LTE Air Interface

Prepared by: Approved by:

Samsung Training Team

PMO
RJIL
 Course Name: LTE Air Interface

Course Objective Who should attend

This module will enable participants RF and RAN engineers
to understand high-level overview of Pre-Requisite
LTE Air Interface  Need to have attended “Samsung
LTE Technology Overview” or
equivalent program

Morning Session (10:30am to 1:30pm) Afternoon Session (2:30pm to 6pm)

Lunch break
•LTE Network Architecture •LTE Protocol Stack
•OFDMA •LTE Frame Structures
Day 1 •SC-FDMA •FDD & TDD
•LTE Radio Concepts •LTE Radio Channels
•Physical Downlink Channels
•Physical Downlink Channels
•System Acquisition
Day 2 •Mobility
•MIMO
 Document History

Edition Date of Issue Author Remarks

V 14 3rd Feb 2014 Samsung Training LTE Air Interface Training Module covers all the
Team basic aspects of LTE
Added slides on:
Samsung Training Physical DL & UL Signals & channels.
V 15 8th April 2015 Team
Ajay Sharma FDD duplex scheme
MIMO
 Agenda
LTE/SAE Network Introduction
 LTE Motivation
 Evolution of Cellular Networks
 LTE Network Architecture
 UE Categories
Multiple Access Technique
 OFDMA
 SC-FDMA
 OFDMA Operation
 Cyclic Prefix
 OFDMA PAPR Ratio
 Comparison OFDMA V/s SC-FDMA
 OFDMA Parameters
LTE Protocol & Frame Structures
 Protocol Stack- User & Control Plane
 LTE Duplex Schemes
 FDD and TDD
 FDD & TDD Comparison
 Agenda
 LTE Frame Details
 FDD and TDD
 TDD Configuration Type
 LTE TDD Special Subframe Configuration
LTE Radio Channels
 Logical, Transport and Physical channels
 Channel Mapping
 System Information
 Master Information Blocks (MIB)
 System Information Blocks (SIB)
 Downlink Physical Channel & Signals Details
 Reference Signal & Synchronization signals (PSS & SSS)
 Control Channels – PBCH, PDCCH, PCFICH, PHICH
 Physical Downlink Shared/data Channel– PDSCH, PMCH
 Agenda
 Uplink Physical Channel & Signals Details
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
 Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)

System Acquisition

Mobility
 RRC Connection
 Handover Procedure
 X2 Handover
 Inter MME Handover

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

 Types
 Uplink MIMO
LTE\SAE Network Introduction
 LTE Motivations
Reduced delays, in terms of both connection establishment and transmission
latency

Increased user data rates

Increased cell-edge bit-rate, for uniformity of service provision

Reduced cost per bit, implying improved spectral efficiency

Greater flexibility of spectrum usage, in both new and pre-existing bands

Simplified network architecture

Seamless mobility, including between different radio-access technologies

Reasonable power consumption for the mobile terminal

 Evolution of Cellular Networks

Packet core
Packet switched
data
Peak data
rates
Circuit switched
voice support

1G

1980s 1990s Late 90s 2000 2003 2008 2010 onwards

 Comparison: 2G, 3G and LTE
Features GSM / GPRS / EDGE WCDMA / HSPA LTE

Multiple Access FDMA + TDMA CDMA OFDMA

Carrier Bandwidth 200 KHz 5 MHz 1.4 - 20 MHz

GSM 9.6 Kbps WCDMA 2 Mbps

LTE 100 Mbps
Peak Data Rate GPRS 144 Kbps HSPA 14 Mbps
LTE-A 1Gbps
EDGE 384 Kbps HSPA+ 42 Mbps

Transmission Time WCDMA 10 ms

EDGE 20ms 1ms
Interval (TTI) HSPA 2ms

Latency (user plane) ~120 ms ~40 ms ~<20 ms

QPSK, 16-QAM, QPSK, 16-QAM,

Modulation schemes GMSK, 8-PSK
64-QAM 64-QAM

Access Network BTS + BSC NodeB + RNC eNodeB

CS – MSC, GMSC CS – MSC, GMSC PS – MME, S-GW,

Core Network
PS – SGSN, GGSN PS – SGSN, GGSN P-GW

Voice & Video Calls CS CS PS

FDD with some TDD

Duplexing FDD Only FDD and TDD
deployments
 Comparison: 2G, 3G and LTE Architectures
PSTN IP IP

GMSC GGSN

Core
Network
MSC SGSN
• Single-node access
network
• Completely PS network
•Separate USER and
BSC / RNC
CONTROL planes

Access
Network • Controller node in access
network
• Separate CS and PS cores eNodeB
BTS / NodeB
• Combined user and
GSM / WCDMA control planes LTE
 LTE Network Architecture
External 3GPP Core
Evolved Packet System (EPS) Network

S3
MME
S6a S10
S4
X2
eNodeB S1-MME

Uu
Gx
S11

eNodeB
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio S1-U S5 / S8
Access Network (E-UTRAN)

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

eNodeB – evolved NodeB SGi

MME – Mobility Management Entity Interfaces
S-GW – Serving Gateway Uu, X2, S1-MME, S1-
P-GW – Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway PDN
HSS – Home Subscriber Server U, S5/S8, S11, S10,
PCRF – Policy & Charging Rules Function S3, S4, S12, Gx, S6a
 LTE Key Parameters
Frequency Range UMTS FDD bands and UMTS TDD bands

Channel Bandwidth, 1.4MHz 3MHz 5MHz 10MHz 15MHz 20MHz

1Resource Block
(RB) = 180KHz
6 RBs 15RBs 25RBs 50RBs 75RBs 100RBs

Number of
72 180 300 600 900 1200
Subcarriers

Modulation Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

scheme Uplink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (optional for handset)

Downlink: OFDMA
Multiple Access
Uplink: SC-FDMA

Transmit diversity, Cyclic delay diversity (Max. 4 antenna at Base station &
MIMO handset)
Spatial multiplexing, Multiuser MIMO

Downlink: 150Mbps (UE category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz)

Peak Data rate 300Mbps (UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20MHz)
Uplink: 75Mbps (20MHz)
LTE Sampling Frequency and FFT Points
 UE Categories
All categories support 20 MHz

2x2 MIMO mandatory in all classes except Class 1

UE Category Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5

10 50 100 150 300

Peak Data rate DL (Mbps)

5 25 50 50 75
Peak Data rate UL (Mbps)

Modulation DL 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM

Modulation UL 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM

MIMO DL Optional 2x2 2x2 2x2 4x4

 Summary
LTE is a completely packet based network

The E-UTRAN consists of a single node, the eNodeB

The EPC consists of separate control and user planes

MME is responsible for all signaling functions

S-GW and P-GW form the user plane

 Quiz

What bandwidths does LTE support?

• 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz

___ is the inter-MME interface

• S1
• S10
• S11

Multiple access scheme used on the LTE UL is____

• OFDMA
• SCFMA
• TDD
Multiple Access Technique
 Multiple Access Techniques
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) e.g. AMPS

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) e.g. GSM

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) e.g. WCDMA

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) e.g. LTE-DL

SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) e.g. LTE-UL

 OFDMA
Flexible resource allocation
Robustness against multipath

Total Bandwidth

The peak (centre

frequency) of one
subcarrier …

…intercepts the
‘nulls’ of the
neighbouring
subcarriers
15 kHz in LTE: fixed
 OFDM Transmission Basics
Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers

The throughput is the sum of the data rates of subcarriers

OFDMA supports resource allocation in both time and frequency dimensions

Number of bits per OFDMA symbol depends on the modulation scheme used

Power
Bandwidth

01 10 11 01 01

10

11
S/P
01

OFDMA
Symbol

Serial to Frequency
Parallel
 LTE Time-Frequency Grid
Sub-carrier 12

Fast time-domain scheduling

Radio resources on a time-

Frequency

frequency grid

Sub-carrier 1

Symbol 0 Symbol 6 •Resource Block 180 KHz x 0.5 ms

•Each RB = 12 x 7 = 84 RE’s
Time
 FFT in OFDM
A signal can be represented in:
 Time domain: Represents how long the symbol lasts on air
 Frequency domain: Represents the spectrum needed in terms of bandwidth

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)
Allow moving between time and frequency domain representations
Fast algorithms that compute Fourier transforms in digital hardware

OFDM signals are generated using the IFFT since one modulation symbol (e.g. QPSK)
needs to be transmitted (i.e. represented) on multiple sub-carriers frequencies

Fourier
Transform

Inverse
Fourier
Transform
 OFDMA Operation
Multiple access is achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual
users as shown below

User 1

User 2 Transmitted Sub-Carriers

User 3

Total Channel Bandwidth

Modulation
Modulation CP mapping e.g.
mapping e.g. S/P IFFT CP Re- FFT P/S QPSK
QPSK moval symbols
symbols

Transmitter Receiver

CP - Cyclic Prefix
 Cyclic Prefix
Cyclic Prefix (CP) is transmitted in the guard time interval

OFDMA symbol duration including CP is approximate 71.4 µs.

 Long duration when compared with 3.69µs for GSM and 0.26µs for WCDMA

Symbol length without CP: 66.67µs (1/15kHz)

Normal CP=4.69/5.2 μsec, Extended CP= 16.67μsec

2
1
3
Time Domain 4
TSYMBOL Tg
1
time
2
Inter-Symbol time
Interference (ISI)
3
time
4
time
 Cyclic Prefix Details
Copies the last part of a symbol shape for a duration of guard-time and attach it in front
of the symbol

CP Types
 Normal CP: for small cells or with short multipath delay spread
 Extended CP: designed for use with large cells or those with long delay profiles

Total symbol time T(s) Note: CP represents an overhead

Guard Time T(g) resulting in symbol rate reduction.

Last part of the symbol

t is used as Cyclic Prefix
CP Useful symbol time
T(g) T(b)
(CP)

CP ratio = T(g)/T(b)
 OFDMA PAPR Ratio
The transmitted power is the sum of
the powers of all the subcarriers.

The higher the peaks, the greater

the range of power levels over which
the linear amplifier has to operate.

Not best suited for use with mobile

(battery-powered) devices

Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR)

 Comparison SC-FDMA v/s OFDMA
OFDMA transmits data in parallel across multiple subcarriers

SC-FDMA transmits data in series employing multiple subcarriers

Can reduce the PAPR between 6…9dB compared to OFDMA

01 10 11 01 01 01 10 11 01 01 10 11 01

10

11
S/P FFT
01

OFDMA SC-FDMA
Symbol Symbol

OFDMA SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA & OFDMA Time-Frequency View
 Sub-Carrier Types

Data • Used for data transmission

Reference Signals • Used for channel quality and signal strength estimates

• DC (centre) subcarrier: channel’s centre frequency

Null subcarriers (no
transmission/power) • Guard subcarriers: Separate top and bottom subcarriers
from any adjacent channel

Guard (no power) Guard (no power)

DC (no
power)

data
 OFDMA Parameters
1.4MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Frame
Duration 10 ms

Subcarrier
15 KHz
Spacing
Sampling
Rate (MHz) 1.92 3.84 7.68 15.36 23.04 30.72

Data
Subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

OFDM
Symbols/slot Normal CP=7, Extended CP=6

CP length Normal CP=4.69/5.2 μsec, Extended CP= 16.67μsec

 Summary
OFDMA allows flexible resource allocation

OFDMA maps one modulation symbol on a subcarrier and transmits multiple

subcarriers in parallel

A Cyclic Prefix is added to an OFDMA symbol for protection against ISI

OFDMA is implemented using FFT

Due to high PAPR issues, LTE uplink uses SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA transmits in series, mapping each modulation symbol on all the

allocated subcarriers
 Quiz

Give two advantages of OFDMA

• Flexible bandwidth allocation

• Robustness against multipath

SC-FDMA sends ____ modulation (e.g. QPSK) symbol(s) on ____ subcarrier(s)

• 1, N
• N, N
• 1/N, N

OFDMA cannot be implemented without FFT

• True
• False
LTE Radio Concepts
 Transmitter and Receiver Operations

TX RX

Coding Decoding

Scrambling Descrambling

Modulation Demodulation

OFDMA(IFFT) OFDMA(FFT)

Not shown:
Rate Matching
HARQ
Radio Channel
MIMO mapping
 CRC & FEC Coding
Transmitter
Original Data X Original Data Checksum 24 bits
CRC Generator
bits 1001011010… 110010….110011

RF Transmission Path

Receiver

Received Data Received Checksum If checksums do not match,

1001010010… 110010…110011 there is an error

Re-Generated Checksum
CRC Generator
110010…110001
 Rate Matching & Scrambling

• Change the data rate to one that can be

Rate matching
accommodated by the system

Cell specific bit-level

• Interference randomization between cells
scrambling
 Modulation
Sub-carriers are modulated using a certain modulation scheme

16-QAM allows for twice the peak data rate compared to QPSK

64-QAM allows for three times the data rate compared to QPSK
 Quiz

CRC is used to detect bit errors

• True
• False

Downlink scrambling will use ________

• Cell ID
• CRC
• Both

______ has the lowest probability of error

• 64-QAM
• 16-QAM
• QPSK
 Summary
Convolutional and Turbo coding are Forward Error Correction (FEC)
mechanisms

CRC is an error detection mechanism

Scrambling randomizes the interference between cells

Rate matching involves adding or removing bits to match the system data rate

LTE uses QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation

LTE Protocol Stack & Frame Structure
Protocol Stack
 LTE Protocol Stack – User Plane

((( (((

S-GW P-GW
UE LTE-Uu eNB S5/S8
S1-U
Application
IP
IP
Relay Relay
GTP-U
PDCP
PDCP GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U
RLC UDP-IP
UDP-IP
RLC UDP-IP UDP-IP
MAC L2 L2 L2
L2 L2
L1 L1 L1 L1
L1 L1
 LTE Protocol Stack – Control Plane

((( (((

MME
UE LTE-Uu eNB
S1-MME
NAS NAS
Relay
RRC S1 - AP
RRC S1 - AP
PDCP PDCP SCTP SCTP

RLC RLC IP IP
MAC MAC L2 L2
L1 L1 L1 L1
LTE Duplex Schemes
 Duplex Schemes
In radio communications systems ,to communicate in both directions it is
necessary to have a duplex scheme

In LTE, two schemes are in use:

 FDD- Frequency Division Duplex
 Uses two channels, one for transmit and the other for receiver.
 TDD- Time Division Duplex
 Uses one frequency, but allocates different time slots for transmission and reception.

fDL fDL/UL

fUL TDD
FDD
 FDD-Frequency Division Duplex
Needs two separate RF carriers for UL & DL Transmission
Works on frame structure type-1
Highly asymmetric
Highly appreciated where UL & DL capacity is relatively symmetric
Offer higher throughput than TDD, data transfer can be continuous in both the
direction
More spectrum is need as compare to TDD
Easy to deploy in terms of synchronization requirement, in general its not
necessary for neighboring FDD BTS to be time synchronized
LTE also support Half Duplex FDD
In Half Duplex FDD BTS is able to transmit and receive simultaneously, but UE
don’t
 FDD-Frequency Division Duplex
FDD- Frequency Division Duplex
 Half-duplex FDD mode (HD-FDD) is also defined, the UE does not have to transmit
at the same time as it receive

fDL

fUL

 UE does not have to transmit at the same time as it receive

 More effective UEs can be manufactured since a duplex filter is not needed
 LTE Frame Structure
Frame structure
 Frame structure type 1
 Applicable to FDD and half duplex FDD
 Each radio frame is Tf=307200xTs=10ms long and consists of 20 slots of length
Tslot=15360 x Ts=0.5ms , numbered from 0 to 19(Ts=1/(15000x2048)seconds)

One Radio Frame, Tf=307200 x Ts=10msec

One Slot, Tslot=15360 x Ts=0.5ms

……………

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 18 Slot 19

One Sub frame

 TDD Frame Structure
Frame structure
 Frame structure type 2
 Applicable to only TDD
 Each radio frame is consists of Two half frame length Tf=153600xTs=5ms each and each
half frame consists of eight slots of length Tslot=15360 xTs=0.5ms

TDD Frame 10ms , 10 subframes 1ms each

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Special Subframes 1 & 6

0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9

DwPTS UpPTS DwPTS UpPTS

Gp Gp
 FDD – LTE RF Bands

LTE Band Uplink Band Downlink Band Duplex Bandwidth

Number (MHz) (MHz) Spacing(MHz) (MHz)

1 1920 - 1980 2110-2170 190 2x60

2 1850-1910 1930 - 1990 80 2x60
3 1710-1785 1805-1880 95 2x75
4 1710-1755 2110-2155 400 2x45
5 824-849 869-894 45 2x25
6 830-840 875-885 45 2x10
7 2500-2570 2620-2690 120 2x70
8 880-915 925-960 45 2x35
9 1749.9-1784.9 1844.9-1879.9 95 2x35
10 1710-1770 2110-2170 400 2x60
11 1427.9-1447.9 1475.9-1495.9 48 2x20
12 699-716 729-746 30 2x17
13 777-787 746-756 -31 2x10
 FDD – LTE RF Bands

LTE Band Uplink Band Downlink Band Duplex Bandwidth

Number (MHz) (MHz) Spacing(MHz) (MHz)

14 788-798 758-768 -30 2x10

17 704-716 734-746 30 2x12
18 815-830 860-875 45 2x15
19 830-845 875-890 45 2x15
20 832-862 791-821 -41 2x30
21 1447.9-1462.9 1495.9-1510.9 48 2x15
22 3410-3490 3510-3590 100 2x90
23 2000-2020 2180-2200 180 2x20
24 1626.5-1660.5 1525-1559 -101.5 2x34
25 1850-1915 1930-1995 80 2x65
 TD – LTE RF Bands

LTE Band Number Allocation (MHz) Width of Band (MHz)

33 1900 - 1920 20
34 2010 - 2025 15
35 1850 - 1910 60
36 1930 - 1990 60
37 1910 - 1930 20
38 2570 - 2620 50
39 1880 - 1920 40
40 2300 - 2400 100
41 2496 - 2690 194
42 3400 - 3600 200
43 3600 - 3800 200
 Comparison
FDD TDD
Symmetric transmission Asymmetric transmission
Uses Frame Structure Type-1 Uses Frame Structure Type-2
Required two separate frequencies Only one frequency is needed
More efficient in the case of symmetric More overhead & latency due to frequency
traffic switching in time
Harder to deploy in area with limited Simpler to deploy in area with limited
available spectrum available spectrum
Higher Throughput Lower Throughput
Easy to deploy Difficult to deploy
Not necessary for neighboring FDD BTS to Required
be time synchronized
 Quiz

CRC is used to detect bit errors

• True
• False

Downlink scrambling will use ________

• Cell ID
• CRC
• Both

______ has the lowest probability of error

• 64-QAM
• 16-QAM
• QPSK
 Summary
Convolutional and Turbo coding are Forward Error Correction (FEC)
mechanisms

CRC is an error detection mechanism

Scrambling randomizes the interference between cells

Rate matching involves adding or removing bits to match the system data rate

LTE uses QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation

LTE Frame Structure
 FDD Frame Structure
LTE Frame Structure Type 1: Applicable to Full & Half Duplex FDD
Frame (10ms)
 10 Sub-frames (1ms) per frame
 2 slots (0.5ms) per sub-frame
 7 OFDM symbols per slot for Normal CP
 6 OFDM symbols per slot for Extended CP

Frame (10msec)
0.5 msec 0.5 msec

….. …………… …..

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 18 Slot 19

Sub frame 0 Sub frame 9

. …….

OFDM SYMBOL 0 OFDM SYMBOL 13

Single Sub Frame (1 ms)
CP0=5.2uSec - CP1 TO CP13 =4.7uSec
 FDD Frame Structure
Each Radio Frame is Tf = 307200. Ts
=10 ms
Each Radio Frame consists of 10 Subframe of length 1ms each
Each Radio Frame Consist of 20 slots of length 0.5ms each
Length T-slot = 15360.Ts
= 0.5 ms
Frame (10msec)
0.5 msec 0.5 msec

….. …………… …..

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 18 Slot 19

Sub frame 0 Sub frame 9

Ts= 1/ Sampling Frequency
Tf  307200  Ts  10 ms Ts= 1/30.72MHz,
Therefore
Tslot  15360  Ts  0.5 ms Ts  1 / 30720ms
Approx. =32 Nanosecond
 Normal and Extended Cyclic Prefix
Size of FFT= 66.67 micro sec* 30.72 MHz
=2048 (20MHz Carrier BW) 7 × 2048 Ts Cyclic Prefix
Ts = 1/30720 ms + 6 × 144 Ts
+ 1 × 160 Ts Main Body
15360 Ts = 0.5 ms

Normal Cyclic Prefix

160 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts

2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts

Cyclic Prefix
6 × 2048 Ts
Ts = 1/30720 ms + 6 × 512 Ts Main Body
15360 Ts = 0.5 ms

Extended Cyclic Prefix

512 Ts 512 Ts 512 Ts 512 Ts 512 Ts 512 Ts

2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts

 TDD Frame Structure
LTE Frame Structure Type 1: Applicable to FDD

LTE Frame Structure Type 2: Applicable to TDD

Every subframe will have two slots of 0.5ms as in FDD Frame

TDD Frame 10ms , 10 subframes 1ms each

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Special Subframes 1 & 6

0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9

DwPTS UpPTS DwPTS UpPTS

Gp Gp
 TDD Special Subframes
LTE TDD- Special Subframe

 DwPTS: used for downlink data transmission. (varied from three up to twelve
OFDM symbols)

 UpPTS: used for uplink data transmission(varied from one to two OFDM symbols)

 GP: guard period for the downlink-to-uplink

 Guard period must cover the maximum roundtrip propagation delay within the cell
selected by taking eNB-to-eNB interference into account

The time duration of DwPTS , UpPTS & Gp may also vary as per configuration.
 TDD Configuration Types
LTE TDD Special Subframe Configuration (Time Format-No. of OFDM Symbols)

 Details about the time of the DwPTS , UpPTS & Gp with variable formats

Normal CP Extended CP
Format
DwPTS Gp UpPTS DwPTS Gp UpPTS
0 3 10 3 8
1
1 9 4 8 3
2 10 3 1 9 2
3 11 2 10 1
4 12 1 3 7
2
5 3 9 8 2
6 9 3 9 1
2
7 10 2 - - -
8 11 1 - - -
 LTE TDD Special Subframe Configuration
LTE TDD Special Subframe Configuration (UL & DL capacity)

 Asymmetric UL/DL Capacity Allocation

 Single sub-frame for UL and 8times sub-frame for DL per 10ms frame

 UE is informed about UL/DL configuration via SIB-1, which is broadcast via Broadcast
Channel (BCH)

UL/DL Downlink-To-Uplink Subframe Number

Configuration Switch-Point Periodicity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D
 Quiz
ROHC is done by perform by

• MAC
• RLC
• PDCP

Size of One LTE Radio Frame

• 10 ms
• 20 ms
• 0.5 ms

In TD LTE ______ subframe are special subframe

• 0 &5
• 1&6
• 0&6
 Summary
RRC layer operates between the UE and the eNB and is responsible for radio
signaling for setup, handover, etc

PDCP does header compression, security and ciphering of data.

In Half Duplex FDD BTS is able to transmit and receive simultaneously, but UE
don’t

In FDD scheme it is not necessary for neighboring FDD BTS to be time

synchronized

Guard period must cover the maximum roundtrip propagation delay within the
cell selected by taking eNB-to-eNB interference into account
LTE Radio Channels
 Types of Channels

RLC
What?
Logical L2
Channels

MAC

How?
Transport
Channels
Physical L1
 3GPP LTE Physical Channels

• Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) – QPSK, 16QAM,

64QAM
• Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) – QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
• Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) – QPSK
DL • Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) – QPSK
• Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) – QPSK
• Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) – BPSK
• Reference Signal (RS), Synchronization Signal

• Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) – BPSK, QPSK

• Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) – QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
UL • Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
• Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
 Channel Mapping - Downlink

Common
Control Info
System Info. Paging at no RRC Dedicated Dedicated
Connection Control Traffic

BCCH MTCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH

Logical Channels

BCH MCH PCH DL-SCH Transport Channels

DCI

PBCH
PBCH PMCH
PMCH PDSCH PDCCH Physical Channels
 Channel Mapping - Uplink

CCCH DCCH DTCH Logical Channels

ULSCH RACH Transport Channels

UCI

PUCCH PUSCH PRACH Physical Channels

 System Information

Block Information
MIB Physical Layer Info
SIB 1 PLMN ID, Tracking Area ID, Access restrictions, SIB scheduling info
Common and shared channel info: SRS, PUSCH, PUCCH, Paging & RACH
SIB 2
configuration, UL frequency information
SIB 3 Intra-frequency cell reselection parameters and information
SIB 4 Information on Intra-frequency neighbors
SIB 5 Information on Inter-frequency neighbors
SIB 6 Information for reselection on UTRAN (UMTS) cells
SIB 7 Information for reselection on GERAN (GSM) cells
SIB 8 Information for reselection on CDMA 2000 system
SIB 9 Home eNB information for future femtocells
SIB 10 Primary Earthquake and Tsunami Warning (ETWS) information
SIB 11 Secondary Earthquake and Tsunami Warning (ETWS) information
Downlink Physical Channels & Signals
 Downlink Physical Signals and Channels
Downlink Physical Signals
 Reference Signals
 Synchronisation Signals

Downlink Physical Channels

 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
 Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
 Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
Downlink Physical Signals
 Reference Signals: OFDMA Channel Estimation
Channel estimation for cell Selection / Reselection, Hand-Over and Channel
Quality Index (like CPICH functionality in WCDMA)
Frequency & Phase Reference for Coherent demodulation
Position
 Time domain- 0 and 4 for Type 1 Frame
 Frequency domain -it depends on the Cell ID (PCI Mod 6=0)

In case more than one antenna is used (e.g. MIMO) the Resource elements
allocated to reference signals on one antenna are DTX on the other antennas
symbols 6 0 symbols 6
0

subcarriers
subcarriers

Antenna 1 Antenna 2
 Synchronization Signals (PSS & SSS)
PSS and SSS Functions
 Frequency and Time synchronization
 Carrier frequency determination
 OFDM symbol/subframe/frame timing determination

Physical Layer Cell ID determination

 Determine 1 out of 504possibilities

PSS and SSS resource allocation

 Time: subframe0 and 5 of every Frame or Slot
number 0 and 10 within a radio frame
 Frequency: middle of bandwidth (6 RBs = 1.08 MHz)
 PSS and SSS-Frame Type-1
PCI( Physical Cell ID)= PSS + 3* SSS
 PSS = 0,1,2
 SSS = 0-167
Used for scrambling the information from the cell

Physical layer cell identity

Physical layer identity
group Synchronization
0 1 Signal(PSS & SSS)
2 One of 168
One of three possibilities
possibilities

PSS SSS
Symbol 0 Symbol 5 Symbol 6
. ……. SSS PSS

1st slot (0.5 ms)

 PSS - TD LTE
PSS is in Symbol # 2 of Sub-frames 1 and 6
3rd OFDMA of Slot 2 and slot 12

Frame duration =10msec

0.5 msec 0.5 msec

… ... …

Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 12 Slot 13 Slot 18 Slot 19

Sub frame 1 Sub frame 6 Sub frame 9

0 1 2 PSS 6 7 8 9 10 13

. …. …. ….

Single Sub Frame ( Duration=1 msec )

 SSS – TD LTE
SSS is in Symbol # 13 of Sub-frames 0 and 5
Last OFDMA symbol of Slot 1 and Slot 11

Frame duration =10msec

0.5 msec 0.5 msec

… …

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 10 Slot 11 Slot 18 Slot 19

Sub frame 0 Sub frame 5 Sub frame 9

0 1 2 6 7 8 9 10 13 SSS

. ..…. …. ….

Single Sub Frame ( Duration=1 msec )

Downlink Physical Channels
 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
PBCH Function
 Carries the primary Broadcast Transport Channel
 Carries the Master Information Block (MIB)
 The periodicity of MIB is 40 ms. A new MIB is sent every
40 ms when SFN mod 4 = 0 and within the 40 ms
period, the same MIB is repeated every 10ms
 MIB is always sent in subframe 0
 SFN varies form 0 to 1023 (10bits)

Transmitted in
 Time: subframe 0 in every frame
 4 OFDM symbols in the second slot of corresponding
subframe
 Frequency: middle 1.08 MHz (6 RBs) , 72 Subcarriers

QPSK Modulation
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
Carries the Control Format Indicator (CFI)

Transmitted in:
 Time: 1st OFDM symbol of all subframes
 Frequency: spanning the entire system band
 carried by 4 REGs and these four REGs are evenly
distributed across the whole band regardless of
the bandwidth
 4 REGs -> 16 REs (1REG=4RE)
 Mapping depends on Cell ID
QPSK Modulation
 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
Used for (Scheduling)
 DL resource scheduling
 SIB Information
 UL Resource Grant
 Paging indicators
 UL Power Control
CCEs are the building blocks for transmitting
PDCCH
 1 CCE = 9 REGs (36 REs) = 72 bits
 The control region consists of a set of CCEs,
numbered from 0 to N_CCE for each subframe
PDCCH is an aggregation of contiguous CCEs
(1,2,4,8)
Carries DCI Information
 DCI carries control information of UE or Group
of UEs
QPSK Modulation
Downlink Control Information (DCI) and
Resource Allocation Types
 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
DCI
Format Usage Major Contents
Format 0 UL Grant. Resource Allocation for UL Data RB Assignment,TPC,PUSCH Hopping Flag
Format 1 DL Assignment for SISO RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ
Format 1A DL Assignment for SISO (compact) RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ
Format 1B DL Assignment for MIMO with Rank 1 RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ,TPMI, PMI
Format 1C DL Assignment for SISO (minimum size) RB Assignment
Format 1D DL Assignment for Multi User MIMO RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ,TPMI,DL Power Offset
Format 2 DL Assignment for Closed Loop MIMO RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ, Precoding Information
Format 2A DL Assignment for Open Loop MIMO RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ, Precoding Information
DL Assignment for TM8 (Dual Layer
Format 2B Beamforming) RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ, Precoding Information
Format 2C DL Assignment for TM9 RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ, Precoding Information
TPC Commands for PUCCH and PUSCH with 2 bit
Format 3 power adjustment Power Control Only
TPC Commands for PUCCH and PUSCH with 1 bit
Format 3A power adjustment Power Control Only
Format 4 UL Assignment for UL MIMO (up to 4 layers) RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ, Precoding Information
 Resource Allocation Types 0, 1 & 2
Applicable DCI
Resource Allocation Purpose
Format

UL Scheduling VRB based UL Scheduling 0

Resource Block Group (RBG) based 1
RA Type 0 RBG based (MIMO : Closed Loop) 2
RBG based (MIMO : Open Loop) 2A
Selected RBG Subset based 1
Selected RBG Subset based (MIMO : Closed
RA Type 1
Loop) 2
Downlink
Scheduling Selected RBG Subset based (MIMO Open Loop) 2A
VRB based Compact Scheduling + Random
Access 1A
VRB based Compact Scheduling with MIMO 1B
RA Type 2
VRB based Very Compact Scheduling 1C
VRB based Compact Scheduling with MIMO &
Power Offset 1D
RBG: Resource Block Group VRB: Virtual Resource Block
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Transmits DL packet data
 One Transport Block transmission per UE’s code
word per subframe
 7 PDSCH Transmission Modes (TM)
 Also carries Broadcast system Information
which is not carried on PBCH

Mapping to Resource Blocks (RBs)

 Mapping for a particular transmit antenna port
shall be in increasing order of:
 First the frequency index
 Then the time index, starting with the first slot in
a subframe
Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Transmission resources are assigned
dynamically by PDCCH
 Localized (suitable for frequency domain
scheduling) or
 distributed (suitable for maximizing frequency
diversity)
PDSCH and PDCCH Configuration by C-RNTI
Transmission scheme of
Transmission
DCI format Search Space PDSCH corresponding to
Mode
PDCCH
Common and UE specific by
Mode 1 DCI format 1A C-RNTI Single-antenna port, port 0
DCI format 1 UE specific by C-RNTI
Common and UE specific by
Mode 2 DCI format 1A C-RNTI Transmit diversity
DCI format 1 UE specific by C-RNTI
Common and UE specific by
C-RNTI Transmit diversity
Mode 3 DCI format 1A Large delay CDD
DCI format 2A UE specific by C-RNTI
Common and UE specific by
C-RNTI Transmit diversity
Mode 4 DCI format 1A Close loop spatial Multiplexing
DCI format 2 UE specific by C-RNTI
Common and UE specific by Transmit diversity
Mode 5
DCI format 1A C-RNTI MU-MIMU
Transmit diversity
Common and UE specific by
Close loop spatial Multiplexing , single
C-RNTI
Mode 6 DCI format 1A layer
Common and UE specific by
Mode 7 DCI format 1A C-RNTI Single-antenna port, port 5
DCI format 1 UE specific by C-RNTI
 Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
Used for ACK(111)/NAK(000) of UL-SCH transmissions
Time
 Normal duration: 1stOFDM symbol
 Extended duration: Over 2 or 3 OFDM symbols
Frequency
 Spanning all system bandwidth
 Mapping depending on Cell ID
Modulation: BPSK; Spreading Factor (SF)=4

Ex. PHICH Group=7

Each PHICH Group contain 8 PHICH and in a Group all
PHICH shares same Information (share same REGs)
Each PHICH corresponds 3 REGs (1REG=4 REs)
Total RE= 7*1*3*4=84/subframe
Uplink Physical Channels & Signals
 Uplink Physical Channels & Signals

• Physical Uplink Control Channel

(PUCCH) – BPSK, QPSK
• Physical Uplink Shared Channel
(PUSCH) – QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Uplink • Physical Random Access Channel
(PRACH)
• Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
• Demodulation reference signal
(DMRS)
 Uplink Physical Reference Signals
Uplink physical reference signals are used within the PHY layer and do not
convey information from higher layers
Types
 Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
 facilitate frequency dependent scheduling and not associated with transmission of
PUSCH or PUCCH
 Transmitted on last SC-FDMA symbol of each subframe or once after 2 slots
 Based on Zadhoff Chu sequences.
 Channel estimation , Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) selection, initial power
control for data transmission, timing advance and frequency scheduling
 Demodulation reference signal
 Facilitates coherent demodulation and associated with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH
 Transmitted in the fourth SC-FDMA symbol of the slot and is the same size as the
assigned resource
 Based on Zadhoff Chu sequences.
 Channel estimation


 Uplink Physical Reference Signals

SC-FDMA symbols 1 and 5 for normal CP ,while for Extended CP its, SC-FDMA symbol 3
 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Data transmissions on Physical Uplink Shared Channel
(PUSCH) PUCCH
 Located in centre of uplink bandwidth , PUCCH is usually
mapped at the edges
 1 transport block per TTI of 1ms
 Same channel coding (Convolutional & turbo coding) / rate
matching (1/2,2/3,5/6 etc) as PDSCH
 Modulation QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
To maintain single carrier structure, control signaling is
multiplexed along with data (PUSCH)
When no PUSCH, control signaling is on Physical Uplink
Control Channel (PUCCH)
 Usually at edges of system bandwidth
PUCCH
 PUCCH hops from one side of the carrier to the other to
maximize frequency diversity
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Uplink physical data channel processing.
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Types of Control Signalling Information
Uplink Control Information (UCI) consist of
 Scheduling Requests (SRs)
 HARQ ACK/NACK in response to downlink data packets on the Physical Downlink
Shared Channel (PDS
 One ACK/NACK bit is transmitted in the case of single codeword downlink transmission
 Two ACK/NACK bits are used in the case of two-codeword downlink transmission.CH)
 Channel State Information (CSI) includes
 Channel Quality Indicators (CQIs)
 MIMO-related feedback consisting of RIs and PMI.
 20 bits per subframe are used for the CSI.
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Uplink control information (UCI) formats on PUCCH

PUCCH Format Uplink Control Information (UCI)

Format 1 Scheduling request (SR)

Format 1A 1-bit HARQ ACK/NACK with/without SR
Format 1B 2-bit HARQ ACK/NACK with/without SR
Format 2 CSI (20 coded bits)
Format 2 CSI and 1- or 2-bit HARQ ACK/NACK for extended CP
only
Format 2A CSI and 1-bit HARQ ACK/NACK (20 + 1 coded bits)
Format 2B CSI and 2-bit HARQ ACK/NACK (20 + 2 coded bits)
Format 3 Multiple ACK/NACKs for carrier aggregation: up to 20
ACK/NACK bits plus optional SR, in 48 coded bits;
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

DeModulation Reference Signal : Channel estimation and Coherent demodulation

 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Typical numbers of PUCCH regions

example. 6
even number

Bandwidth Number of RBs Number of PUCCH

(MHz) per subframe regions
1.4 2 1
3 4 2
5 8 4
10 16 8
20 32 16
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Physical mapping of PUCCH formats to PUCCH RBs or regions
 Physical Random Access Channel- PRACH
Used to achieve uplink time synchronization for a UE which either has not yet
acquired, or has lost, its uplink synchronization
After uplink synchronization eNodeB can schedule orthogonal uplink
transmission resources for UE
Other reasons why we need PRACH
 A UE in RRC_CONNECTED state, but not uplink-synchronized
 wants to send new uplink data or control information,
 Wants to receive new downlink data,
 Hand Over from its current serving cell to a target cell
 For positioning purposes in RRC_CONNECTED state, when timing advance is needed for
UE positioning
 A transition from RRC_IDLE state to RRC_CONNECTED, for example for initial access
or tracking area updates
 Recovering from radio link failure
PRACH can also be used to Send a Scheduling Request (SR) to eNB in the
absence of other resources
 Physical Random Access Channel- PRACH
The preamble format determines the length of the
Cyclic Prefix and Sequence.

4 preamble formats (for different cell sizes)

64 PRACH configurations (preamble signatures)

Each configuration defines slot positions within a

6-110 RBs
frame.

PRACH

6RBs
Generated with Zadoff-Chu sequence

Random Access Preamble Format

CP Sequence

Tcp Tseq FDD Specific RACH format

 Physical Random Access Channel- PRACH
Contention-Based Random Access Procedure
 Step 1: Preamble transmission;
 UE --> NW : RACH Preamble (RA-RNTI, indication for L2/L3 message size)
 Step 2: Random access response; (PDSCH )
 UE <-- NW : Random Access Response (Timing Advance, T_C-RNTI, UL
grant for L2/L3 message)
 Step 3: Layer 2 / Layer 3 (L2/L3) message;
 UE --> NW : L2/L3 message (PUSCH)
 RRC Connection Request, TAU, SR
 Step 4: Contention resolution message.
 Message for early contention resolution
 Follow HARQ process
 ACK/DTX

TAU: Tracking Area Update

SR: Scheduling Request
 Preamble Formats
Four Random Access preamble formats are defined for Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD) Operation
Each format is defined by the durations of the sequence and its CP

Preamble format Number of CP duration GT duration Sequence time in

subframes in us in us us
0 1 103.13 96.88 800
1 2 684.38 515.63 800
2 2 203.13 196.88 1600
3 3 684.38 715.63 1600

Preamble Length in Frequency Domain is amount to 6 RBs of UL Subframe, which is

1.08 Mhz
Preamble Length in Time Domain including Guard Time (= CP Length + SEQUENCY
Length + GT Length) can be 1 or 2 or 3 depending on Preamble Format
One sub carrier of PRACH Preamble is 1.25 Khz whereas 1 sub carrier of UL subframe is
15 Khz. It means that 12 preamble sub carrier is amount to 1 UL Subframe subcarrier.
Physical Random Access Channel- PRACH

PRACH Signal Structure

 PRACH Configurations

PRACH System frame Subframe PRACH System Subframe

configuration number number configuration frame number
Index number

0 Even 1 8 Any 3,8

1 Even 4 9 Any 1,4,7
2 Even 7 10 Any 2,5,8

3 Any 1 11 Any 3,6,9

4 Any 4 12 Any 0,2,4,6,8

5 Any 7 13 Any 1,3,5,7,9

6 Any 1,6 14 Any 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

,8,9
7 Any 2,7
15 Even 9
PRACH Configurations
 Cell Radius from Preamble Time
Maximum Cell Size calculations
By using Round Trip Delay Time (RTD) ,Cell Radius is calculated .
Distance = V x t
Cell Radius = C x RTD/2 in m
Cell Radius= 3 x 10^8 x Guard Time/2 in m
 For an Example
 Let say for Guard period = 96 us
 Cell Radius= 3 x 10^8 x (96 x 10^-6 )/2 in m= 14,400 = 14.4 Km

Preamble format Number of CP duration GT duration Sequence time in

subframes in us in us us
0 1 103.13 96.88 800
1 2 684.38 515.63 800
2 2 203.13 196.88 1600
3 3 684.38 715.63 1600
 Cell Radius Values

Preamble Number of CP duration GT duration Maximum Cell

format sub frames in us in us radius
0 1 103.13 96.88 14.53
1 2 684.38 515.63 77.34
2 2 203.13 196.88 29.53
3 3 684.38 715.63 100.16
 Downlink frame Structure
f

CH BW
(3~20MHz)

DC
6RB
(BW 1.4M)

1RB
(180KHz)

1slot (0.5ms)
1 Radio frame (10ms)
t
1sub frame (1ms)
 Uplink frame Structure
f

System BW

1RB (180KHz)

1slot (0.5ms) t
1sub frame (1ms) 1 Radio frame (10ms)

PUCCH PRACH
 Summary
PSS and SSS help the UE synchronize and obtain cell ID

PBCH carries the MIB which informs the UE about system bandwidth

PCFICH gives the control channel configuration

SIB’s 1 and 2 carry important own cell information. SIB 3 onwards carry other
cell information

PUCCH carries uplink signaling when there is no grant available for PUSCH

TD-LTE supports different configurations for flexible DL:UL allocation

Demodulation and Sounding Reference Signals are transmitted on the uplink

 Quiz

The PSS and SSS help the UE identify

• TD or FDD LTE
• Cell ID
• Both

Sub-frames _____ are special sub-frames in a TDD frame

• 0 and 5
• 1 and 6

____ is used by eNB for scheduling

• DRS
• SRS
• CsRS
System Acquisition
 System Acquisition

Get Synchronized
UE Power Up in both Time and
Frequency, PCI

Identified PSS & SSS,

System Determined Physical Cell ID
Information
Obtained
through MIB At this stage
Identify PBCH UE knows :
(4 OFDM symbol x 6 RB’S) Channel Bandwidth,
SFN , PHICH
Configuration,
No of Antennas
System Acquisition (Continued)

PBCH

Presence of
PCFICH CFI field
(Physical Control Frame Indicator Channel)

Identify the OFDMA Symbols used for PDCCH

Contains DCI
PDCCH
field
(Physical Downlink Control Channel)

Identify the PDSCH Resources Allocation for SIBs

PDSCH
(Physical Downlink Shared Channel)

Identify the Location of SIBs

RSRP/RSRQ of Neighboring Cells (after PCI of Neighbor)
Summary View of Channel Functions
Mobility
 RRC Connection
RRC Connection Procedure consists of 3 steps as below
 Random Access Procedure
 RRC Establish
 E-RAB Setup ( Initial Context Setup)

1st step of Random Access is as below

UE S-eNB
BCCH : System information
RRC RRC

Cell Selection

PRACH : RACH Preamble

MAC MAC

DL-SCH : RACH Response

MAC MAC
 RRC Connection (Continued)
2nd & 3rd step for RRC & E-RAB Setup

UE S-eNB S-MME
ULSCH:RRC Conn Req
RRC RRC
DLSCH:RRC Conn Setup
RRC RRC
ULSCH:RRC Conn Setup Comp
RRC RRC
Initial UE Message
S1AP S1AP

Initial Context Setup Req

S1AP S1AP
DLSCH:security Mode Cmd
RRC RRC
ULSCH:security Mode Comp
RRC RRC
DLSCH:RRC Conn Reconfiguration
RRC RRC
ULSCH:RRC Conn Recfg Complete
RRC RRC
Initial Context Setup Resp
S1AP S1AP
 Handover Procedures

Measurements Activation/De-Activation

Events based neighbor reports

Measurements reports from UE

Handover target & mode selection in eNodeB

Handover Execution
 X2 Handover

UE S-eNB T-eNB S-MME SGW

User Packet Data Uplink/Downlink

RRC : Measurement Control

RRC : Measurement Report X2AP : Resource Status Req

X2AP : Resource status Resp

X2AP : Handover Request

RRC:RRC Conn Reconfig Req X2AP : Handover Request Ack

X2AP : SN Status Transfer
GTP : Forward User Data

Non-Contention RACH Procedure

RRC:RRC Reconfiguration Complete
S1AP:Path switch Req GTP:Modify Bearer Req

S1AP:Path switch Ack GTP:Modify Bearer Resp

User Packet Data Uplink/Downlink

X2AP: UE Context Release

 Inter-MME Handover

UE S-eNB T-eNB S-MME T-MME SGW

User Packet Data Uplink/Downlink

S1AP : Handover Required GTP:Forward Reloc Req
S1AP : Handover Required
S1AP : Handover Req Ack
GTP : Forward Reloc Resp
S1AP : Handover Command
RRC : Conn
Reconfig Req S1AP : eNB Status Transfer S1AP : eNB Status Transfer
S1AP : eNB Status Transfer
GTP : Forward User Data

Non-Contention RACH Procedure GTP : Forward User Data

RRC : Conn Reconfig Complete S1AP : Handover Notify GTP:Modify Bearer Req
GTP : Fwd Reloc Comp GTP:Modify Bearer Resp
GTP:Fwd Reloc Comp Ack
User Packet Data Uplink/Downlink
S1AP : UE Context Release Command
S1AP : UE Context Release Complete
 MIMO Types(Data Transmission)

• Multiple, parallel
Spatial data streams to
Multiplexing single user (Open as
well as Close Loop)
UE1 eNodeB

Spatial Multiplexing

• Multiple copies of
same stream to
Transmit single user
Diversity

UE2
eNodeB

Transmit Diversity
 MIMO Types (Number of Antennas)

a) SISO : Single Input Single Output b) SIMO : Single Input Multiple Output

c) MISO : Multiple Input Single Output d) MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output
 Quiz

SIMO : Single Input Multiple Output is

• RX Diversity
• TX Diversity

PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) is mapped on_______ channel

• PDCCH
• PDSCH

In Spatial Multiplexing, Multiple parallel data streams tramsmit to single user

• False
• True
 Summary
LTE uses single node RAN and logically single node EPC

OFDMA is used on the Downlink and SC-FDMA on the Uplink

Physical layer processing includes CRC, scrambling, rate matching, modulation

and OFDMA

LTE UE reads synchronization, broadcast and system information

TD-LTE supports different configurations for flexible DL:UL allocation

LTE uses X2 based handovers reducing latency and core signaling load

MIMO can vary data transmission, number of antennas or number of users

 LTE Specifications
URL: http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm

Specification index Description of contents

Equipment Requirements:
TS 36.100 series
Terminals, Base stations, and Repeaters

Layer 1 (Physical layer):

TS 36.200 series Physical channels, Modulation, Multiplexing, Channel
coding, etc.

Layers 2 and 3:
TS 36.300 series Medium Access Control, Radio Link Control, and Radio
Resource Control.

Network Signaling & Interfaces:

TS 36.400 series
Architecture, S1, X2 Interfaces, etc.

TS 36.500 series UE equipment conformance testing

Additional Materials
Resource Allocation Type 0
(RBG Based)
 Why we need RBG based Resource Allocation?
UE gets RBs assigned in the DL subframe and UL grant to send the UL Data
Bitmap is used in DCI to signal the PRBs for UEs
Disadvantages:
Direct Bit map method needs more bits in DCI. For example 100 bits needed
to point 100 RBs for 20 MHz
To allocate 2 RBs to an UE 98 bits are wasted in signaling message that is
carried in DCI. This is too much if many UEs receive such type of small
allocation in 1 ms period.
Remedy: Group the RBs into Resource Block Group (RBG) and allocate
resources based on RBG.
Less number of bits needed to point a RBG in DCI.
System Bandwidth Range Total Resource Blocks
System BW RBG Size (P)
(in RBs) (RBs|
≤ 10 1.4 Mhz 6 1 RB/RBG
11 to 26 3 MHz and 5 Mhz 15 and 25 2 RBs/RBG
27 to 63 10 Mhz 50 3 RBs/RBG
64 to 110 15 and 20 Mhz 75 amd 100 4 RBs/RBG
What is Resource Block Group (RBG)? Example 1.4 MHz

System Bandwidth Range Total Resource Blocks

System BW RBG Size (P)
(in RBs) (RBs|
≤ 10 1.4 Mhz 6 1 RB/RBG
11 to 26 3 MHz and 5 Mhz 15 and 25 2 RBs/RBG
27 to 63 10 Mhz 50 3 RBs/RBG
64 to 110 15 and 20 Mhz 75 amd 100 4 RBs/RBG

1.4 MHz
Resource Blocks (RBs) 0 to 5

0 1 2 3 4 5
RBG 0 RBG 1 RBG 2 RBG 3 RBG 4 RBG 5

1 RB per RBG
Resource Block Group (RBG): Example 3 MHz and 5 MHz
System Bandwidth Range Total Resource Blocks
System BW RBG Size (P)
(in RBs) (RBs|
≤ 10 1.4 Mhz 6 1 RB/RBG
11 to 26 3 MHz and 5 Mhz 15 and 25 2 RBs/RBG
27 to 63 10 Mhz 50 3 RBs/RBG
64 to 110 15 and 20 Mhz 75 and 100 4 RBs/RBG
3 MHz
Resource Blocks (RBs) 0 to 14
0 1 2 3 14
RBG 0 RBG 1 ... RBG 8

LastLast
RBGRBG
only 1
remaining
only 1 RBRBs
5 MHz
Resource Blocks (RBs) 0 to 24
0 1 2 3 24
RBG 0 RBG 1 ... RBG 13

2 RBs per RBG

 Resource Block Group (RBG) Example 10 MHz
System Bandwidth Range Total Resource Blocks
System BW RBG Size (P)
(in RBs) (RBs|
≤ 10 1.4 Mhz 6 1 RB/RBG
11 to 26 3 MHz and 5 Mhz 15 and 25 2 RBs/RBG
27 to 63 10 Mhz 50 3 RBs/RBG
64 to 110 15 and 20 Mhz 75 and 100 4 RBs/RBG

10 MHz 3 RBs per RBG

Resource Blocks (RBs) 0 to 49

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 4 4
0 1 8 9
RBG 0 RBG 1 RBG 2 RBG 3 ... RBG
17
Last RBG only 2
Example for 10 Mhz: 50 RBs RBG Size = 3 remaining RBs
Number of RBGs = System BW in RBs/ RBG Size = 50 RB / 3 = 16; Remainder = 1
As 50 % 3 > 0 (Remainder is 1)
So Total number of RBGs = 16 + 1 = 17
And the last RBG will contain only 2 RB's
Resource Block Group (RBG) Example 15 MHz and 20 MHz
System Bandwidth Range Total Resource Blocks
System BW RBG Size (P)
(in RBs) (RBs|
≤ 10 1.4 Mhz 6 1 RB/RBG
11 to 26 3 MHz and 5 Mhz 15 and 25 2 RBs/RBG
27 to 63 10 Mhz 50 3 RBs/RBG
64 to 110 15 and 20 Mhz 75 and 100 4 RBs/RBG
15 MHz
Resource Blocks (RBs) 0 to 74

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 7 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 2 3 4
RBG 0 RBG 1 RBG 2 RBG 3 ... RBG 19
Last RBG only 3
20 MHz remaining RBs
Resource Blocks (RBs) 0 to 99
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9
RBG 0 RBG 1 RBG 2 RBG 3 RBG 4 ... RBG 24

4 RBs per RBG

 Resource Allocation Type 0
System Bandwidth
System BW RBG Size (P)
(in RBs)
≤ 10 1.4 Mhz 1 RB/RBG
11 to 26 3 MHz and 5 Mhz 2 RBs/RBG
27 to 63 10 Mhz 3 RBs/RBG
64 to 110 15 and 20 Mhz 4 RBs/RBG

20 MHz
Resource Blocks (RBs)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9
RBG 0 RBG 1 RBG 2 RBG 3 RBG 4 ... RBG 24

DCI Format 1: RA Type 0

RA Assignment bit map: 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(25 bits)

RBG: Resource Block Group RBs assigned to UE

 Disadvantages of RA Type 0
UE gets RBs assigned in the DL subframe and UL grant to send the UL Data
Bitmap is used in DCI to signal the PRBs for UEs
Resource Allocation Type 1
(RBG Subset Shift Based)
 RBG Subset/Shift Based: Example 3 MHz
System Bandwidth Range Total Resource
System BW RBG Size (P) Subsets
(in RBs) Blocks (RBs|
≤ 10 1.4 Mhz 6 1 RB/RBG ------
11 to 26 3 MHz and 5 Mhz 15 and 25 2 RBs/RBG 2
27 to 63 10 Mhz 50 3 RBs/RBG 3
64 to 110 15 and 20 Mhz 75 and 100 4 RBs/RBG 4

3 MHz
Resource Blocks (RBs) 0 to 14

RBs 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
RBGs RBG 0 RBG 1 RBG 2 RBG 3 RBG 4 RBG 5 RBG 6 7

0 1 4 5 8 9 12 13
Subset 0
RBG 0 RBG 2 RBG 4 RBG 6
2 3 6 7 10 11 14
Subset 1
RBG 1 RBG 3 RBG 5 7

2 RBs per RBG

What is Resource Block Group (RBG)? Example 1.4 MHz

System Bandwidth Range Total Resource Blocks

System BW RBG Size (P)
(in RBs) (RBs|
≤ 10 1.4 Mhz 6 1 RB/RBG
11 to 26 3 MHz and 5 Mhz 15 and 25 2 RBs/RBG
27 to 63 10 Mhz 50 3 RBs/RBG
64 to 110 15 and 20 Mhz 75 amd 100 4 RBs/RBG

1.4 MHz
Resource Blocks (RBs) 0 to 5

0 1 2 3 4 5
RBG 0 RBG 1 RBG 2 RBG 3 RBG 4 RBG 5

1 RB per RBG
LTE Air Interface
 Frame Structure Type 1
Ts ----(1/1500X 2048)
FDD Frame Structure 1500 subcarrier spacing
2048 FFT size
basic time unit corresponding
to sampling frequency 30.72MHz

One Radio Frame Tf = 307200*TS = 10 ms

One Slot Tslot =15360*Ts= 0.5ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19

One Sub frame 30720*Ts

Transmission Time Interval

TTI=1ms
 Slot Structure
Normal CP

160*Ts 144*Ts 144*Ts 144*Ts 144*Ts 144*Ts 144*Ts

2048*Ts 2048*Ts 2048*Ts 2048*Ts 2048*Ts 2048*Ts 2048*Ts

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Usable symbol time = 2048*Ts= 66.7 μs

Time of first symbol along with CP is = (160*Ts+2048*Ts)=71.8μs
Time of other 5 symbol along with CP is =(144*Ts+2048*Ts)=71.2μs

Extended CP

512*Ts 512*Ts 512*Ts 512*Ts 512*Ts 512*Ts

2048*Ts 2048*Ts 2048*Ts 2048*Ts 2048*Ts 2048*Ts

0 1 2 3 4 5

Usable symbol time = 2048*Ts= 66.7 μs

Time of all symbol along with CP is = (512*Ts+2048*Ts)=83.4μs
 Frame Structure 2
TDD frame Structure Type 2
One radio frame, Tf = 307200*TS = 10 ms
Downlink Sub frame
UL/DL Sub frame
Special Sub frame
Uplink Sub frame

UL/DL UL/DL UL/DL UL/DL UL/DL

DL#0 SP#1 UL#2 DL#5 SP#6
#3 #4 #7 #8 #9
DwPTS: DL pilot time slot
shortend DL sub-frame
(3,8,9,10,11, or 12 OFDM symbols)
reference signals, primary sync and control, PDSCH
special sub-frame:
DL to UL switching GP: Guard period
(1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10 OFDM symbols)

UwPTS: UL pilot time slot

SP (1 or 2 OFDM symbols)
sounding reference or RACH

Uplink- Downlink to Uplink Sub frame Number

Downlink Switch point
Configuration periodicity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

DwPTS GP UwPTS 0 5ms D S U U U D S U U U

Contr
and
RS

ol

1 5ms D S U U D D S U U D

2 5ms D S U D D D S U D D

3 10ms D S U U U D D D D D

4 10ms D S U U D D D D D D

5 10ms D S U D D D D D D D

6 5ms D S U U U D S U U D
 Improving Uplink coverage-TTI Bundling
TTI Bundling optimizes the uplink (cell edge) coverage for services like VoLTE
Simulation results reported in publications indicate a 4 dB gain due to TTI bundling on the UL TTI
bundling is used to achieve successful transmissions from power limited terminals
With TTI Bundling UE has a better chance of a successful transmission with lesser latency using the
TTI bundling method
Operatory using TD-LTE (2300) and FDD-LTE (1800)