A Seminar Report On Electric Vehicle

1
Sandeep Kumar Rajak, 2 Mr. K. N. Shashishekhar
Student scholar [1], Associate Professor [2], Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology and Management, Bengaluru-560082
Sandeep.rajak@yahoo.com

Abstract-Over the years, the exploitation and including parts, their functions and the theory of
pollution of natural resources have created the operation. Based on this understanding, I then
need for renewable and environment-friendly compare the internal combustion engine, the hybrid
products. One of these products is Electric engine, and the electrical engine in terms of
Vehicles. Electric Vehicles are the replacement efficiency, speed, acceleration, maintenance,
for petroleum-based vehicles. They are one of the mileage, and cost. The paper concludes with
emerging technologies as well as eco-friendly and sections on the advantages and disadvantages of the
viable. The replacement of internal combustion electric vehicle and its future.
engines with electric engines will reduce pollution
to a great extent and be profitable to consumers.
Many countries around the globe have 2. History
implemented this technology and are contributing
towards amelioration of the environment. We are The first electric vehicle (EV) was built between
going to see the opportunities and challenged 1832 and 1839, the exact year is not known, in
faced in India over implementing electric vehicles. Scotland by Robert Anderson, who created the first
Keywords: Pollution; Electric Vehicle; Eco- crude electric carriage. It was not until 1895, after
Friendly; Lithium Battery; A.L. Ryker built an electric tricycle and William
Morrison built a six passenger wagon, that America
1. Introduction paid attention to the electric vehicle. In 1902 Wood
created the Electric Phaeton, which was more than
The 1960s and 1970s saw a need for alternative an electrified horseless carriage and surrey. “The
fueled vehicles to reduce the problems of exhaust Phaeton had a range of 18 miles, a top speed of 14
emissions from internal combustion engines and to mph and cost $2,000” [2]. The decline in use and
reduce the dependency on imported foreign crude production of the electric vehicle occurred in the
oil. During the years from 1960 to the present, 1920s. Causes of the decline in production include:
many attempts to produce practical electric vehicles a better road system, reduced price of gasoline by
occurred and continue to occur. The purpose of this the discovery of the Texas crude oil, invention of
report is to describe the technology used to produce the electric starter, and the mass production of the
an electric vehicle and explain why the electric internal combustion engine vehicles [2]. According
engine is better than the internal combustion to the History of Electric Vehicles, “In 1912, an
engine. It includes reasons why the electric vehicle electric roadster sold for $1,750, while a gasoline
grew rapidly and the reason it is a necessity to car sold for $650” [2, p. 1]. By 1935, electric
better the world today. The report describes the vehicles completely disappeared. In the 1960s and
most important parts in an electric vehicle and 1970s electric vehicles reappeared because internal
hybrid vehicle. It compares the electric to the combustion vehicles were creating an unhealthy
hybrid and internal combustion engine vehicle. It environment for the people in America at that time.
also includes the future of the electric vehicle. The
overall impact of the electric vehicle ultimately
benefits the people. Compared to gasoline powered 3. Components
vehicles, electric vehicles are considered to be
ninety-seven percent cleaner, producing no tailpipe A. Potentiometer
emissions that can place particulate matter into the It is circular in shape and it is hooked to the
air. Particulate matter, carcinogens released into accelerator pedal. The potentiometer, also called
the atmosphere by gas-powered vehicles, “can the variable resistor, provides the signal that tells
increase asthma conditions, as well as irritate the controller how much power is it supposed to
respiratory systems” [1].The paper begins with a deliver.
history of the electric vehicle, specifically the lows 3.1 Batteries
and highs of production and the reasons for the The batteries provide power for the controller.
change. The next section provides a technical Three types of batteries: lead-acid, lithium ion, and
description of an electric vehicle, including the nickel-metal hydride batteries. Batteries range in
parts, their functions, and the theory of operation. voltage (power).
The following section describes the hybrid car,
3.2 DC Controller voltage somewhere between 0 and full battery pack
The controller takes power from the batteries and voltage.
delivers it to the motor. The controller can deliver
zero power (when the car is stopped), full power
(when the driver floors the accelerator pedal), or
5. Comparisons
any power level in between. If the battery pack
contains twelve 12-volt batteries, wired in series to
create 144 volts, the controller takes in 144 volts ICE EV
direct current, and delivers it to the motor in a Efficiency Converts 20% of the Converts 75%
controlled way [3]. energy stored in of the
The controller reads the setting of the accelerator gasoline to power the chemical
pedal from the two potentiometers and regulates vehicle. energy from
the power accordingly. If the accelerator pedal is the batteries to
25 percent of the way down, the controller pulses power the
the power so it is on 25 percent of the time and off wheels [5].
75 percent of the time. If the signals of both Speed 124 miles per hour 30-95 mph [6]
potentiometers are not equal, the controller will not (average (mph)
operate [3]. top speed)
3.3 Motor. Acceleratio 0-60 mph in 8.4 0-60 mph in 4-6
The motor receives power from the controller and n (on seconds seconds [6]
turns a transmission. The transmission then turns average)
the wheels, causing the vehicle to run.
Maintenan  Wheels/tires Does not
ce  Engine require as much
 Fuel/gas maintenance
 Bodywork/pai because it does
not use a
nt
gasoline engine.
 Electrical
No
 Lights
requirements to
 Dash/ins take it to the
trument
Department of
warning
lights Environmental
Quality for an
emissions
inspection [1].
Fig 3.1 Components of Electric Vehicle Mileage Can go over 300 miles Can only go
before refueling. about 100 to
4.Working Operation Typically get 19.8 200 miles
miles per gallon before
When the driver steps on the pedal the
potentiometer activates and provides the signal that (mpg). recharging
tells the controller how much power it is supposed [5].
to deliver. There are two potentiometers for safety. Cost (on $14,000 to $17,000. Extensive
The controller reads the setting of the accelerator average) range,
pedal from the potentiometers, regulates the power $6,000 to
accordingly, takes the power from the batteries and
$100,000 [6].
delivers it to the motor. The motor receives the
power (voltage) from the controller and uses this
power to rotate the transmission. The transmission
then turns the wheels and causes the car to move
6. Challenges
forward or backward. If the driver floors the
accelerator pedal, the controller delivers the full
battery voltage to the motor. If the driver takes A. Cost of EVs
his/her foot off the accelerator, the controller The cost of EVs should be reasonable and the EVs
delivers zero volts to the motor. For any setting in produced should hold proper value for money.
between, the controller chops the battery voltage,
thousands of times per second to create an average
B. Efficiency of EVs in India • Moreover, a substation nearby is a requirement
The EVs in India on an average provide around 120 for a charging station.
km on a full charge in turn making them unsuitable
for long drives. EVs in India lack speed, which
may turn off buyers. The top two India made EVs 7. Advantages and Disadvantages
have speed of 85 km/hr.
C. Demand for EVs
Advantages Disadvantages
• Increase in demand will help in achieving vision
2030.
• Increase in demand of EVs will lead to increase in Fuel can be harnessed Limited in the
requirement for energy and raw materials to for the from any source of distance that can be
battery driven before the
electricity,
D. Vehicle Quality complete failure of
which is the battery.
• Good vehicle quality will lure more customers. available in most
• Better quality vehicles ensure trust among homes and
customers. businesses.
E. Batteries It reduces hydrocarbon Accessories, such as
• The batteries used by electrics are cars made up of and carbon monoxide, air conditioning and
nickel, aluminum, cobalt, graphite and lithium, responsible for many radios drain the
which are all rare earth materials. environmental problems, battery.
• The availability of these materials is scarce and by 98%.
the amount of these materials available may not be
able to produce enough batteries to power the
expected amount of electric vehicles to be
Also reduces pollution. Heavier car due
produced.
to the electric
• The increasing demand for lithium around the motors, batteries,
globe given its scarcity on the Earth’s surface will chargers, and
make it challenging to meet India’s EV controllers.
requirement.
Does not produce More expensive
F. Electricity Generation because of cost of
emissions. Important in
• There must be enough electricity generation the parts.
capacity to meet the increasing demands for urban cities, where
charging infrastructure and local consumer cleaner air is much
utilization. needed.
• There is presently shortage of electricity in many
parts of India and a major part of energy generation 8. Future Scope
of the country is still dependent on fossil fuels .
Future electric cars will most likely carry lithium-ion
G. Anti – EV Elements phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries that are now becoming
• Anti – EV activists, supposedly fringe elements popular in other countries. The LiFePO4 batteries are
hired by oil companies or fossil fuel dealers try to rechargeable and powerful and are being used in
thwart growth of EVs. Amsterdam recently electric bikes and scooters. Electric cars will most
witnessed an Anti – EV vandalism case involving likely adopt this technology in the future. Another
damaging of 2 TESLAs. technology that is likely for future electric cars is the
H. Global Energy Demand increased use of super capacitors and ultra-capacitors
for storing and delivering electrical charge. Many of
• Any decrease in demand for oil by India and
these batteries are currently being used in conjunction
China will have wide geopolitical ramifications as
with hybrid car prototypes, so these are expected in the
the two countries together account for half of 1% electric car future markets as well.
growth in global energy demand in 2016 .
9. Conclusion
I. Land Availability
• Availability of land to setup charging stations in As seen in this report, the electric vehicle has many
urban areas where land scarcity is present is a advantages and benefits over the internal
difficult task. combustion engine and hybrid vehicle. It is cleaner
and much more efficient; however, it also has
disadvantages. It is heavier, limited to the distance
it can travel before recharge, and costs more. The
future of the EV relies on its battery. If researchers
can produce or find the “super battery”, the EV’s
future is promising. As of today, each vehicle has
its own characteristic that makes it better than the
other. Only time and technological improvements
will tell which vehicle will excel in the future.

References

[1.] Electric Cars: Effect on the Environment. (1998)

[2.] Bellis, M. History of Electric Vehicles. Retrieved

[3.] Brain, M. (2002). How Electric Cars Work.

[4.] How Hybrids Work. (2009) Retrieved February 20,

[5.] Electric Vehicles (EVs).(2009) Retrieved January 31,

[6.] Dunn, P. (2006). Hybrid Cars – Pros and Cons.

[7.] Sparling, B. (2001). Ozone Layer. Retrieved

[8.] Future Electric Cars. (2007) Retrieved January 29,