application
• link: data transfer between
neighboring network elements Presentation
• Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP
• physical: bits “on the wire” Session
Transport
• Jargon :
• MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) Network
• PDU (Protocol Data Unit) :
• Data Link
• Segment
• Packet Physical
• Frame

Introduction 1-33
Protocol and Reference Models
 source
message M application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl H n Ht M link router
physical

Introduction 1-35
 Protocol TCP/IP
OSI Model Layer Function Device
Data Unit Model

7 Application User Functionality

6 Presentation Character Representation Character Application

5 Session Manage Data Exchange

Services to segment, transfer and

4 Transport Segment Transport
reassemble the data

Network addressing and best path

3 Network Packet Router Internet
determination

Methods for reliable frame exchange

2 Data Link Frame Switch
over a common media Network
Access
Describe physical characteristics to
1 Physical Bit Hub
transmit bits over a common media

Introduction 1-37
 Putting It All Together

Port
Logical
MAC MAC

Destination Source Destination Source Destination Source

MAC MAC Logical Logical Process Process Data
Address Address Address Address Address Address
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
▪ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
▪ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security

Introduction 1-39
Network security
• field of network security:
• how bad guys can attack computer networks
• how we can defend networks against attacks
• how to design architectures that are immune to attacks
• Internet not originally designed with (much)
security in mind
• original vision: “a group of mutually trusting users
attached to a transparent network” ☺
• Internet protocol designers playing “catch-up”
• security considerations in all layers!

Introduction 1-40
Bad guys: put malware into hosts via Internet

• malware can get in host from:

• virus: self-replicating infection by receiving/executing
object (e.g., e-mail attachment)
• worm: self-replicating infection by passively receiving
object that gets itself executed
• spyware malware can record keystrokes, web sites
visited, upload info to collection site
• infected host can be enrolled in botnet, used for
spam. DDoS attacks

Introduction 1-41
Bad guys: attack server, network infrastructure
Denial of Service (DoS): attackers make resources
(server, bandwidth) unavailable to legitimate traffic
by overwhelming resource with bogus traffic

1. select target

2. break into hosts around the

network (see botnet)

3. send packets to target from

compromised hosts
target

Introduction 1-42
Bad guys can sniff packets
packet “sniffing”:
• broadcast media (shared ethernet, wireless)
• promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets (e.g.,
including passwords!) passing by

A C

src:B dest:A payload

B

❖ wireshark software used for end-of-chapter labs is a (free) packet-sniffer

Introduction 1-43
Bad guys can use fake addresses

IP spoofing: send packet with false source address

A C

src:B dest:A payload

B

… lots more on security (throughout, Chapter 8)

Introduction 1-44
Introduction: summary
covered a “ton” of material! you now have:
• Internet overview • context, overview, “feel”
• what’s a protocol? of networking
• network edge, core, access • more depth, detail to
network follow!
• packet-switching versus
circuit-switching
• Internet structure
• performance: loss, delay,
throughput
• layering, service models
• security

Introduction 1-45
http://www.slideshare.net/asharahmed/operational-safety-in-telecom
http://www.thefoa.org/tech/safety.htm

Introduction 1-46
Introduction 1-47