The Sonometer

Aim In this experiment you will study the vibrational modes of a stretched string. The
dependence of the fundamental frequency on length and tension is determined. In
addition resonance effects and the nature of harmonic modes are investigated.

Theory For a perfectly flexible, perfectly elastic string, the velocity of wave propagation
(v) is given by

T
v


where T is the tension (in Newtons) and  is the mass per unit length (in Kgm-1).

If the string has a length L and both ends are fixed then only vibrational modes
are allowed where an integer number of half-wavelengths equals the string length

 2L
n  L   n  1, 2,3, 4.....
2 n

With the addition of the relationship between the propagation velocity,

wavelength and frequency (f)

vf

it is possible to calculate the frequencies of the fundamental mode (n=1) and

harmonics (n>1) for a given combination of T,  and L.

Equipment The sonometer allows accurate variation of the tension in the wire, by hanging a
details series of masses from the end arm, and the length of the wire by moving the
bridges.  may also be varied by using different wire thicknesses. A pickup coil
is used to detect the vibrations. A second drive coil can be used to induce
vibrations in the wire.

The pickup coil is connected to the input of an amplifier which allows you to
hear the vibrations. The output of the amplifier is connected to the CI-6508 input
adaptor which in turn is connected to analog channel A of the 700 Interface box.

The computer acts as an oscilloscope allowing the frequency of the vibrations to

be recorded. Data acquisition can be started and stopped by clicking on MON
and STOP respectively. Within the scope window the scales of the horizontal and
vertical axes can be changed by clicking on the small buttons with the saw tooth
icons. It is important to change the scales before you acquire data. Changing
them between data acquisition and making a measurement can lead to incorrect
values being recorded.

Values can be read from the screen by clicking on the cursor button at the bottom
of the scope window and then positioning the cursor at the desired point on the
waveform. The cursor is switched off by clicking on the mouse.

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 A total mass of up to 1000g can be placed on the carrier and hung from the end
arm. The tension in the wire is given by kMg where M is the mass, g is the
acceleration due to gravity (9.8ms-2) and k is a multiplying factor whose value
depends on the where on the arm the masses are hung (see following figure).
Each time a new mass is hung on the arm it is important to ensure that the arm is
horizontal by adjusting the screw at the far end of the wire. Only if the arm is
horizontal will the tension be given by kMg.

Task 1 Dependence of the fundamental frequency on tension

Use the above equations to derive a relationship between the frequency of the
fundamental mode (n=1) and L,  and T.

Remove the drive coil from the sonometer. Using a wire length of approximately
30cm measure the vibrational frequency of the wire for a range of tensions.
Initially set the time and voltage scales to 2ms/div and 0.02V/div. You should try
to take ~15-20 data points. You should position the detector coil close to the
midpoint of the wire and try to pluck the wire such that a clean sinusoidal
waveform is produced. A clean waveform can be obtained by plucking the wire
relatively strongly and then waiting until the oscillations die down in amplitude
to appear clearly on the screen.

Plot your frequency-tension data in a form that confirms your derived equation
and determine a value of  along with associated errors. Compare you value of 
with its accepted value as provided by the demonstrator.
Task 2 Dependence of the fundamental frequency on length
Using a mass of ~750g hung from position 5, measure the fundamental
frequency as a function of wire length.

Plot your frequency-length data in a form to confirm the relationship derived in

Task 1. Determine a value of  and compare this to your previous value.

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Task 3 Resonances
Ensure that in the signal generator window the generator is switched off and the
voltage is set to zero. Connect the Driver coil to the output of the Power
Amplifier which in turn should be connected to Analog Channel B of the 700
Interface. If you are unsure what to do ask the demonstrator for help.

Using the maximum possible length of wire place the drive coil near to one end
of the wire and use the same tension as in Task 2. Place the detector coil close to
the centre of the wire.
Set the signal generator to produce a sinewave, a voltage of 2.0V and click on the
ON button. Voltages and frequencies can be changed by clicking on the buttons
with arrow icons or by clicking on the numbers and typing in the required value.

Increase the frequency in steps of 10Hz by using the arrow buttons and look for
resonances where the wire vibrates under the influence of the driving frequency.
Once you have located the approximate position of a resonance you should be
able to fine tune the frequency and determine its value to within less than 1Hz.

Close to resonance you should see and hear beats between the frequencies of the
wire and the driving coil. It may help to locate the first resonance if you know
what the fundamental frequency of the wire is. Because the magnetic field
produced by the drive coil produces a force on the wire twice per cycle you
should observe the fundamental resonance when the drive frequency equals half
the fundamental frequency.

You may need to move the positions of the coils to observe some of the
resonances. In addition you will need to vary the voltage applied to the drive
coil. The initial resonances will require only a small voltage but higher ones will
need the voltage to be increased. Do not exceed 4V. Avoid placing the coils
close together as this may result in a direct pickup.

Locate as many resonances as you can and record their frequencies. Do they
correspond to the fundamental frequency and integer multiples of this frequency?
Try plotting frequency against n where n is the nth resonance observed. What is
the gradient of your graph?

Task 4 Displacement envelope of the vibrational modes

With the drive coil close to one end of the wire and the signal generator
frequency set to excite the fundamental mode slide the detector coil along the
wire and look at the amplitude of the detected signal. Is the amplitude zero at any
point? Repeat for excitation of the different harmonics as determined in Task 3.
For each harmonic sketch how the amplitude of the vibrations varies with
distance along the wire. Comment on your results. For some of the lower
resonances you should be able to directly observe the wire vibrating

D J Mowbray, February 2003