Geotechnical 𝑒

18. n=
1. Silt and clay is the classification of soil having particle 1+e
size < 0.075 mm in diameter as classified by USCS
- type of soil having fraction passing the No. 200 19. partial group index for the soil that belongs to groups
sieve under AASHTO Classification System A-2-6
2. Sand is the classification of soil having particle sizes G.I. = 0.01(F200 – 15)(PI - 10)
from 2 to 0.075 mm in diameter as classified by
AASHTO 20. zero air void
-type of soil having fraction passing No. 10 (2 mm) 𝛾𝑤
𝛾𝑧𝑎𝑣 = 1
U.S. sieve and retained on the No. 200 (0.075 mm) ω+
𝐺𝑠
sieve under AASHTO Classification System
3. Silt is the classification of soil having particle sizes 21. dry unit weight
from 0.075 mm to 0.002 mm in diameter as classified 𝛾 𝐺 𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡
by AASHTO 𝛾𝑑 = 𝑤 𝑆 𝛾𝑑 =
1+e 1 +ω
4. Gravel is the classification of soil having particle sizes 22. Relative compaction
from 76.2 to 2 mm in diameter as classified by 𝛾𝑑𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
AASHTO Relative compaction =
𝛾𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
- (passes 75 mm sieve and retained on the No. 10 23. moist unit weight
sieve)
5. Clay is the classification of soil having particle sizes < 𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 = 𝛾𝑑 (1 + ω)
0.002 mm in diameter as classified by AASHTO 24. Relative density
𝛾𝑑𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 −𝛾𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝛾𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
6. Clayey Type of soil where the fine fractions have Relative density =⌊ ⌋*⌊ ⌋
plasticity index of 11 or more 𝛾𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝛾𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝛾𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛
7. Silty Type of soil where the fine fractions have 25. Hydraulic conductivity
𝑎𝐿 ℎ1
plasticity index of 10 or less. K= 𝑙𝑛
𝐴𝑡 ℎ2
8. Boulders and cobbles Soils having size larger than 75 26. discharge velocity
mm K= 𝐴ℎ𝑡
𝑄𝐿
9. Sand size Soil particles having particular size limits
from 2 mm to 0.05 mm in diameter under USDA V=Ki
classification
10. Silt size Soil particles having particular size limits 27. flow rate
from 0.05 mm to 0.002 mm in diameter under USDA H = 3 m H1 = 1.07 m h = 1.4 m ø = 14˚ K = 0.000488 m/s
classification
L = 36.58 m
11. Clay size Soil particles having particular size limits
smaller than 0.002 mm in diameter under USDA q=KiA
classification. ℎ
12. A - 7 – 5 Classification of soil under AASHTO i = 𝐿′
Classification where P.I. ≤ LL – 30.
A = H1 cos ø (1)
13. A - 7 – 6 Classification of soil under AASHTO
Classification where P.I. ≥ LL – 30.
14. activity classification of clay.
Plasticity index
Activity = Percentage of clay size fraction by weight
15. consistency index.
LL − W
C.I =LL − P.I.

16. . Air void ratio

Air void ratio = n(1 - S)

ω Gs
17. S=
e
 28.

31. hydraulic conductivity

Equivalent hydraulic conductivity for a horizontal flow in

stratified soil.

𝐾𝐻𝑒𝑞 =𝐻1
𝑟1
2.303𝑞 log( )
(K1 H1 + K2 H2 + K3 H3) K= 𝑟2
𝜋(ℎ12 −ℎ22 )
Equivalent hydraulic conductivity for a vertical flow in 32. quantity of water
stratified soil
1
𝐾𝑉𝑒𝑞 =𝐻1 𝐻2 𝐻3
+ +
𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾3

29. Ratio of equivalent permeability:

𝐾𝐻𝑒𝑞
Ratio= 𝐾𝑉𝑒𝑞

30. ℎ
q = K i A i = 𝐿′ A = 2(L)

33.

ℎ
i = 𝐿′
𝐻
K=𝐻𝐴 𝐻 𝐻
+ 𝐵+ 𝐶
𝐾𝐴 𝐾𝐵 𝐾𝐶

q=KiA
 a. Uplift pressure at d
7 35.
Headloss for each potential drop = = 1
7

fd = [H - d(HLoss)] 9.81

b. Uplift force per unit length

𝑓𝑎 = (H - Hloss)(9.81)
𝑓𝑓 = [H - f(HLoss)] 9.81

𝑓𝑎 +𝑓𝑓
F= (𝐿)
2
c. Seepage through the foundation
𝐾 𝐻 𝑁𝑓
Q=
𝑁𝑑
34.

36.

a. How high above the ground surface will the water

rise if piezometer is placed at point “A”?
➀ Calculate the effective stress at B.
𝐻
Potential drop =
𝑁𝑑

Point A is located on equipotential line I = 1 (Potential drop )

piezometer at A =𝑁𝑑 − Potential drop Total stress at B = 9.81(0.7) + 20.59(2) = 48.047

b. What is the rate of seepage through flow channel II Pore stress at B = (0.7 + 2 + 1.5)(9.81) = 41.202 kPa
per unit length (perpendicular to the section
shown)? Effective stress at B = Total stress at B - Pore stress at B=kPa
𝐾𝐻 ➁ What is the upward seepage force per unit volume of soil?
Q =𝑁
𝑑 ℎ
c. Compute the total seepage loss per meter length of i=
𝐿′
sheet pile.
➂ What is the rate of upward seepage of water in m3/hour
if K = 2 x 10-3 m/sec and area of tank is 0.45 m2?
𝐾𝐻𝑁𝑓
Q = ℎ
i = 𝐿′
𝑁𝑑
 37.

b. Effective stress at a depth of 3.9 m below the

ground

σB = 16.50(3) + 17.6(0.9)

c. Effective stress at C
d. σC = 16.5(3) + 17.6(0.9) + 18.8(3) – 9.81(3)

39.

Rate of upward seepage

ℎ
i = 𝐿′

Critical hydraulic gredient

a. effective stress at the bottom of the clay.

Value of h to cause boiling

σA = (h dry)+ ( - 9.81) (h Sat)

b. If the water table rises to the top of the ground
surface, what is the change in the effective stress at
the bottom of the clay layer?
38.

a. Compute the effective stress inside the capillary

zone at a depth of 3.0 m below the ground surface

σA = 16.50(3) – [(- 0.60)(0.9)(9.81)] σA = (20.87 - 9.81)(4.6) + (18.85 - 9.81)(3.6)

Change in effective stress at A:

∆σ' = 113.68 - 83.42

c. Height that the ground water table rise to decrease
the effective stress by 14.4 kPa

40.
41.
42.