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The extent and volcanic structures of the Quaternary Andahua Group, Andes,
southern Peru

Article  in  Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae · January 2011

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Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae (2011), vol. 81: 1–19.

THE EXTENT AND VOLCANIC STRUCTURES

OF THE QUATERNARY ANDAHUA GROUP,
ANDES, SOUTHERN PERU
Andrzej GA£AŒ

Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology,
Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland, e-mail: pollux@geol.agh.edu.pl

Ga³aœ, A., 2011. The extent and volcanic structures of the Quaternary Andahua Group, Andes, southern Peru.
Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 81: 1–19.

Abstract: The Quaternary Andahua volcanic group in southern Peru has been studied by present author since
2003. The Andahua Group stretches out at intervals within an area, which is 110 km long and 110 km wide. Seven
regions bearing centres of volcanic eruptions have been distinguished: the Valley of the Volcanoes, Antapuna, Rio
Molloco, Laguna Parihuana, Rio Colca Valley, Jaran, and Huambo. The Valley of the Volcanoes, where the
Andahua Group was identified for the first time, contains the biggest variety of volcanic landforms. The valley is
covered by a nearly 60 km long, continuous cover of lava flows. 165 individual eruption centres of the Andahua
Group were distinguished including apparent pyroclastic cones, 50–300 m high, and usually smaller lava domes
and fissure vents. Domes, eruptive vents and lava craters greatly outnumber pyroclastic cones. Most commonly,
lava flows start from lava domes or craters. Small domes are often aligned along their feeding fissures. Lava
domes and pyroclastic cones of the Andahua Group are aligned mainly along N–S and WNW–ESE trending fault
systems. Projection points of the analysed Andahua lavas on the TAS diagram concentrate in the lower part of the
trachyandesite field, entering also the basaltic trachyandesite or trachyte/trachydacite fields.

Key words: lava dome, pyroclastic cone, minor volcanic centres, Andahua Group, Peruvian Andes.

Manuscript received 20 January 2011, accepted 7 April 2011

INTRODUCTION
The Quaternary volcanic Andahua Group (sensu Cal- cis, 1991). Italian, French, German and, recently, Danish
das, 1993) is the subject of this study. The first mention of studies provided detailed information on petrology and geo-
dwarf volcanic cones belonging to this group is comprised chemistry of the Andahua Group (Venturelli et al., 1978;
in Sheppe’s report (1934). In 1960, Portocarrero described Delacour, 2002; Delacour et al., 2002; SÝrensen & Holm,
young volcanic landforms around Andahua in the Valley of 2008). Readers of the Bulletin of Volcanology, vol. 69, can
the Volcanoes and his observations are treated as the begin- find characteristics of the volcanic Andahua Group in a pa-
ning of scientific studies. per by Delacour et al. (2007), who tried to explain pre-erup-
The Andahua Group is located in the Central Volcanic tive magma evolution from the volcanic centres in question.
Zone (CVZ) of the Andes. In this part of CVZ, Coropuna is Notwithstanding, very profound and advanced geochemical
the largest volcano, rising about 3,000 m above the sur- and petrological studies as well as detailed volcanological
roundings and reaching an elevation of 6,425 m a.s.l. The characteristics are lacking.
last eruption date in unknown, but three young Holocene The papers on the Andahua Group, which have been
lava flows are clear at the slopes of the volcanic massif. The published so far, have not defined clearly the notion of the
nearby stratovolcano Sabancaya (5,976 m a.s.l.) has been Andahua Group, neither its range nor typical forms (Ga³aœ,
recently active and the Misti volcano (5,822 m a.s.l.) is in a 2008). The work by Delacour et al. (2007) distinguished
solfatara stage. three monogenetic lava fields, Ruprecht and Wörner (2007)
Contrary to big stratovolcanoes, the Andahua Group used the notion “Andahua Volcanic Fields” only once,
has not evoked much interest, being much smaller in size while SÝrensen and Holm (2008) applied the extent after
and distant from densely inhabited areas. Till today, only Caldas (1993) changing also the name of the group for
few scientific publications have described the Valley of the Andagua Group. In fact, the name of the village is Andagua,
Volcanoes either in a superficial way or have concentrated however, Peruvian publications (and also maps) apply the
on the landscape aspects (Hoempler, 1962; de Silva & Fran- name Andahua group.
2 A. GA£AŒ

The age range of the Andahua Group has been gradu- clastic cones, although most of the Andahua Group is built
ally determined. Datings of the oldest rocks of the group ex- of lavas outpouring from lava domes and cracks.
posed near Chivay in the Rio Colca Valley by means of the Minute traces of erosion and weathering of some of the
K-Ar method show approximate ages of 400–64 ka (Kane- volcanic forms and the lack of vegetation cover prove they
oke & Guevara, 1984; Eash & Sandor, 1995). These figures are not older than 300–400 years. A dusty brown soil has
agree with geological observations, which suggest that the formed on older ashes and volcanic slag lavas from the
group intermingles in some places with fluvioglacial forma- Andahua Group, and its thickness is from 0.5 to 1 m. Such
tions near Orcopampa and that it developed after formation soils develop under the influence of water and the process is
of the canyons. Further data on the age of the Andahua relatively slow. As the current climate in that part of the An-
Group have been obtained after the K-Ar method applied to des is dry, we assume (Ga³aœ & Paulo, 2005) that they were
rocks and the 14C method on the remnants of plants burnt by formed in the glacial epoch and accompanying periods of
hot ash. Such investigations were carried out by Kaneoke glaciers melting, at least 10,000 years ago (Thouret et al.,
and Guevara (1984). The catalogue of volcanoes by Simkin 2002).
and Siebert (1994) mentioned Andahua volcanic activity in Lavas of the Andahua Group compositionally straddle
1913, but the position of active cinder cones is pointed out the olivine-rich basaltic andesites to dacites (Delacour et al.,
near the vicinity of Pampacolca where lavas from Coropuna 2007). They are aphyric, porphyritic or trachytic, with
belonging to the Barroso Group occur, 40 km south from 0–2% of microphenocrysts of mainly clinopyroxene, pla-
the nearest centre of the Andahua Group. The youngest cen- gioclase in a glassy matrix with plagioclase microlites and
tre of activity – Chilcayoc Chico – was radiocarbon dated at 1–2% of oxides (SÝrensen & Holm, 2008).
370 years BP (Cabrera & Thouret, 2000). It follows from Delacour et al. (2007) that magma is
Attempts to date particular pyroclastic cones according most primitive in southern Peru and it probably ascended
to the morphometric parameters (Wood, 1980) were made from deep crustal through regional faults.
by Cabrera and Thouret (2000) and in more detail by Within different fields, lavas show considerable vari-
Delacour et al. (2007). These results proved that succes- ability even when compared within one particular field
sively younger age groups had more and more steeply in- (Delacour, 2002; SÝrensen & Holm, 2008). Their silica con-
clined slopes. Inclination of slopes of several, apparently tent varied between 52.1 and 68.1 %, the extreme values be-
Pleistocene pyroclastic cones (Cerro Mauras, Llajuapampa, ing adopted after Delacour et al. (2007).
Marbas Chico Norte) is in the range of 28–34° that suggests,
according to the mentioned classification, their almost re-
cent origin. Hence, it is surprising that graphic images of the ANALYTICAL METHODS
age of the cones were based on morphometric parameters in
the above-mentioned work (Delacour et al., 2007). There The aim of this work is to define the origin and evolu-
were a few volcanoes whose calculated slope inclination tionary stage of the Andahua Group for the dwelling areas.
had similar values, i.e. 29°, but their estimated ages were The main volcanic fields were the subject of detailed
different: Chalhue Mauras (Late Pleistocene), Marbas studies in the seasons of 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010.
Chico Norte (Early/Middle Holocene) and Chilcayoc The study area is rather difficult to approach, mostly water-
Grande (historical time). The discrepancy might be caused less and high-mountain one, and situated within the altitu-
by the fact that calculations were based on topographic dinal zone of 1,400–5,200 m a.s.l.
maps, which offered very low accuracy in determination of The research was based on 1: 100,000 geological maps
the relative height. The other weak point of the morpho- of Peru, sheets: Cayarani, (Moncayo, 1994), Orcopampa and
metric dating method consisted in its limitation to pyro- Huambo (Caldas, 1993; Caldas et al., 2001, 2002), Aplao

Table 1
Quantitative characteristics of volcanic fields belonging to Andahua Group (from Ga³aœ 2008 modified)

Volume of
Lava domes and Volume of lava
Regions Lava fields Pyroclastic cones pyroclastic cones Age*
fissures (km3)
(km3)
A. Valley of the Volcanoes 13 24 57 26 0.78 I,II,III
B. Antapuna 6 4 4 6.4 – I,III
C. Rio Molloco 5 1 11 1.7 0.03 II
D. Laguna Parihuana 0 6 0 – 0.07 II
E. Valley of Rio Colca 3 0 11 0.8 – I, II
F. Jaran 5 11 16 7.7 0.34 I, II
G. Huambo 5 1 23 5.9 0.01 I
Total 36 47 118 48.5 1.26
* I – Pleistocene, II – Late Pleistocene–Middle Holocene, III – Holocene
 VOLCANIC STRUCTURES, QUATERNARY, PERU 3

(Guizado, 1968), Caylloma (Davila et al., 1988) and Chivay

(Quispesivana & Navarro, 2001), satellite photographs
(Landsat), and an aerial-photo set of the southern part of the
Valley of the Volcanoes (Servicio Aeorofotografico Nacio-
nal, Peru). The research specified the eruption centres deter-
mining their GPS location, characteristics and morphology of
volcanic landforms and provided samples for petrographic
investigation and future petrologic analyses.
The eruption centres or the areal extent and the approxi-
mate age of individual Andahua forms are specified. Seven
volcanic regions where the centres of eruption occur have
been distinguished. They stretch out at intervals in an area
that is at least 110 km long and 110 km wide (Fig. 1). There
are several lava fields built of single or sequential lava
flows, pyroclastic cones and other centres of lava effusion,
including domes and fissures (Table 1). The limits of each
region were determined according to the lineaments, relief
and tectonic settings. The lineaments reflect the system of
NW–SE oriented faults, tectonic framework of the Rio
Colca Canyon (oriented SW–NE), and Quaternary graben
of the Valley of the Volcanoes (segments oriented N–S and Fig. 1. Geological map of Rio Colca region (based on Paulo,
2008): 1 – Quaternary: Andahua Group, 2 – Pleistocene: alluvial
NW–SE).
gravels, 3 – Pliocene–Quaternary: stratovolcanoes of Barroso
Three age generations were distinguished on the map of Group, 4 – Neogene–Quaternary: pyroclastic and lacustrine de-
the group: the older (Pleistocene), the middle (Pleistocene– posits, slopewash sediments, 5 – Neogene: caldera complexes, 6 –
Holocene), and the youngest (Holocene and historical) Jurassic, Cretaceous, Palaeogene: plutons, 7 – Jurassic, Creta-
ones. The old group is covered with vegetation, quite often ceous: sedimentary formations, 8 – Proterozoic: Arequipa massif
changed into farmlands, weathered and cut by glacial ero- gneisses, 9 – major faults, 10 – Andahua Group occurrence area
sion. Borders of old lava flows are indefinite.
The landforms of the middle group are often eroded.
Initial soils have formed on the lavas and they are some-
times covered by grass and plants. an age of 0.27 Ma (Kaneoka & Guevara, 1984) and burned
The surface of the young lavas is coarse as the aa type, twigs in ash from Ticsho are 4060 years old (Delacour et al.,
the places where lava was squeezed out are distinct, slopes 2007). The term monogenetic volcanic fields (Delacour et
of lava flows are steep and unstable with distinct flow struc- al., 2007) cannot be applied to the whole of the Andahua
tures. Formations of a few young forms occurring near Group, contradicting the common definition (Schmincke,
Andahua were examined by means of the 14C method. They 2004; Walker, 2000). Some of the areas in the Andahua
were formed in the period between 4050 and 370 BC Group correspond rather to basaltic volcanic fields (sensu
(Cabrera & Thouret, 2000), while dating of Chilcayoc Connor & Conway, 2000).
Grande volcano shows the period of 1451–1523 A.D. Young monogenetic scoria and cinder cones are easy to
(Delacour et al., 2007). Hence, lava was flowing there in the find and they are frequently described as the main places of
time when the Spaniards conquered the Inca Empire. eruption in the Andahua Group (Delacour et al., 2007;
130 samples for petrochemical investigations were col- Ruprecht & Wörner, 2007; SÝrensen & Holm, 2008). Sev-
lected from individual outcrops, lava flows and domes or eral such volcanoes (Table 2) have been found (Figs 2, 3).
pyroclastic cones in all distinguished regions in the period Some of them have broken edges of the craters and flows of
of 2003–2010. 55 thin sections were studied in polarised lava started from them. Most of the cones are built almost
light. Chemical analyses of 34 samples were carried out at exclusively of pyroclastic material. There is only one vol-
the Activation Laboratories Ltd. – ACTLABS (Canada). cano, Gloriahuasi, which is built of lava and tephra layers
Major elements were determined by the ICP method. Petro- and can therefore be better classified as a small stratovol-
logical analyses are still under study and future results will cano. Pyroclastic cones indicate that locally the amount of
be published in subsequent papers. volatiles in magma was quite significant. Most of the cones
are 50–170 m high, with the maximum of 400 m. The high-
est volcano was probably Antapuna, whose cone was modi-
ERUPTION CENTRES fied by a glacier (Ga³aœ, 2008). Scoria cones are formed in
eruptive styles from Hawaiian/Strombolian to violent
Most of the volcanoes are typified by simple structure Strombolian.
characteristic for monogenetic volcanoes. However, some The scoria cones are usually associated with lava fields.
of them have erupted many times. On the slope of the The only exception is a group of six separate cones around
Jenchana volcano, scoria and bombs are intercalated with Laguna Parihuana, on a high plateau (4,300–5,100 m a.s.l.).
layers of soils; the Gloriahuasi volcano was spewing lava Most commonly, lava flows start from lava domes, crat-
and ashes alternately. Dating of pre-Ticsho lavas indicates ers or fractures. Small domes are often aligned, most proba-
4 A. GA£AŒ

Table 2
Index of volcanic cones belonging to Andahua group

Altitude m a.s.l./
No Region Name (Sample) GPS coordinates Cone height, m/ Characteristics Age
Volume, km3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
787695 monogenetic cone, destroyed by directed
1 Panahua 4215/59/0.004 I
8298546 explosion
785312 breached cone, with lava flow originated
2 Ucuya (AC3) 3670/70/0.005 I
281913 in the crater
7884506 breached cone, with lava flow originated
3 Pampalquita 3818/70/0.007 I
281307 in the crater
783910
4 Yanamauras Sur 3761/181/0.012 monogenetic cone II
8286304
784214
5 Yanamauras 3760/108/0.019 monogenetic cone II
8286652
783956
6 x 3571/25/0.001 cone, destroyed by erosion II
8287271
785722 cone, with lava flow originated in the
7 Cerro Puca Mauras 4181/334/0.229 II
8293030 crater
787022
8 Cerro Mauras 4317/161/0.136 cone, with fragment of wall older cone II
8302521
7878 monogenetic cone, in collapsed lava dome
9 Collopampa 4158/83*/0.005 II
83025* Collopampa
7875
10 Santa Rosa 3940/100*/0.018 monogenetic cone II
82945*
7867
11 Santa Rosa Sur 3960/50*/0.007 monogenetic cone II
82934*
7847
12 Valley of the Challhue Mauras 4260/160*/0.102 monogenetic cone II
82998*
Volcanoes
770325
13 Misahuana Mauras 3915/168/0.051 monogenetic cone II
8311264
7729
14 Pabellon Mauras 4507/ 107*/0.006 monogenetic cone II
83084*
Yana Mauras 775612 monogenetic cone destroyed by river III
15 4605/155/0.058
(YM1) 8305161 erosion 2900 years**
781375 III
16 Ticsho 3871/60/0.008 monogenetic cone
8286482 4050 years*
7840 III
17 Mauras 4007/107/0.012 monogenetic cone
83124* 2900 years **
784664
18 Jenchana 3624/~100/0.005 monogenetic cone III
8282346
788499
19 Jechapita (J1) 3388/~100/0.012 monogenetic cone III
8280856
Chilcayoc Grande 790847 III
20 3243/~143/0.022 monogenetic cone
(CH2S) 8280756 A.D. 1500**
788139 breached monogenetic cone, with lava
21 Chilcayoc 3347/~70/0.003 III
8282003 flow originated in the crater
787693 breached cone by lava flow originated in III
22 Chilcayoc Chico 3343/65/0.002
8282304 the crater rebuild 370 ± 50 years *
7974
23 Cerro Pucamauras 4915/185*/0.065 monogenetic cone I
82898*
24 Cerro Ticlla No data 5258/58 cone destroyed by glacial erosion I
 VOLCANIC STRUCTURES, QUATERNARY, PERU 5

Table 2 continued
Altitude m a.s.l. /
No Region Name (Sample) GPS coordinates Cone height, m/ Characteristics Age
Volume, km3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
788955
25 Cerro Antopuna 4890/190 cone destroyed by glacial erosion I
8323619
parasitic Cerro 791296
26 4754/24 vent destroyed by glacial erosion I
Antapuna 8322876
Antapuna
804174
27 Ares I 4985/85 cone destroyed by glacial erosion II
8333531
800936
28 Ares II (AR2) 4982/42 cone destroyed by glacial erosion II
8335962
800936
29 Rio Molloco Marhuas (VM21) 4483/120/0.031 monogenetic cone II
8335962
196077
30 Antaymarca (HT1) 4646/235/0.057 cone II
8306538
2004
31 Saigua 4100/~50/0.002* monogenetic cone II
83136*
2000
32 Challpo 4100/~50/0.001* monogenetic cone II
Laguna 83075*
Parihuana 1980
33 Andallullo 5063/100/0.005* monogenetic cone II
82976*
2098
34 Antaccollo 4650/100/0.002* monogenetic cone II
83049*
2095
35 Sani 4950/200/0.004* monogenetic cone II
82954*
792860
36 Gloriahuasi (H58) 2650/412/0.108 stratovolcano I
8243760
Gloriahuasi Sur 791856
37 2899/29/0.001 cone destroyed by erosion I
(GL8) 8242754
7953
38 San Cristobal 2614/250*/0.01 monogenetic cone I
82449*
7855
39 Honda 2426/200*/0.005 monogenetic cone I
82440*
Marbas Chico 808170
40 4105/ 139/0.041 monogenetic cone II
Norte 8244494
807408
41 Jaran Marbas Chico Sur 4110/144/0.023 monogenetic cone II
8243274
Cerro Pucaguada 803335 monogenetic cone destroyed by directed
42 4241/ 160/0.001 II
(CP4) 8241700 explosion
Marbas Grande 802111
43 3844/105/0.039 monogenetic cone II
(MBS) 8244972
807137
44 Llajuapampa 4324/175/0.058 monogenetic cone II
8247181
807336
45 Uchan Sur 4177/100/0.053 monogenetic cone I
8233573
806564
46 Tururunca (H44) 4024/106/0.02 monogenetic cone I
8235286
II
47 Huambo Keyoc No data 4400/100/0.013 monogenetic cone
2650 years*
Column 4 & 5 – * Smoll et al. 1997
Column 7 – *Cabrera & Thouret, 2000; ** Delacour et al. 2007

bly along their feeding fissures. It can be exemplified by a idly, cooling down and becoming more viscous to form
line of small domes south of the road Huambo – Cabana- domes. Such basaltic-andesitic lava domes are usually 20 to
conde, parallel to the Colca Canyon. 150 m high. The highest lava dome was found near Paula
The lava eruption loci like domes, fissure vents and gold mine; it is Cerro Coropuna (5,170 m a.s.l.) of relative
craters are more numerous than pyroclastic cones. As much height of 250 m.
as 118 solely lava emitting loci have been found. The lava The lengths of individual lava flows are from 0.5 to 20
usually flowed from confined craters, which piled up rap- km. The thicknesses of the flows are usually between 15
6 A. GA£AŒ

Fig. 2. Andahua Group in the northern part of the Valley of the Volcanoes and Rio Sora Valley (after Ga³aœ, 2008; modified). 1–3
Andahua group (1 – Holocene, 2 – Pleistocene–Holocene, 3 – Pleistocene), 4 – pyroclastic cone, 5 – lava dome, 6 – alluvia (Pleisto-
cene–Holocene) , 7 – travertines (Pleistocene–Holocene), 8 – hot springs, 9 – native sulphur, 10 – lava flow direction, 11 – faults, 12 –
roads, 13 – samples (see Table 3)

and 80 m, and if such flows overlie the other ones or pile up The surface and volume of the lava flows (Table 1) are
at the front they are even bigger. Slow effusion rates much larger than those of the pyroclastic cones. The lavas
generated flow fields that have large and small flow lobes build 97% of the Andahua Group volume.
and channels. Typical is blocky lava with same cleft lava Attempting to measure volcanic activity (sensu Connor
near fissures and at crevasse structures. The surfaces of the & Conway, 2000), one may relate the total number of Anda-
youngest flows are covered by irregularly shaped cindery hua vents (165) to the period of activity of the group, i.e.
blocks characteristic for the aa type. Exceptionally, on the some 0.4 Ma. Volcanic activity (lt) of the Andahua Group is
Antaymarca volcano (Laguna Parihuana region) intenstine 3–4 × 10–4 vents/year. For example, the Eifel Volcanic Field
lava was found. (Germany) had 5 × 10–4 vents/year (Schmincke et al., 1983).
 VOLCANIC STRUCTURES, QUATERNARY, PERU 7

Fig. 3. Geological map of the southern part of the Valley of the Volcanoes (after Ga³aœ, 2008; modified): 1–3 Andahua Group (1 – Ho-
locene, 2 – Pleistocene–Holocene, 3 – Pleistocene), 4 – pyroclastic cone, 5 – lava dome, 6 – alluvia (Pleistocene–Holocene), 7 – Barroso
Group (Pliocene), 8 – sedimentary rocks (Lower Cretaceous), 9 – sedimentary rocks (Jurassic), 10 – lava flow direction, 11 – faults, 12 –
roads, 13 – native sulphur
8 A. GA£AŒ

DISTRIBUTION AND FIELD tion phases. Currently, remnants of an eroded structure with
CHARACTERISTIC small renewed domes of Collopampa and Achacara (Smoll
et al., 1997) can be found there. Previously, it could have
The area covered by the Andahua Group can be subdi- been one big centre of lava effusion. Three craters are pre-
vided into seven volcanic regions (Table 1). The subdivi- served there. A resurgent scoria cone appears in the western
sion is based on the relation to the geological formations, crater. The Cerro Mauras volcano, whose relative height
tectonic structure and morphology; hence, the region amounts to 170 m, tops the centre. The inclination of the
boundaries are in part arbitrary. volcano slopes is equal to 28° (Ga³aœ, 2008). It is a pyro-
The Valley of the Volcanoes. The valley covers the clastic cone mounted on the slope, with the western slope
largest part of the area of the Andahua Group and it is also being a remnant of an older cone whose crater was located
this part, which is the richest in products of volcanism. The several dozens of metres to the west. The second dome,
surroundings of Andagua village can be treated as locus Tororocsa, located farther south, was much smaller. There
typicus of the group, which has been confirmed by author’s are two pyroclastic cones in its vicinity – Challhue Mauras
investigation. The Valley of the Volcanoes is approximately and the other one called Panahua. Challhue Mauras is a typ-
90 km long and its course is generally meridional, but in the ical monogenic cone slightly older than the lavas, which
middle part the axis of the valley turns towards NW–SE and surround it forming a kind of an apron. The second and
this part is about 30 km long. Elevation of the mountains smaller one – Panahua – exploded with violent Strombolian
surrounding the valley changes between 3,500 and 5,000 m styles almost horizontally towards the north. Remnants of
a.s.l. The mouth of the valley leading to the Colca Canyon is the crater walls build a crescent form that looks like a bar-
placed at 1,360 m a.s.l. The elevation of the valley floor in chan. The Cerro Mauras and Panahua cones are composed
the upper part, at Orcopampa, is 3,800 m a.s.l. of loose, red, vesicular scoria lapilli, blocks and bombs (up
Lavas fill in the Valley of the Volcanoes between to 30 cm in size).
Misahuanca and Ayo at a distance of 60 km. It seems likely The lava cover west of Orcopampa, lying below Mau-
that the oldest eruptions took place in the vicinity of Anda- ras volcano (4,007 m a.s.l.), is probably of the same age (i.e.
gua (Fig. 2). The first generation of lava was flowing out the oldest one). This isolated lava field closes the valley of
from the domes located in the centre of the valley. Appar- Rio Chilcaymarca partly covering alluvial deposits, and
ently, one of the lava flows moved towards the present then pushes the river to the southern side of the valley.
Laguna de Pumajallo. Another lava field was formed west Lavas in this field are 35 to 120 m thick and cover an area of
of Andagua in the lateral valley of the Rio Tambo River. 6.5 km2. The fields are covered with vegetation.
Seven centres of eruption were located in the bottom of The next zone of eruption centres is located south of the
the arm, approximately 500 m below Andagua. Lava cov- Rio Andahua canyon (Fig. 2). Contrary to the described
ered the bottom of the valley, partly flooding the fluvial sed- fields, volcanic activity occurred there in two or more cy-
iments in its upper part and flowed towards the Valley of the cles. Domes and volcanoes are significantly smaller and
Volcanoes, covering the older Andahua lava field. The val- they are scattered over the whole width of the valley. In the
ley of the Rio Tambo is a graben oriented WNW–ESE. One first cycle, lavas erupted from two large and five small lava
smaller field occurs on its southern border slightly above domes. The lavas are composed of few stacked flow units.
the slope. Effusion of lavas proceeded from four centres, The lava dome Pra-Ticsho was dated at 0.27 Ma (Kaneoke
which are currently in the form of regular, interconnected & Guevara, 1984). Four cones are located at the edge of the
lava craters. It could have been an eruption centre on a short field. These are: Ticsho, Yanamauras Norte and Sur, and a
ridge, which was confined by the graben of the Valley of the smaller cone damaged by an explosion just at the Rio
Volcanoes. Andahua canyon. Scoria cones represented the youngest ep-
The next field is located 8 km to the south of Andagua isode of the Andahua Group activity. Burned twigs from
(Fig. 3). Above the Soporo village, a strongly eroded dome Ticsho were dated to 4,050 years BP (Cabrera & Thouret,
occurs from where lava was flowing down towards the Val- 2000).
ley of the Volcanoes. The other two centres are placed on The Santa Rosa lava field, occurring south of the
the ridge which borders the valley from the NW. This ridge Misahuanca field (Fig. 2), belongs already to the second
rises about 400 m above Soporo. Two scoria cones: Pampal- generation. Lavas cover the whole valley (4–6 km wide) at a
quita and Ucuya were formed there. The cones had 70-m- distance of 16 km, between the Misahuanca and Andahua
deep craters and are composed of loose, black, vesicular fields. The Andahua River turns east sharply in the lower
scoria lapilli with blocks. They are breached by a lava flow part of the field and cuts a narrow, 50 m long canyon in the
which was flowing down its slope to the SE. The lava flows lavas of the Andahua Group. Then it disappears beneath the
are partially eroded with regular levée. lavas and emerges on the other side of the valley forming a
Another field of the older phase was formed ca. 15 km waterfall near Yanamuras Norte volcano. The main erup-
north of Andagua, near Misahuanca (Fig. 2). The eruption tion centres are situated on the eastern edge of the valley in
centres were attached to the edge of the graben forming the the vicinity of Santa Rosa, an abandoned mine of antimony
present Valley of the Volcanoes. The lavas pouring out to- ores. It seems likely that the activity was strongest in the
wards the west partly dammed the valley. The successive Valley of the Volcanoes. The area of the lava fields is ap-
lava flows piled up and finally formed an over 100 m thick proximately 70 km2. Lavas poured out of four large and one
layer covering horizontal pampa over the area of more than small domes. Locations of the centres (V8C, V8D – V8,
32 km2. The main centre apparently had several large erup- Puca Mauras, V8B – Chipchane) were controlled by faults
 VOLCANIC STRUCTURES, QUATERNARY, PERU 9

running NW–SE, which continued along the bent axis of the

valley in its middle part. The diameter of the largest one
(V8b) is over 2 km. Lavas spread radially towards the north,
west and south building a 100 to 150 m thick cover, with
eight main flow lobes and numerous channels. The longest
lava flow is approximately 10 km long and 2 km wide
(Ga³aœ, 2009). A small lava dome Chipchane formed on a
slope rising 65 m above the valley bottom. The dome has a
small crater with a 5 m high rim and it is breached on its
slope side where lava started to flow with regular levée.
From the crater, lava flowed on the surface of the earlier-
stage lava field. The youngest eruptions within the field
built three pyroclastic cones including Cerro Puca Mauras,
which is the biggest one in the Valley of the Volcanoes. The
cone is 350 m high, its crater diameter is 300 m across, and
the depth is 80 m. The cone is breached to the SW, forming Fig. 4. Jechapita volcano and the youngest lava flows. At the
a lava flow. The base of the cone is composed of welded left Chico and Chilcayoc volcanoes with lavas
scoria lapilli (1 mm in size or smaller). The upper part of the
cone is built of lapilli, blocks and bombs. The total volume
of eruptive pyroclastic material is 0.229 km3 (Table 2). The
other two cones, Santa Rosa (100 m high) and Santa Rosa of 4.5 km. Lava effusion started from the domes occurring
Sur (50 m), situated near the fault of the graben, are mono- in the forefield of the lateral valley where Sucna village is
genetic in character. located. Two big and three smaller lava domes have been
The lava dome Cochapampa, with a crater and over distinguished there. The highest one is elevated 70 m above
2 km long flow containing a well preserved levée, probably the bottom of the lateral valley. The other lava flows were
belongs to the second generation of volcanic eruptions heading south flooding the Valley of the Volcanoes. Most
(Fig. 2). It is located in an older lava field being much youn- of the lava outpoured towards the Rio Colca Canyon, form-
ger than the surroundings. A small resurgent dome occurs ing flows whose lengths exceeded 20 km. This lava was less
inside the crater. The Cochapampa dome is slightly over liquid. The width of the flow rarely exceeded 1 km. The
100 m high and has a crater 50 m deep. Walls of the crater flows were running across two faults transverse to the val-
are built of lava and red scoria. Numerous quartzite xeno- ley axis forming short cascades with elegant levée. The sur-
liths, originating from the valley bed, have been found in the face of the flows is reddish, which might be the effect of
lava (Ga³aœ, 2008). The surface of the lava flow is com- weathering in the zone of warmer climate occurring below
posed of block and highly brecciated lava. the altitude of 2,500 m a.s.l.
An isolated lava dome of the second generation occurs The charcoal derived from ash of the Chilcayoc Grande
east of the village Misahuanca (Fig. 2) where the lava fills a cone was dated at 1451 to 1523 A.D. (Delacour et al.,
small hanging valley. 2007). This is the most prominent cone in this lava field. It
The southern part of the Valley of the Volcanoes, up to is 140 m high and its oval crater is approximately 60 m deep
the place where it joins the Colca Canyon, is covered with (Ga³aœ, 2008). There are three small lava domes or, possi-
lavas of the third generation, which form the Chilcayoc lava bly, landforms of the tumulus-type in a close vicinity of the
field (Fig. 3). Three stages of formation of the Chilcayoc volcano towards the SE. The lava flow running directly
lava field have been determined according to mutual rela- from the Chilcayoc Grande volcano splits into two lobes;
tions between the borders of the lava flows. The Jechapita the eastern one pushed the Andahua River to the edge of the
volcano, which is an example of an ideal pyroclastic cone valley. The other flow widens towards the south. Its length
(Fig. 4) with only incipient erosional gullies, seems to be the exceeds 7 km and the width at the front is over 3 km. The
oldest eruption centre (Jechapita stage). The cone is piled up flow was blocked by the lava flowing from the Sucna dome.
in the place of an earlier outflow of lava, which is proved by At that time, the course of the Andahua River was cut off
clearly visible structures of two small lava flows. The lon- and a dam lake, the Chachas lagoon, was formed. Farther
ger one is 3 km long and its surface consists of lava blocks. down, the Rio Andahua disappears under lava flows. After
The flows below Ayo-Laguna Mamacocha line should also 18 km it unexpectedly emerges from under the lava and
be assigned to this stage. Considering their level of weather- forms the Laguna de Mamacocha and a short but relatively
ing, they are probably slightly older but it is hard to connect deep (200 to 300 m) gorge leading to the Rio Colca.
them to the same eruption centre. The flows are 7 km long During the third stage, which could have taken place in
and covered by a younger lava from the northern side. If they the period of 1600–1800 A.D., lava effusions occurred in
had flowed from Jechapita they would have been 24 km long. different places. The transverse Jenchana–Ninamama fault
Along the eastern border of the valley, the lava cover is cut zone in the Valley of the Volcanoes became volcanically ac-
by a young fault with the downthrow of the eastern wing tive again. At the beginning, lava was emitted from the fis-
equal to about 100 m. sures located among the outcrops of the Barroso Group. The
The second stage is mainly connected with two centres: lavas were flowing east, i.e. downslope, and surrounded the
Chilcayoc Grande and Sucna, which are within the distance cover of black ashes from the eruptions of Jechapita and
10 A. GA£AŒ

It is apparently the youngest form among the Andahua

Group.
An abandoned settlement called Antaymarca occurs on
another lava flow in this zone, NW from the pyroclastic
cone of Jenchaña (Fig. 3). Ruins of houses and pavements
built of Andahua lava blocks are covered with thinly grow-
ing cactuses. The village was founded no more than 200–
300 years ago (M. Sobczyk, pers. comm.).
The rugged mountain massif Shila (Chila), a relict of
Huayta caldera of the Miocene age (Marcoux et al., 1998;
Paulo & Ga³aœ, 2006), builds the NE border of the Valley of
the Volcanoes. The highest eruption centres of the Andahua
Group (Fig. 5) have been distinguished in the vicinity of the
Shila gold mine galleries, which are located in hydrother-
mally altered volcanic rocks of the Orcopampa Formation.
These are two lava domes and a pyroclastic cone Ticlla
(5,300 m a.s.l.). Their activity probably belongs to the first
generation. All landforms bear distinct signs of glacial ero-
sion. The flow of block lava near Shila lagoon is smoothed
by ice. The lava flowed mainly towards the Lagoon de
Chachas in the Valley of the Volcanoes, covering an area of
over 35 km2 (Ga³aœ, 2008). Soil has already formed on the
lava and the lower part of the cover is already used as a
farmland by inhabitants of the Chachas village. The front of
Fig. 5. Andahua Group in the Valley of the Volcanoes region, the lava flow is currently covered by water and lagoon sedi-
near Shila gold mine (after Ga³aœ, 2008; modified). See Fig. 2 for ments lying at an altitude of 2,900 m a.s.l. A relatively large
explanation pyroclastic cone Pucamauras (approximately 250 m high)
was formed in the middle of the flow. The volcano is a sig-
nificantly younger landform in the region, probably belon-
ging to the second generation.
Chilcayoc Grande and possibly even older volcanoes, like The Rio Sora valley is controlled by tectonic structures
Yanamauras and Ticsho. and it is a lateral arm of the Andahua–Orcopampa graben
Less regular pyroclastic cones situated slightly down (Fig. 2). Otherwise, it forms the continuation of the middle
the Valley of the Volcanoes are younger. These are Chico segment of the Valley of the Volcanoes as its course is simi-
(370±50 years BP; Cabrera and Thouret, 2000) and lar. The upper part of the Rio Sora Valley is flat and forms a
Chilcayoc cones breached by lavas, which flowed out of vast pampa at the altitude of 4,400–4,600 m a.s.l.
them and surrounded Jechapita (Fig. 4). The valley became The oldest eruptions (of the first generation) took place
flat there and at least one lava dome was active in the vicin- on the ridges surrounding the Rio Sora Valley in the north
ity of Sucna in that time. Lava derived from the dome (S61) and west. Two small domes occur there: Umajala and
was winding among older flows and directed southwards Jullulluyoc. In both cases the outflow started from the ridge.
forming cataracts on the edges of transverse faults. The The Umajala dome was glaciated, the flows are partly
Sucna lava flow is 14 km long and ends at Laguna Mama- eroded and their interiors are built of massive smooth-sided
cocha. The bottom of the Sucna Valley rises towards the NE blocks of lava. The crater shape has been preserved in the
and lava flowed only one kilometre inside it and blocked its Jullulluyoc dome and the flows have preserved a character-
connection with the Valley of the Volcanoes. istic levée. The length of the flows reaches up to 4.5 km. On
The youngest eruptions in the Andahua Group occurred the western side, at the small valley of Rio Pallcca, lava
along the Jenchana–Ninamama fault (Fig. 3). It is a steep flowed down from the centre on the foothill massif of Coro-
fault with a downthrown side approximately 40 m to the SE. puna.
Outcrops of the Neogene volcanic Barroso Group, sur- Successive eruptions (of the second and third genera-
rounded in the north by the first generation of lavas from the tions) occurred at the bottom of the valley, probably begin-
Andahua field, occur along the fault. The lava poured out ning in its upper part. Lavas poured out from at least five
there at least in seven centres forming domes charging the centres (Fig. 2). Currently, two of them can be seen and the
flows. As the fault scarp is relatively steep, the lava accu- pyroclastic cone Misahuana Mauras is in the place of the
mulated and formed in the north an over 30 m high front third one. Lava flows spread vastly over the pampa and then
flow and then flowed to the SE in the form of a steep lateral flowed down towards the Valley of the Volcanoes. At
flow. The biggest flow, Ninamama, is about 4 km long and Pabellón Lagoon, the lava field widens covering the whole
1 km wide. Angular blocks and pinnacles of aa lava occur width of the valley (6 km). Other eruption centres in this
on the surface of the flow. Hydrogen sulphide is emitted area include the Jochane dome and two pyroclastic cones of
through a vent in the SW edge of the dome and native sul- Pabellon and Yana Mauras. Smaller domes appear down the
phur and gypsum crystallise in open fractures (Ga³aœ, 2009). valley, but due to erosion and vegetation cover they are less
 VOLCANIC STRUCTURES, QUATERNARY, PERU 11

Fig. 7. Andahua Group in the Rio Mollocco region (after Ga³aœ,

Fig. 6. Andahua Group in the Antapuna region (from Ga³aœ, 2008; modified). See Fig. 2 for explanation
2008; modified). See Fig. 2 for explanation

distinguished. These could have been places of lava projec- there. All the landforms have been eroded by a glacier.
tions above a solidified lava crust of the tumulus-type. The There are also distinct glacial striations on massive lavas
total length of the field is 20 km and its width varies from which poured out of the domes.
1 to 6 km. The youngest eruption centre (of the third generation),
Antapuna. The Antapuna massif closes the Valley of the Pumaranra lava dome, is located west of the Arcata sil-
the Volcanoes in the north (Fig. 6). The meridional Anda- ver mine. Lavas that extend from the base of the dome
hua–Orcopampa graben splits there into two branches: flowed both north-east and south-west. The flows are 100 m
Chilcaymarca – Umachulco, trending NNW, and Huanca- thick and they are composed of aa lava and block lava.
rama, oriented NE. In the dividing, the Andahua lavas of the Rio Molloco. It is a relatively small area where the
first generation build insular caps rising above 4,500 m a.s.l. Andahua Group occurs, but it is interesting due to variety of
on the edges, i.e. 700–1,000 m above the valley bottom. The landforms. Volcanic forms in this area have been classified
biggest of them surrounds two summits, a relict of the as belonging to the second generation, despite some fea-
Antapuna cone (4,890 m a.s.l.). The largest eruption centre tures proving glacial erosion. They occur near the current
– Antapuna – is elevated approximately 1,000 m above the snow line and are well preserved. The main lava field cov-
bottom of the Valley of the Volcanoes. Due to intense gla- ers the bottom of the Molloco valley (Fig. 7). There are four
cial erosion, only fragments of a large, gently inclined cone small lava domes there, discharging lava flowing towards
have been preserved. Its diameter could have exceeded the Colca Canyon. Above them, a pyroclastic cone Marhuas
4 km. Remnants of a parasitic cone can be found to the occurs whose relative height is 120 m. It is accompanied in
south-east of the crater. The lava was flowing radially over the east by the Uchuychaca lava flow with a distinct levée.
an almost flat surface building a shield covering an area ex- The other lava flow outpoured from a small glacial valley
ceeding 80 km2. It seems likely that the southern portion of where two small lava craters are located.
the area was also charged from the Tanca dome. Thermal A similar valley is situated on the western side of the
springs in Huancarama, 6 km south of the Antapuna peak, Molloco Valley and it is partly filled with the Andahua
are one of the post-volcanic phenomena. lavas. The Paula gold mine is located in the upper part of the
Above the Huancarama valley, another lava flow out- valley. The Andahua eruption centres are located in the bot-
poured from a small glacial valley of Pisaca where two tom of the valley (below the mine) and lavas flowed to-
small lava domes are located, being the sources of lava wards the Molloco Valley. The largest of the observed lava
flowing towards the Huancarama valley. domes of the Andahua Group, Cerro Coropuna (Fig. 8), at-
A smaller eruption centre of the same name – Cerros tains a relative height of 250 m. Its jagged summit rises at
Antapuna – is located more towards the west over the Uma- 5,180 m a.s.l. (Ga³aœ, 2008). The dome is exceptionally
chulco valley (Fig. 6). Lavas form here a very flat cover un- steep and it is entirely built of large blocks of dacitic lava. It
dermined by the Umachulco River. The cover is 1.5 km could have been an extrusive Peléean dome.
wide and approximately 6 km long. Smaller lava domes occur 3 km towards the east. Flows
Other eruption centres are located in the vicinity of the of block lava poured out from them. The thickness of the
Ares gold mine, on the slopes of Cerro Cajchaya (Fig. 6). lava cover in the valley slightly exceeds 10 m and lengths of
Only one dome and two pyroclastic cones have been found the flows vary from 1 to 3 km.
12 A. GA£AŒ

Fig. 8. Cerro Coropuna (5,180 m a.s.l.) lava dome. Sabancaya

and Ampato stratovolcanoes seen at the horizon

Remnants of two small lava flows can also be found in

the Canyon, below Tapay and between Tapay and Coshni-
rhua (Fig. 7). Rocks lying below the lava on the canyon
walls rising from the Colca River are covered with native
sulphur. In the Colca Canyon, towards the west, a dormant
geyser and a slope built of travertine occur.
Laguna Parihuana. A mountain upland area occurs in-
side a Miocene caldera located south of Caylloma (Fig. 1). Fig. 9. Andahua Group in the Rio Colca Valley region. See Fig.
Single, isolated cones built of pyroclastic deposit and lava 2 for explanation
rocks typical for the Andahua Group can be found there.
Their names are: Antaymarca, Saigua, Challpo, Andallullo,
Antacollo and Sani (Table 2). Despite severe climate condi-
tions at an altitude of approximately 4,500 m a.s.l., the few water sources. Lavas and tephra in this area belong to
cones are partly covered with vegetation and therefore they the oldest (first) generation.
are assigned into the first or at least the second generation. Three lava fields in the vicinity of Gloriahuasi hacienda
The Antaymarca volcano, which has been thoroughly inves- have been classified as the oldest ones due to their high
tigated, is 140 m high and has a relatively flat summit, level of erosion. The oldest eruptions occurred on the slopes
100 m in diameter. The crater is not visible. Abundant ve- of Cerro Gloriahuasi. Currently, only fragments of two
sicular lavas, pumice, scoria and volcanic bombs and also domes and remnants of a small pyroclastic cone, as well as
small amounts of pahoehoe lavas can be found on the top. lava flows in the form of narrow rims on strongly eroded
Rio Colca Valley. The lavas belong to two age genera- ridges can be observed there. The walls of the crater are
tions: the first (older) and second (middle) ones (Fig. 9). built of red scoria and blocks. Granitoid xenoliths have been
The older lavas cover the bottom and the northern edge of found in the agglutinate below the crater.
the Rio Colca Valley in the vicinity of Chivay. The Rio The Timar flow probably had two eruption centres. One
Colca carved a several dozens metres deep canyon in these of them is hidden under colluvial deposits on the Cerro
lavas, which are 230–400 ka in age (Quispesivana & Timar slope and a fragment of the second one – a lava dome
Navarro, 2001). The field was fed by at least 3 lava domes, – can be seen on the edge of a steep threshold over the
which are located about 3 km north of Chivay and close to Gloriahuasi stream valley. The field ends sharply (400 m
the bridge. Lavas in this part of the field are 20 to 90 m high scarp) when the Sutanay and the Gloriahuasi valleys
thick. The fields are covered with vegetation. join each other. Opposite the structure a large Gloriahuasi
The younger lava field is situated north of the domes volcano occurs, whose relative height is 450 m (Fig. 11). It
occurring below Canocota village. The lavas (90 ka) were is the only one stratovolcano belonging to the Andahua
flowing from 10 domes towards Chivay. On the east, the Group.
Colca River flows around the village in a canyon, which There are two pyroclastic cones, Honda and San Cristo-
was cut in the lavas. It separated parts of the flow near Ca- bal, in the Luceria field (Smoll et al., 1997), which were
lera village. There are thermal springs in Calera, which probably formed in the final phase of the lava domes erup-
charge leisure pools. Outflows of thermal water and hydro- tion. Lavas were flowing towards the Colca Canyon.
gen sulphide frequently occur up and down the river. Rocks in the steep canyon, at the source of the Gloria-
A small lava dome with a short flow has been discov- huasi spring, are covered with a thin layer of native sulphur
ered on the Rio Colca, below Lari and west of Madrigal. being an effect of post-volcanic processes.
Jarán. It is an area located on the southern side of the Jarán is the largest lava field in this region, which cov-
Colca Canyon (Fig. 10). It is almost uninhabited due to very ers 75 km2. 13 eruption centres have been distinguished in
 VOLCANIC STRUCTURES, QUATERNARY, PERU 13

Fig. 10. Andahua Group in the Jarán region. See Fig. 2 for explanation

this area (Fig. 10). Lavas were flowing from the upper part
of the Rio Jarán valley on its edges and in branches and fi-
nally united into one, single field. As a result, the whole
length of the 19 km long valley became covered with lava
and the width of the lava field reaches 6 km. The Jarán Val-
ley is hanging above the Colca Canyon. When the eruption
ceased, the Jarán River cut the lavas forming gorges and de-
posited gravel terrace covers on the banks. The thickness of
black massif lava exposed in gorges is between 15 and
35 m.
Following the effusion, some centres were still ejecting
pyroclastic material, which formed cones. The highest one
is the Llajuapampa volcano (4,324 m a.s.l.), whose relative
height attains 170 m. The Marbas Chico Sur and Norte, and
also Marbas Grande volcanoes are much lower. The Marbas Fig. 11. Gloriahuasi stratovolcano
Chico Norte cone is 139 m high and its slope inclination at-
tains 35° (Ga³aœ, 2008). There is one more cone on the slope
of Cerro Pucaguada, 400 m above the bottom of the valley, several dozens to 100 m. Most of the lavas formed a cascade
which seems to be a bit younger (belonging to the second down the Chinini valley and the rest spread to the northern
generation). Initially, lava flowed from the centre and ran vast plateau. Other eruptions occurred more to the north,
down along the slope to the alluvia. The second centre lo- along the faults parallel to the course of the Colca Canyon
cated on the same slope, approximately 1 km to the NW, (SWW–NEE; Fig. 12). Eruptions occurred on the western
emitted lava which joined the lava field at the bottom of the slope of Hualca Hualca stratovulcano.
Jarán valley. The eastern part of the lava field is a little younger. The
The Uchan field is the southernmost field situated along edges of the flows and the eruption centres are better pre-
the road from Huambo to Pedregal (Fig. 10). Lavas from the served. It is possible to distinguish there at least three domes
field form a 10-km-long narrow flow running to the SW. wherefrom lava flows started moving towards the west and
Two pyroclastic cones are located there: Uchan Sur (4,177 the north overlapping the western lava field. The latter
m a.s.l.) and Tururunca (4,024 m a.s.l.). On the southern flows reached the Canyon forming a cascade down to its
slope of Uchan Sur white pumice is dominant. bottom. The longest flow is 14 km long. These flows are
Huambo. Four lava fields were mapped in this region: also cut by the above mentioned faults. The youngest volca-
Mojonpampa, Uncapampa, and two small fields Jajacuchu nic landform in the lava field is the Keyoc volcano, which
and Toyapampacuchu. Most of the eruption centres are situ- occurs on an old lava dome. The lava fields in this region
ated on a vast plateau (3,400–4,300 m a.s.l.), the border of cover an area of approximately 100 km2 (Ga³aœ, 2008).
which is formed by the southern edge of the Colca Canyon. The Uncapampa lava field forms a plateau between the
The oldest eruption took place NE of the Chinini village. Rio Huambo and Rio Colca rivers. It is separated from the
Lavas flowed from several domes with relative height from previously described field by an almost 600 m high ridge
14 A. GA£AŒ

ary they were already oriented W–E (Soulas, 1977). The

orogeny still lasted in the Neogene and volcanic eruptions
culminated in Miocene time, forming several calderas
within a long-lived volcanic arc of Puquio–Calloma and re-
sulting also in hydrothermal ore veins (Noble et al., 2003;
Paulo, 2008).
The Andahua Group eruption centres concentrate in
tectonic basins, which originated due to regional tension
along faults and pre-existing compression features. Accord-
ing to Caldas (1993), the deep crustal fractures reached
magma chambers causing a decrease of pressure and rising
of magma.
The lava fields in the central part of the Valley of the
Volcanoes seem to fill the depression. The identified erup-
tion centres are aligned along faults controlling the graben
and crossing the valley. However, the eruption centres oc-
cur not only within the Valley of the Volcanoes but also on
horsts. This is exemplified by the Antapuna centre above
Orcopampa (Fig. 6), numerous centres near Shila, Paula and
Fig. 12. Andahua Group in the Huambo region (after Ga³aœ,
2008; modified). See Fig. 2 for explanation Ares mines – all above 4,800 m a.s.l. – as well as some
flows situated on a ridge near Huambo: Jajacuchu and
Toyapampacuchu (Fig. 12).
(4,210 m a.s.l.; Fig. 12) built of folded quartzite (Yura Faults observed in the Valley of the Volcanoes in the
group, Jurassic/Cretaceous), crowned by Neogene dacite in- Mesozoic bedrock continue into Quaternary colluvial de-
trusion. The age of the field is assigned into the first genera- posits and also in lavas of the Andahua Group. For example,
tion. The eruption centres are strongly damaged by erosion SW from Laguna de Pumajallo, the Andahua River is
and the courses of the flows are hard to determine. The squeezed between the lava cover and the eastern bank of the
edges of the lava field are eroded. Three eruption centres valley built of Mesozoic sedimentary formations (Fig. 3).
have been distinguished. A lava dome with a crater – The edge of the valley built of Jurassic sandstone follows an
Uncapampa (3,611 m a.s.l.) – occurs at the foot of the ridge, active faults oriented N150°. In the period of 2003–2010 the
and an eroded dome (3459 m a.s.l.) is placed the centre of river incised 4 to 5 m into the alluvium. This is indicated by
the field. A small dome (3,585 m a.s.l.) is located on the a damaged concrete bridge (built in 2000), whose abut-
edge of the secondary ridge above Ajpi. Lava was flowing ments moved back causing breaking of the structure and its
from this dome on both sides of the ridge. collapse into the river.
Other eruptions in the region had a smaller extent. Two According to tectonic studies of Sébrier and Soler
centres are located on the secondary ridges; Toyapampa- (1991), the stress regime in this part of the Andes is typified
cuchu and Jajacuchu, west of Huambo. The lava flows ran by N–S extension and E–W compression associated with
from the ridges and nearly reached the bottom of the the convergent oceanic Nazca plate. The extension axis in
Huambo Valley. Part of the Huambo Valley at the altitude the Arequipa region is aligned NE–SW (Mering et al.,
of 3,830 – 3,200 m a.s.l. is filled with a thick cap of traver- 1996).
tine, being probably the result of volcanic activity. New investigations (¯aba & Ma³olepszy, 2008) con-
cluded that some horsts and grabens in Quaternary deposits
of the Colca Valley developed on the first generation of
RELATIONS BETWEEN VOLCANIC faults oriented N–S. The next generation is oriented NE–
ACTIVITY AND TECTONICS SW and NW–SE. Tectonic discontinuities in the Maca–Pin-
chollo sector (part of the Colca Valley) are based on WNW–
The subduction of oceanic crust under the Arequipa ESE and NE–SW trending faults (¯aba & Ma³olepszy,
segment of the South American continent is supposed to 2008).
have been active since the Palaeozoic (Golonka & Ford, Four systems of faults can be distinguished in the men-
2000; Golonka, 2007). The Peruvian phase (Late Creta- tioned area: (1) gravitational faults running N–S and caus-
ceous/Palaeogene) is considered to be the main compres- ing displacement of the northern and southern parts of the
sion phase in this part of the Andes accompanied by rapid Valley of the Volcanoes; (2) steep, gravitational faults run-
growth of magmatic arc and crustal thickening (Sempere & ning NW–SE and WNW–ESE, which close the Valley of
Jacay, 2008). Numerous folds, thrusts and faults oriented the Volcanoes in the vicinity of Orcopampa and Ayo and
NW–SE were formed then. Later, the compression axis be- also cut the Andahua lava flows in the central part of the
came rotated (Sébrier & Soler, 1991) and the structures valley (Figs 2, 3); (3) sinistral strike-slip faults, approxi-
were transformed into perpendicular ones (NE–SW) under mately oriented NE–SW, developed in the central part of
the influence of the compression in the next phases. The NE the Valley of the Volcanoes; (4) W–E oriented faults ob-
structures were formed in the Early Miocene and NEE ones served on the surface of the Andahua lavas at Mojonpampa
in the Late Miocene, while at the Miocene/Pliocene bound- (Fig. 12).
 VOLCANIC STRUCTURES, QUATERNARY, PERU 15

The system (1) can be observed at the borders of the the groundmass in some samples. Exceptionally large (4
Valley of the Volcanoes: Chipchane–Santa Rosa and along mm) phenocrysts of pyroxene occur in the lavas of the
Panahua–Cerro Mauras (Fig. 2). Lava domes and pyro- southern part of the Mojonpampa lava field (sample
clastic cones of the Andahua Group are aligned mainly H015b). Pyroxenes are present, as dominant phenocrysts, in
along the systems (2), (3) and (4). The second system fol- lavas occurring near Cerro Ticlla (Fig. 5, sample A14) and
lows the line Ticsho–Cochapampa–Jenchana–Ucuha and Cerro Cajchaya (Fig. 6, sample AR2).
also A6–Chico–Chilcayoc–Chilcayoc Grande (Figs 2, 3). I also observed rocks where amphiboles represented by
The third system is represented by eruptive centres along oxyhornblende (basaltic hornblende) were dominating
the line Jenchaña–Ninamama and also Cerro Toruyoc– phenocrysts. They occur in various forms starting from
Sucna (Fig. 3). This is a transverse system in the Valley of complete crystals to such forms where they are partly or to-
the Volcanoes which forms structural steps. The fourth sys- tally replaced by glass or microlites. Quite frequently, opa-
tem is parallel to the orientation of the Colca Canyon and cite rims are well developed (Fig. 12, HU2). Numerous
the eruption centres on the Mojonpampa aligning it in the crystals of oxyhornblende occur in the Rio Tambo valley
region of Huambo (Fig. 12). (Fig. 2, sample DK3), in the Rio Sora valley (MS1), and in
the lava field between Ticsho and Yanamauras volcanoes.
Olivine is represented by forsterite-rich members con-
taining large admixtures of Cr and Ni. Its phenocrysts are
PETROGRAPHIC AND GEOCHEMICAL sometimes strongly mechanically damaged (protoclase)
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANDAHUA with corrosion holes, or appear in the form of skeletal crys-
VOLCANIC ROCKS tals. The phenocrysts of olivine from Cerro Uchan volcano
in Gloriahuasi zone (Fig. 10, sample H44) bear envelopes of
The Andahua lavas are dark grey or black and reddish iddingsite, inclusions of ore-bearing minerals and show
on weathered surfaces in the zone below 3,000 m a.s.l. be- protoclase and corrosion. Olivine occurs in a few samples
cause of higher external temperatures. Tephra from volca- collected by the author in the study regions (Fig. 1), but they
nic cones is mostly black, only close to craters, agglomer- are dominant in the lavas from Cerro Nicholson (near Are-
ates of bombs cemented with lava and scoria become red. quipa) which were classified as the Andahua Group by
Ashes are black, sometimes with white layers of clay miner- Delacour et. al. (2007).
als. Porosity of all lavas is 10–20%, while scoria from Felsitic, microfelsitic and hyalopilitc ground mass is
pyroclastic cones shows porosity of 40 to 70%. Block lavas built mainly of various amounts of plagioclase, pyroxene
squeezed out of the domes are significantly less porous, and glass. Olivine, quartz and ore minerals (titanomagnetite
sometimes becoming megascopically massive near eruptive and Fe oxides) occur there as accessory minerals.
vents or in internal parts of lava flows. Chemical analyses have proved high content of alkalis,
Hypocrystalline-porphyritic rocks with generally low with sodium prevailing over potasium. The contents of SiO2
content of phenocrysts (up to 15%; exceptionally to 70%; published by Weibel and Fejér (1977) are 54–63% and
sample VO2) are most common among the Andahua Group. those analysed by Delacour et al. (2007) 52.1–68.1% , but
Aphyric-felsitic rocks are also abundant. The groundmass is the second authors presented results up to 64.9 % only. My
of hyalopilitic, felsitic or microcrystalline texture. The rocks samples showed a wide range of silica contents: 52.4 to 67.9
are porous, rarely dense, their fabric irregular or fluidal. %, and in the majority of the rocks within the range of
Phenocrysts are represented by plagioclase, pyroxene, horn- 54–62%. The content of K2O was equal to 1.4–3.3% and
blende, olivine or rarely biotite and alkali feldspar. that of Na2O 3.4–5.4% (Table 3) with total alkalis of 5.2–
Phenocrysts of the plagioclase reach the size of 2 to 6 8.1 %. Contents of alumina, iron and calcium were close to
mm in different lava flows. They are usually corroded to a average contents in the spectrum of trachyandesites and
variable extent; they dominate also among microlites and latites (Le Maitre, 1976).
microcrysts. Composition of this generation is just slightly Projection points of the analysed lavas from the Anda-
more acid than that of the phenocrysts. I found lavas with hua Group on the TAS diagram of chemical classification of
significant domination of plagioclase phenocrysts in domes volcanic rocks (Le Maitre et al., 1989) concentrate in the
in the region of Huambo (Fig. 12, sample LE3) and Cerro lower part of the trachyandesite field, entering also the ba-
Coropuna (Fig. 7, sample CM). saltic trachyandesite or trachyte/trachydacite fields (Fig.
Investigation of phenocrysts by means of an electron 13). Therefore, they show a slightly alkaline affinity. Single
microprobe (Delacour, 2002) proved the occurrence of samples are located in the basalt and andesite fields. Taking
zonal plagioclase An63-72 in basalt and An29-49 in dacite. In- into consideration additional criteria, the analysed lavas
termediate elements like labradorite-andesine occur more correspond mainly to three types of rocks: benmoreite, latite
frequently in andesite. Zones rich in glass inclusions have and mugearite. The lavas from Cerro Nicholson investi-
been found in phenocrysts of the plagioclase (Delacour, gated by Delacour et al. (2007) belong to shoshonites. The
2002). lavas coming from Cerro Coropuna near Paula gold mine
Pyroxene, after plagioclase, is a typical phenocryst are much more silic and appear on the diagram at the same
mineral in many samples from the Andahua Group. Augite position as trachydacite, close to the dacite and rhyolite
is in majority among pyroxene; enstatite is also present in fields. Lavas from the Chipchane lava dome appear on the
some lavas. Ortho- and clinopyroxenes are usually signifi- diagram at the intermediate position between trachyandesite
cantly pickled and changed. They become a component of and trachydacite, but they are classified as trachyte.
16 A. GA£AŒ

Table 3
Major elements composition of igneous rocks from Andahua Group
(ICP-OES at Activation Laboratories Ltd. – ACTLABS (Canada))

Region A. Valley of the Volcanoes B C

Sample MS1 YM1 DK3 VCO ARCH1 C1A AC3 J1 CH2S AS1 AYO5 MAM3 A14 AR2 CM VM21
[wt.%]
SiO2 59.51 58.50 60.21 57.24 61.76 57.79 58.83 59.13 57.75 60.30 61.09 58.61 54.36 55.28 67.00 59.60
TiO2 1.30 1.30 0.98 1.31 1.00 1.27 1.14 1.16 1.34 1.09 1.05 1.21 1.50 1.43 0.53 1.19
Al2O3 16.96 16.88 15.95 16.66 15.90 16.93 16.75 16.74 17.04 16.19 16.41 16.81 16.98 17.09 14.73 16.65
Fe2O3 6.15 6.92 5.82 7.17 5.42 6.64 6.20 6.05 6.75 6.44 5.64 6.63 8.01 7.56 3.02 5.92
MnO 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.07
MgO 2.39 2.72 2.75 3.60 2.23 2.69 2.39 2.37 2.85 3.03 2.35 2.90 4.00 3.36 1.11 2.39
CaO 5.16 5.90 5.44 6.60 4.66 6.08 5.40 5.39 6.16 5.28 5.37 5.93 6.92 6.50 2.89 5.29
Na2O 4.83 4.71 4.26 4.39 4.91 4.49 4.94 4.51 5.43 3.99 4.63 4.57 4.80 5.16 4.40 5.15
K2O 3.13 2.57 2.56 1.80 3.02 2.44 3.02 2.58 2.52 2.91 2.90 2.64 1.78 2.05 3.51 2.87
P2O5 0.65 0.61 0.45 0.47 0.47 0.51 0.64 0.47 0.65 0.39 0.50 0.57 0.54 0.61 0.20 0.58
LOI 0.61 0.33 2.04 1.38 0.21 0.56 0.20 -0.01 0.10 0.75 0.13 0.49 0.17 0.29 1.33 0.27
Total 100.80 100.50 100.50 100.70 99.65 99.50 99.59 98.47 100.70 100.40 100.10 100.40 99.15 99.43 98.77 99.98

Region D E. Rio Colca Valley F. Jaran G. Huambo

Sample HT1 OC1 CAN5 CAN1 CAL2 LAR12 H010 MBS CP4 GU12 H58 H44 GL8 SO8 HU2 MJ3 LE3
[wt.%]
SiO2 54.51 59.21 59.78 58.4 57.35 57.41 57.66 55.72 58.89 53.51 55.55 52.35 52.13 58.78 55.39 58.69 59.57
TiO2 1.51 1.19 1.18 1.17 1.36 0.97 1.27 1.43 1.15 1.57 1.63 1.40 1.97 0.99 1.21 1.02 0.98
Al2O3 16.34 16.66 16.76 16.65 16.36 15.82 16.73 16.71 16.54 16.14 16.62 17.2 15.97 16.2 16.25 16.46 16.19
Fe2O3 8.11 6.15 6.19 6.20 6.68 5.69 6.38 7.51 5.82 7.14 7.37 8.22 9.04 6.20 6.82 7.09 6.24
MnO 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.09
MgO 4.32 2.61 2.44 2.39 2.52 2.21 2.51 3.35 2.34 2.84 2.98 3.69 3.91 2.78 3.31 3.06 2.98
CaO 6.81 5.38 5.30 5.19 5.78 5.18 5.52 6.64 5.80 6.72 6.46 7.38 7.12 5.40 7.28 5.49 5.73
Na2O 4.39 4.64 4.84 4.70 4.74 4.53 5.18 4.21 5.06 4.84 5.23 4.57 4.01 3.66 3.27 3.57 3.98
K2O 2.09 2.75 3.05 2.83 2.60 2.95 2.97 1.94 2.94 2.45 2.33 2.11 2.02 3.34 1.73 2.98 3.29
P2O5 0.63 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.71 0.48 0.66 0.66 0.59 0.84 0.80 0.56 1.06 0.34 0.55 0.33 0.32
LOI 0.52 0.39 0.00 0.20 -0.01 0.18 0.49 1.30 1.70 0.10 0.33 1.40 0.60 1.00 3.53 1.41 1.38
Total 99.35 99.65 100.2 98.4 98.19 95.50 99.44 99.56 100.90 96.23 99.38 98.99 97.94 98.82 99.43 100.20 100.80

Lavas in the vicinity of Andagua contain numerous xe-

noliths of white quartzite of the Yura Group (Caldas, 1993).
Quartzite layers are ubiquitous in the Valley of the Volca-
noes and most probably occur also in the graben filled with
lava.
My analysis of spatial variations of lava chemistry
gives the following results:
– benmoreite dominates in the northern and central
parts of the Valley of the Volcanoes including the Rio Sora
valley (Yana Mauras, Cochapampa, Fig. 2);
– latite is in majority in the central and southern parts of
the Valley of the Volcanoes (Ucuya, Jechapita and Sucna,
Fig. 3), and dominates south of the Colca Canyon in
Huambo region (MJ3, SO8, Fig. 12);
– benmoreite (Llajuapampa, CP4) and mugearite
(Marbas Grande, GL8) are represented by lavas from the re-
gion of Jarán (Fig. 10);
Fig. 13. Position of the Andahua volcanic rocks from regions – latite and benmoreite occur in the Chivay region
A-G on the TAS diagram (Fig. 9);
 VOLCANIC STRUCTURES, QUATERNARY, PERU 17

– andesite bearing the mean content of potassium typi- bought disastrous explosions but glacial erosion removed
cal for calc-alkali volcanism appears in a crater located on their traces, if any.
the Cerro Jajacuchu ridge (Fig. 12). Lava effusions have been dominating over pyroclastic
According to my observations, the oldest lavas (of the ejections. Lava flows when running down the slopes ob-
first generation) corresponding to trachyandesite from the structed valley systems changing courses of river beds and
central part of the Valley of the Volcanoes are dominant formed lakes. Lavas are the main product of the Andahua
(Ucuya, VCO, Rio Tambo; Figs 2, 3) also in all other re- volcanoes. The average thickness of individual flows is usu-
gions. The lava from the Colca Valley (OC1, CAN1, Fig. 9) ally 15–80 m, however, in some fields it may accumulate up
and from Huambo regions (LE3, Fig.12) are represented by to 120 m.
latite. Mugearite is dominant in the region of Gloriahuasi The catalogue of eruption centres and maps of ranges in
(GL8, GU12, Fig. 10) and it is common in the lava field in particular fields show the author’s attempt to determine the
the Shila sector (A14, Fig. 5). discussed volcanic activity in time and space and becomes a
The second generation is more varied and it occurs in base of output data for the discussion on the question what
all regions. It represents all classes subdivided on the TAS should be called the Andahua Group and which criteria al-
diagram. The samples from Cerro Tururunca (H44, Fig. 10) low to determine the newly discovered eruption centres as
and Cerro Coropuna (CM, Fig. 7) are most outstanding the members of the group. For example, the Santo Tomas
among all Andahua volcanic rocks. Mugearite from C. Group described by Moncayo (1994) and located in the val-
Tururunca has the lowest content of SiO2 and the highest ley of the same name, about 70 km north of Caylloma, is
amount of CaO. This volcano is nearest to the Pacific coast probably a lithostratigraphic equivalent of the Andahua
line (92 km) from all volcanic centres of the Andahua Group. It is of similar form, age (only of the first genera-
Group. On the contrary, the trachidacite from Cerro Coro- tion) and petrographic character and located about 70 km
puna has the highest contents of SiO2, K2O and the lowest northeast of the Pumaranra Andahua lava dome.
amount of CaO. Cerro Coropuna is 142 km far from the Pa- Lavas from the Cerro Nicholson volcano near Arequipa
cific coast. In the Valley of the Volcanoes, characteristic is are also assigned to the Andahua Group by Delacour et al.
trachite from the Puca Mauras volcano. (2007) despite the fact that the distance from it to the Valley
The youngest lavas erupted in the Valley of the Volca- of the Volcanoes exceeds 100 km and the nearest Andahua
noes and in the Antapuna region (Pumaranra, Fig. 6) only. eruptive centre is approximately 80 km away. Chemical
On the TAS diagram, they are projected exactly in the field composition (Delacour et al., 2007) shows that the rocks are
of trachyandesites, like benmoreites and latites. a little bit too alkaline (shoshonites), which appear slightly
aside on the TAS diagram when compared to the other lavas
from the group. However, their form and eruption style are
analogous those of the Andahua Group, i.e. represent a
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS monogenetic cone with a short lava flow. Similar forms but
much more distant can be observed near Cusco/Sicuani,
The Andahua Group is one of the youngest and the least where the Quimsachata volcanic rocks also are classified as
investigated volcanic groups in South America. The latest shoshonites (Delacour et al., 2007), and in the Pancaurani
investigations (Delacour et al., 2002; Thouret et al., 2002; volcanic rocks in the Tacna region (Caldas, 1993).
Ruprecht & Wörner, 2007; SÝrensen & Holm, 2008) have It hardly possible that Holocene lava flows originating
proved that it is characterised by a relatively varied mineral underneath the ice cap on the summit of the Coropuna
and chemical composition. stratovolcano (i.e. at an altitude of at least 5,500 m a.s.l.)
My studies emphasise the importance of the fact that also belong to the Andahua Group. They cover glacial sedi-
volcanic activity of the group was spread in time and space. ments, the age of which is approximately 10,000 years BP.
The oldest eruptions probably took place in the Middle The chemical and petrographic characteristics of the
Pleistocene in the areas of Gloriahuasi and Antapuna and Coropuna and Andahua Group lavas show different origin
also in the Valley of the Volcanoes. The youngest effusive (Venturelli et al., 1978).
activity took place in the Valley of the Volcanoes along the
Jenchana–Ninamama fault. An active fumarole was obser-
ved near Ninamama vent in 2003. Recent activity of many
centres suggests that future eruptions may be expected. CONCLUSIONS
Eruption centres and lavas of the Andahua Group occur
in the area whose dimensions are 110 by 110 kilometres. Five seasons of field studies made it possible to define
I distinguished six lava fields and identified 118 lava the areal extent, centres of eruption and approximate age of
domes, craters, and 47 pyroclastic cones (Table 2). It means the Andahua Group. The Andahua lavas stretch out at inter-
that the Andahua Group can be classified as a large basalt vals in an area that is at least 110 km long and 110 km wide.
volcanic field (Connor & Conway, 2000). Despite signifi- Seven volcanic regions bearing centres of eruption have
cant distances between the eruption centres, their styles of been distinguished, namely: the Valley of the Volcanoes,
activity were usually similar. The interpreted eruption styles Antapuna, Rio Molloco, Laguna Parihuana, the Rio Colca
were of Hawaiian type at domes and fissures and Stromboli Valley, Jaran and Huambo. Each region contains several
or rarely Vulcano type at scoria cones. The only dome of lava fields composed of single or sequential lava flows,
acid lava (Cerro Coropuna – trachydacite) might have pyroclastic cones and many centres of lava effusion, includ-
18 A. GA£AŒ

ing domes and fissures (Table 1). The Valley of the Volca- volcanic centres in southern Peru, Central Andes. Bulletin of
noes is the largest region where volcanic products are most Volcanology, 69: 581–608.
common. De Silva, S. L. & Francis, P. W., 1991. Volcanoes of the Central
The total number of centres amounts to 165. A typical Andes. Springer Verlag, Berlin - Heidelberg: 1–216.
centre of eruption is a small lava dome aligned most proba- Eash, N. S. & Sandor, J. A., 1995. Soil chronosequence and geo-
morphology in a semi-arid valley in the Andes of southern
bly along the feeding fissures. Eruption style is of the Ha-
Peru. Geoderma, 65: 59–79.
waiian type. The second group of centres are scoria cones Ga³aœ, A., 2008. Extent and volcanic’s construction of Andahua
showing the Stromboli style of eruption. group. (In Polish, English summary). In: Paulo, A. & Ga³aœ,
Some fields can be classified as monogenetic, but the A. (eds), Polskie badania w Kanionie Colca i Dolinie Wulka-
Andahua Group corresponds rather to basaltic volcanic nów. Kwartalnik AGH, Geologia, 34, 2/1: 107–135.
fields. There occur clusters or polygenetic volcanoes which Ga³aœ, A., 2009. Alcance y Formaciones del Grupo Andahua. In:
have erupted many times. Novoa, Z. G. (ed.), Expedición Cientifica Polaca – Cañón del
The lavas of the Andahua Group belong mainly to Colca. Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, Peru: 107–137.
trachyandesites, entering also the basaltic trachyandesite or Ga³aœ, A. & Paulo, A., 2005. Dwarf volcanoes of Andahua Forma-
trachyte/trachydacite fields. tion in South Peru. (In Polish, English summary). Przegl¹d
Eruptive centres of the Andahua Group are aligned Geologiczny, 53: 320–326.
mainly along the fault systems trending NW–SE and NE– Golonka, J., 2007. Phanerozoic Palaeoenvironment and Paleo-
lithofacies Maps. Late Paleozoic. (In Polish, English sum-
SW. This is adequate to the inter-mountain graben in the
mary). Kwartalnik AGH, Geologia, 33, 2: 145–209.
Valley of the Volcanoes that continues to the Gloriahuasi
Golonka, J. & Ford, D., 2000. Pangean (Late Carboniferous –
region at the opposite bank of the Colca Canyon. There are Middle Jurassic) paleoenvironment and lithofacies. Palaeo-
so many proofs of quite recent activity of the numerous cen- geography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 161: 1–34.
tres that future eruptions may be expected. Guizado, J., 1968. Geología de los cuadrangulos de Aplao.
Boletin, 20. Lima.
Hoempler, A., 1962. Valle de volcanes de Andahua, Arequipa.
Acknowledgements Segundo Congr. Nac. de Geología, Sociedad Geológica del
I am is grateful to Prof. A. Paulo and Dr. M. Muszyñski for Perú, Lima, 37: 59–69.
constructive comments on the first draft of this paper. Financial Kaneoka, I. & Guevara, C., 1984. K-Ar determinations of late Ter-
support was provided by the AGH University of Science and tiary and Quaternary Andean volcanic rocks, Southern Peru.
Technology statutory funds no. 11.11.140.560. Geochemical Journal, 18: 233–239.
Le Maitre, R. W., 1976. The Chemical Variability of some Com-
mon Igneous Rocks. Journal of Petrology, 17: 589–637.
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