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Filum Chordata

The document describes the animal kingdom, beginning with hemichordates and then focusing on the phylum Chordata. It discusses the three subphyla of chordates: urochordates (sea squirts), cephalochordates (lancelets), and vertebrates. Vertebrates are further divided into subgroups including agnathans (jawless fish), cartilaginous fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Key characteristics are provided for each group.

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yohanna theresia
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235 views46 pages

Filum Chordata

The document describes the animal kingdom, beginning with hemichordates and then focusing on the phylum Chordata. It discusses the three subphyla of chordates: urochordates (sea squirts), cephalochordates (lancelets), and vertebrates. Vertebrates are further divided into subgroups including agnathans (jawless fish), cartilaginous fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Key characteristics are provided for each group.

Uploaded by

yohanna theresia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Animal Kingdom

The Chordates
Phylum Hemichordata

Hemichordata (hemi = half; chordata= cord)


 acorn worm
 entirely marine
 adults show 3 of 4 basic characteristics:
1) pharyngial pouches
2) dorsal tubular nerve chord
3) tail
 evolutionary link between echinoderm and
chordates
 ciliated larvum resembles tornaria larvum of
echinoderms
Phylum Chordata

 Subphylum Urochordata
(uro = tail; chordata= cord)

 Subphylum Cephalochordata
(cephalo = head; chordata= cord)

 Subphylum Vertebrata
(vertebrate = backbone)
Phylum Chordata

 All exhibit four chordata


characteristics:
– 1) dorsal tubular nerve cord
– 2) notochord
– 3) pharyngial pouches
– 4) tail
 Deutrostomes – chordates &
echinoderms
Anatomy of a Chordate
Subphylum Urochordata

• sea squirts or tunicates


• notochord present only in free-swimming
larvum
• notochord does not extend into head
• larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding
• adult is sessile filter feeder
Subphylum Urochordata

• sea squirts or
tunicate
• Campbell p 631

•Settle after brief free-swimming larvum existence.


Attaches at anterior end. Metamorphosis begins.
Body turns 1800. Tail, notochord, dorsal nerve cord,
disappear.
Subphylum Cephalochordata

 “head” cord
 lancelet or Amphioxus
 notochord present throughout life –
extends into head region
 shallow marine waters
 chordate characteristics developed
and apparent in adult
 tail has blocks of muscles called
myotomes
 adults resemble tunicate larvum
Anatomy
of
a
lancelet
Cephalochordata:
lancelet
Subphylum Vertebrata

General Characteristics:
 chordates with a backbone
 exhibit cephalization
 closed circulatory system
 neural crest (p. 633)
Subphylum Vertebrata

Agnatha (without jaws)


 lamprey – parasitic bloodsuckers w/
rasping tongue
 hagfish – mainly scavengers
 no paired appendages
 larvum resembles lancelet
Agnatha: a sea lamprey
Lamprey mouth
Subphylum Vertebrata

Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)


 flexible endoskeletons of cartilage
strengthened by calcium granules
 sharks (internal fertilization)
– oviparous – egg laying
– ovoviviparous – retain fertilized eggs hatch
within the uterus
– viviparous – young develop in the uterus
 suspension-feeders (plankton)
Phylum Hemichordata

Hemichordata (hemi = half; chordata= cord)


 acorn worm
 entirely marine
 adults show 3 of 4 basic characteristics:
1) pharyngial pouches
2) dorsal tubular nerve chord
3) tail
 evolutionary link between echinoderm and
chordates
 ciliated larvum resembles tornaria larvum of
echinoderms
Phylum Chordata

 Subphylum Urochordata
(uro = tail; chordata= cord)

 Subphylum Cephalochordata
(cephalo = head; chordata= cord)

 Subphylum Vertebrata
(vertebrate = backbone)
Phylum Chordata

 All exhibit four chordata


characteristics:
– 1) dorsal tubular nerve cord
– 2) notochord
– 3) pharyngial pouches
– 4) tail
 Deutrostomes – chordates &
echinoderms
Anatomy of a Chordate
Subphylum Urochordata

• sea squirts or tunicates


• notochord present only in free-swimming
larvum
• notochord does not extend into head
• larvum is free-swimming but non-feeding
• adult is sessile filter feeder
Subphylum Urochordata

• sea squirts or
tunicate
• Campbell p 631

•Settle after brief free-swimming larvum existence.


Attaches at anterior end. Metamorphosis begins.
Body turns 1800. Tail, notochord, dorsal nerve cord,
disappear.
Subphylum Cephalochordata

 “head” cord
 lancelet or Amphioxus
 notochord present throughout life –
extends into head region
 shallow marine waters
 chordate characteristics developed
and apparent in adult
 tail has blocks of muscles called
myotomes
 adults resemble tunicate larvum
Anatomy
of
a
lancelet
Cephalochordata:
lancelet
Subphylum Vertebrata

General Characteristics:
 chordates with a backbone
 exhibit cephalization
 closed circulatory system
 neural crest (p. 633)
Subphylum Vertebrata

Agnatha (without jaws)


 lamprey – parasitic bloodsuckers w/
rasping tongue
 hagfish – mainly scavengers
 no paired appendages
 larvum resembles lancelet
Subphylum Vertebrata

Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)


 flexible endoskeletons of cartilage
strengthened by calcium granules
 sharks (internal fertilization)
– oviparous – egg laying
– ovoviviparous – retain fertilized eggs hatch
within the uterus
– viviparous – young develop in the uterus
 suspension-feeders (plankton)
Subphylum Vertebrata

Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous fishes)

 Rays & skates


 Bottom feeders – mollusks &
crustaceans
 Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs
(defense)
Subphylum Vertebrata

Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous fishes)

 Rays & skates


 Bottom feeders – mollusks &
crustaceans
 Whiplike tail w/ venomous barbs
(defense)
Subphylum Vertebrata

Osteichthyes
(bony fishes)
 Endoskeleton of hard calcium phosphate
matrix
 Operculum- protective flap
 Swim bladder – controls buoyancy
Seahorse
Subphylum Vertebrata

Amphibia
(“two lives”)
 first tetrapods
 transition to land – still tied to water for
respiration and reproduction
 Gills  lungs (metamorphosis)
 Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts
Subphylum Vertebrata

Reptilia (Campbell, p. 644)


(to creep)
 lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, Gila
monsters, crocodiles, alligators
 first true land animal
 Scales, lungs, amniotic egg
 no feathers
 cold-blooded – ectotherms – (energy
conservation)
Hatching reptile
Subphylum Vertebrata

Fossil links…………
 Evolutionary link ?? between reptiles and
birds: Archaeopteryx , a Jurassuc bird-
reptile
 Clawed forelimbs
 Teeth
 Long tail w/ vertebrae
Archaeopteryx
Subphylum Vertebrata

Aves (bird)
 feathered
 few flightless: ostrich, kiwi,
emu
 breastbone with keel – carina –
permitting flight
 jays, sparrows, warblers, etc
Subphylum Vertebrata

Mammalia (breast)
 Hair or fur of keratin
 Active metabolism = endothermic
 Efficient respiration w/ diaphragm
 Efficient circulation w/ 4-chambered
heart
 Layer of fat
 Mammary glands, tooth differentiation
Subphylum Vertebrata

Mammalia (breast)
 Monotremes – egg-laying mammals
(Platypuses & echidnas – spiny anteaters)
 Placental mammals
 Marsupial mammals – kangaroo, opossum
Marsupial Placental

Marsupial
&
Placental
Mammals

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