ArcStudio Review Center c/o Ar.

Tito Valdivia
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Session 1 Module ½; 07 March 2019; 9:00-18:00; Saturday
Session 2 Module 2/2; 15 June 2019; 8:00 -17:00; Saturday

Four great constructive principles

1. Post and lintel Trabeated ex. Stonehenge
2. Arch arctuated ex. Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
3. Corbel/ cantilever overhang ex. Falling Water, Pennsylvania
4. Truss triangulated ex. Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong
additional
- pneumatic air supported structures
- tensile structures membrane + cable + masts ex. Munich Olympic Stadium
- cohesive similar to post & lintel but with monolithic joints
(moment-resisting; e.g. reinforced concrete
construction)
- freeform ex. Expressionist buildings (Einstein Tower, Potsdam, Germany
by Eric Mendelsohn)

PREHISTORIC/ indigenous/ vernacular/ native

-three basic dwelling types
a. CAVE - made of earth; ex. Troglodyte dwellings in Cappadocia, Turkey; caves of
Altamira in Spain; igloo of the Eskimo (Inuit); Cliff Palace of Mesa Verde,
Colorado incl. pueblo dwellings of the Anasazi; trullo/ trulli
(beehive conical dwellings) of prehistoric Italy; nuraghe of Sardinia,
Italy)
b. HUT - made of thatch (plant material basically grasses + palms); ex. bahay kubo; rumah adat
(generic Indo-Malay hut)/ rumah gaddang (big Indo-Malay rumah adat, ex.
Paggaruyung Palace in Sumatra, Indonesia); Hogan (US Southwest); Iraqi
mudhif (of the Marsh Arabs of the Shatt-al-Arab)
c. TENT- made of animal skins; ex. Native American teepee/ tipi (Great Plains), wigwam
(Great Lakes); Arab tent (from dromedary); Mongolian yurt -generic Central Asian tent
made of the skin of the yak or the Bactrian camels (gers)

- Semantic/ symbolic architecture (structures not for human habitation)

- Monolith menhir
- Megalith - stone circle ex. Stonehenge
- Trilithon
- Sarsen stones
- Blue stones
-
- - stone rows ex. @ Carnac, France
- moai of Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
- part of the Austronesian culture
stream (which includes the
 Philippines); colossal head statues of the
islanders’ ancestors on top of stone platforms called
ahu
-
- Tomb architecture
- Dolmen or cromlech - three upright stones supporting a horizontal slab
- Tumulus/ tumuli (earthen mounds with multiple burial chambers)
- ex. Great Serpent Mound, Illinois, USA
- Newgrange, Ireland

Earliest cities/ settlements

in the Near East/ West Asiatic lands (Fertile Crescent; Cradle of Western Civilization)
- Catal Huyuk, present-day Turkey
- Gobekli Tepe, recent archaeological discovery in present-day Turkey hinting at site of
earliest temple erected in the Mediterranean Basin
- Jericho ?

in South Asia (Indian sub-continent and vicinity)

- Mohenjo-daro, India
- Indo-harrapa, present-day Pakistan

In Sub-Saharan Africa
- Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia)
- the most extant example of pre-colonial, Negro megalithic architecture in Africa
-

WESTERN ARCHITECTURE
- Continuous evolution of Eurocentric (“western”) architecture which emerged from the western
“Cradle of Civilization” (Mediterranean Basin), established in Europe and spread all over the colonized
world

NEAR EAST/ WEST ASIATIC

- Mesopotamia (Babylonia and Assyria; Fertile Crescent; Tigris and Euphrates Rivers)
- Great cities incl. Ur, Damascus, Babylon
- - ziggurat - stepped temple mountain
- Ex. Ziggurat of Ur
- Hanging Gardens of Babylon
- King Nebuchadnezzar for his
Assyrian wife
- - corners aligned to the compass points
- - Babylonian ziggurat is stepped/ concentric in plan; Assyrian ziggurat is spiral in plan
- - King Hamurabbi – world’s first set of building laws (1792 BC)
 - - cuneiform- system of writing based on wedge-shaped characters
- - arch was known (i.e. “Assyrian arch”, more or less parabolic) but not the true arch with
centering voussoirs
- (see Palace of Ctesiphon)
- Persia (of King Darius; Xerxes and subsequent dynasties)
- - Darius I had provinces ruled by a satrap, who guarded the roads, collected
axes and controlled the army
- Capital moved from Susa to Persepolis
- - incl Hall of a Thousand Columns
- Apadana - throne room
- Emergence of megaron as dwelling type with portico as sheltering element
- Darius and Xerxes tried to conquer Greece; with the satrap
- Ended with the defeat of Darius III to Alexander the Great of Macedonia
- Present-day descendants are the Zoroastrians, who migrated to India and built the dhakma
(towers of silence)
- - distinctive tradition in tile works incl. lapis lazuli (bluish hued
tileworks)

EGYPTIAN
- Nile River of the Pharaohnic dynasties esp. King Rameses II (most architecturally prolific pharaoh)
- > Great Temple of Ammon in Karnak
- obelisk
- Pylon
- hypaethral hall - open to the sky
- hypostyle hall - many columned temple
clerestory/ clearstory
sarcophagus – elaborate coffin
portcullis

- > Rock cut temple @ Abu Simbel w/ 4-effigies of himself at

entrance
- - relocated to a higher elevation because of the Aswan
Dam
- Monumental architecture is primarily dedicated for the after-life
- Hieroglyphics were pictorial representations of religion, history and daily life
- Common capitals used were the lotus,
- papyrus (open, half-bud)
- palm which echoed indigenous Egyptian plants,
and were symbols of fertility as well as Hathor head
- serdab (temple area which contains statue of deceased)
sphinx - mythical beast w/ body of lion and head of the Pharaoh

PYRAMID TYPES
- Royal pyramids (Cheops; Khafre; Menkaure)
- Sides aligned to the compass points
- Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)
- Pyramid of Chephren (Khafra or Khafre)
 - Pyramid of Mykerinos (Menkaura)
- The Great Sphinx shows King Chepren as a man-lion protecting his
country
-
- Stepped pyramid of Zoser @ Saqqara; by architect Imhotep
- Bent pyramid in Seneferu

Mastabas - Rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with battered side,

covering a burial chamber below ground for the lesser nobility
of Egypt
w/ portcullis - grated doorway for control of
offerings

- Rock cut or rock hewn temples

- ex. Great Temple of Rameses II @ Abu-Simbel
- Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri
- Mammisi Temple became the prototype of the Greek Doric temples

DWELLINGS
Made of crude brick one or two storey high
Flat roof deck

Classical Architecture = “the glory of Greece and the grandeur of Rome”

The proportions of the Orders accdg to Sir William Chambers (British)- mnemonic
Greek Doric1 Tuscan4 Roman Ionic2 Corinthian3 Composite6
Doric5
No. of times
height of
column is in
relation to 6 7 8 9 10 10
its lower
diameter
“Order” = comprised of entablature and column (and optional pedestal)
Compare to Sequence of development according to emergence in time
1. Greek Doric 6
2. Ionic 9
3. Corinthian 10
4. Tuscan 7
5. Roman Doric 8
6. Composite 10
GREEK
-on the Peloponnesus of the Balkan Peninsula of Europe
- Greeks refer to themselves as “Hellenes”
- carpentry wrought in stone
Three periods of ancient Greek architecture
1) Helladic - Mycenean and Minoan (Cretan/ Aegean) architecture
incl. Treasury of Atreus in Mycenae
Palace of King Minos @ Knossus
labyrinth
minotaur
2) Hellenic - age of Classical Greek Architecture (Doric, Ionic and Corinthian)
- Under Pericles (444 BC to 429 BC), peak of Athenian prosperity
- Acropolis the citadel of Athens
- Incl. - Parthenon - Doric pseudo-dipteral octastylar temple
- - Erechtheum - incl. the Porch of the Maidens w/ caryatids
- canephorae – maidens with baskets
- - Propylaea - gateway structure to the whole complex
- - Temple of Nike Apteros
- - Stoa of Eumenes/ Attalus
- - odeion (Greek theater)
- - agora
- - pinacotheca - library/ archives
-
- stadium or hippodrome
- palaestra and gymnasium
- naval building
- tombs/ mausoleum
Elements of an Order
- tripartite vertical divisions (top-middle-bottom)
ENTABLATURE
Cornice (cyma recta; cyma reversa)
Frieze (metope alternating with triglyph)
Architrave
COLUMN
Capital (abacus; echinus; volute; acanthus + calliculus)
Shaft (fluting)
Base (scotia)
PEDESTAL (optional)
Cap
Dado/ die
Plinth

- exteriors
Pediment
Tympanum
Crepidoma versus stylobate
 vertical supports
column; engaged columns; anta; pilaster; baluster
female caryatids; canephorae
male atlantemoras; atlantes; telamones

Dentils
Acroterion
Antefixae
Guttae

On plan
Naos
pronaos
cella
opisthodomos

3) Hellenistic - decline of Greek civilization during the reign of Alexander the Great

ROMAN
- Trajan = most architecturally prolific Roman Emperor
- Constantine = 1st Christian Roman Emperor
2 main periods
1. Etruscan(750 BC to 146 BC) - basis of the Tuscan, the simplest Order (!:7 proportions; no
flutings on shaft)
2. Roman proper (146 BC to 365 AD)
- introduced Roman Doric (1:8 proportions) and the Composite
(1:10 proportions, combines Ionic volutes and Corinthian
capital)
- combined trabeated methods of construction with arch technology with the true (semicircular) arch
-arch >> vault >> barrel vault >> groined vault >> dome/ cupola

- introduced use of concrete, based on pozzolan aggregates

- methods of wall construction
> Opus Incertum - small stones, loose pattern resembling polygonal walling
> Opus Quadratum - rectangular blocks, with or without mortar joints
> Opus Reticulatum - net-like effect, with fine joints running diagonally

-bldg types
- rectangular temple - on top of a podium; versus Greek on top of crepidoma
Ex. Maison Carree, Nimes, France
- circular temple
Ex. Pantheon, Rome (do not confuse wit Pantheon in Paris)
 - one of largest domed structures in the world; incl. sunken ceiling
panels (lacunaria)
- built by Herod Agrippa
- interiors lit by single opening in the dome oculus
- named Sta. Maria Rotonda when it was converted to a Christian
church)

- forum - center of political, social and economic affairs of the city (ex. Forum Romanum)
- basilica - Roman hall of justice (ex. Basilica of Trajan); a prototype for latter-day Early
Christian church plans
- thermae (Roman public bath: calidarium; tepidarium; frigidarium; sudatorium;
Ex. Thermae of Caracalla; Thermae of Diocletian
- balneum (Roman private bath house)
- Roma dwellings
- domus - single-detached, single household residence in Roman cities
- insulae - tenement, multi-family, multi-level apartments in Roman cities
- villa - palatial countryside residential estate
- circus - for holding of chariot races; incl caceres; spina (ex. Circus Maximus; site of
present-day Piazza Navona)
- theater - semi-circular, similar to Greek prototypes; but with option of roofed “skene”
building (ex. Theater of Marcellus)
- amphitheater - full circular or elliptical; free-standing
(ex. Colosseum a.k.a. Flavian amphitheater- incl. velarium; vomitory)
- triumphal arch
- rostral column
- aqueduct - duct for channeling water from source unto the cities, carried on tiers
of multiple arches (ex. Pont du Gard, Nimes, France; in Segovia, Spain)
- town gates - controlled entries to gated Roman settlements (ex. Porta Nigra, Trier, Germany)

EARLY CHRISTIAN
- transformed pagan society to the established religion founded by Jesus Christ and confirmed by St. Peter, the first
Pope
- mostly recycling of building materials… and buildings themselves to accommodate the rites and activities of the new
religion
- incl. churches (basilican; polygonal; circular –ex. Sn. Stefano Rotondo, Rome); tombs; catacombs; baptisteries
- best example: old St. Peter’s (on the site of current St. Peter’s basilica)
- based on basilican (rectangular) plan with
nave - central region where laity congregate
aisle - side passageways
narthex - introductory for penitents
bema - precursor of transept @ extreme eastern end
campanile- bell tower
atrium - enclosed
apse - half-dome/ half-circle space @ midpoint of bema
baldachino- ornate canopy above the altar

BYZANTINE
- flourished as the Eastern Roman Empire while the Western Roman Empire would fall under the “Dark Ages”
- architectural style of even the current Eastern Churches (“Orthodox”); borne out of the “Great Schism”
- centered in Constantinople (Byzantium; New Rome) … now Istanbul; in the crossroads of Asia and Europe –
Bosporus- strategic geography; site of Hagia Sophia – without the minarets (Divine Wisdom) by Emperor Justinian
- also Moscow (St. Basil’s by Ivan the Terrible; example of tent-roof church surmounted
by individual bulbous domes); Kiev (Cathedral of St. Michael the
Arcangel); Venice (St. Mark’s)
- terminologies
Pendentive - spherical triangles to transform a square bay into a circular opening to
accommodate a drum or a dome
Greek cross - church plan with equal lengths of arms
Quincunx - arrangement of five defined bays on a nine-compartment plan
Conch - apsidal bay reserved for liturgical singer
Kokoshniki - array of ogee parapets on the roofs of Orthodox church buildings
Skeuophylakion – the Byzantine treasury house

-dome types
Saucer shaped dome (on pendentives) – ex. Hagia Sophia’s thin shell
Dome on drum
Dome on squinch - squinch = device to convert a square bay into an octagon/ polygon to
accommodate a dome/ drum
Moldavian dome series of increasingly smaller domes on top of each other with vertices
at centers of the sides of the dome below it

ROMANESQUE
- Early Medieval of Western Europe in the unified Holy Roman Empire after the “Dark Ages”
1. Italy
2. France
3. Spain
4. Germany
5. England
- unified by the first Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne
- Palatine Chapel, Aachen, Germany
- Crusades = the campaign to recapture Jerusalem & the Holy Land back to Christianity
Therefore KRAK - castles built by the Crusaders in the Holy Land
Ex. Krak des Chevaliers, Syria
Krak Hospitallers
- two prevailing building types (obsessed with security)
1. abbey church - ecclesiastical architecture
(attached to the monastic community- Cistercians;
Benedictines; Dominicans; Franciscans; etc.)
2. castle - secular architecture
Ex. Krak of the Holy Land
Norman (English Romanesque) castles
Tower of London, London
- typical motte and bailey castle
- best examples
Italy : Pisa Group (Lombard architecture)
Cathedral
Leaning Tower of Pisa (campanile)
Baptistery
Cemetery
: whole towns
Bologna - famous for “towers” symbolizing rival families’ status
San Gimignano - ditto-
Palmanova - example of a pre-planned Medieval city

France : centered in wine-growing Burgundy region

Notre Dame le Grande, Poitiers, France
Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen

Spain : Santiago de Compostela

Coca Castle - mamposteria

Germany: Carolingian architecture

Palatine Chapel
westwerk cathedrals - Worms Cathedral
- Church of the Apostles, Cologne
- Speyer Cathedral
England: Norman
Tower of London
Caernarvon Castle, Wales
Durham Cathedral

- other terminologies
Daub and wattle
Half-timber construction
Stave churches
Nave
Aisles
Chancel, choir, quire
Transept
Ambulatory
Apse

GOTHIC
- known as “Style Ogivale” by the French themselves; “Opus Francineum” to the rest of Europe EXCEPT the Italians
Giorgio Vasari = Italian of the Renaissance who coined the term “Gothic” to refer to the pointed architecture he and
the rest of the Italians abhorred, named after the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, the tribes which contributed to the
wholesale destruction of the Roman Empire during the “Dark Ages”
- incl. Late Medieval/ High Middle Ages
- started in France’s Ile de France region
- first Gothic structure - Abbey Church of St. Denis, near Paris
- characterized by pointed arches
Flying buttresses
Rib and panel vaulting
Stained glass windows with tracery
- best examples
France/ mainstream Gothic
Notre Dame, Paris
Chartres Cathedral
Reims Cathedral
Beauvais Cathedral - w/ collapsed nave
Bourges Cathedral

Cologne Cathedral - world’s tallest twin-spired Gothic cathedral (528’ high)

Ulm Cathedral - world’s tallest single-spired Gothic cathedral (530’ high)

England - start of the Reformation movement; ex. King Henry VIII (formed the Church of
England/ Anglican Church)
Westminster Abbey - unique in England because plan is similar to France/
mainstream Gothic
Salisbury Cathedral
Wells Cathedral - with relieving arches @ crossing
Kings College Chapel - most magnificent fan vaulting

Italy a.k.a. “Late Medieval”; debased Gothic

Milan Cathedral “duomo” – main church building in any Italian city
Siena Cathedral - famous for “zebra” cladding
Florence Cathedral - Sta. Maria del Fiore
? Italian Gothic ?; Late Medieval?; Early Renaissance?
- Arnulfo di Cambio original design
- Giotto campanile
- Filippo Brunelleschi dome
- first Renaissance architect
Also designed the Ospedale degli di Inocentis
(Foundling Hospital)
- first Renaissance building
- Florence = birthplace of the Renaissance

Doges Palace, Venice

Ca d’ Oro, Venice

RENAISSANCE
- from around A.D. 1452 ~ 1750 AD
- started in Italy, spread all throughout Europe and much of the colonized world (incl. Philippines, 1521 ~ 1898)
- rebirth of Classical thought
- founded in Florence
thru Filippo Brunelleschi
thru the 1st official Renaissance building Ospedale degli di Inocentis (Foundling Hospital), Florence
EARLY RENAISSANCE
- in Italy incl. “Trecento”; “Quattrocento”; “Cinquecento”
- transition from Gothic to Renaissance proper
- examples Palazzo Pit, nr. Florence
Palazzo Riccardi, Florence
Palazzo Vecchio, Florence
basic vertical levels of a palazzo
Basement
Piano nobile - w/ principal apartments
attic
Chateau de Chambord, France
Chateau de Chenonceaux, France
Azay- le- Rideau, France

Hardwick Hall, England - “Hardwick Hall…

… all window; no wall.”
Wollaton Hall, England

- Italian Renaissance has a tendency for horizontality (corbel table; sting course; pediments; other
Classical motifs; and a tendency to hide the roof itself
- French Renaissance has a tendency for verticality (high pitched roofs; chimneys; dormer < lucarne>;
< oeil-de-bouef = ox eye windows; oculus> turrets … and other elements which give a variegated
silhouette)

HIGH RENAISSANCE/ MANNERIST/ PROTO-BAROQUE

- reappearance of the Classical Orders (SEE MNEMONICS AS COMPILED BY W. CHAMBERS)
- prominent personalities emerged incl:
MICHELANGELO Buonarot (early career)
- Laurentian Library, Florence
Andrea PALLADIO - considered 1st professional architect of the western world
designed the VILLA CAPRA (Villa Rotonda), Vicenza
a basis of Palladian villas later on (even influenced Thomas Jefferson –
Monticello)
Iňigo Jones - the “Welsh wizard” of English Renaissance
designed the Whitehall Banqueting Hall, London
BAROQUE
- peak of the Renaissance, started in Rome
- prominent personalities
MICHELANGELO Buonarot (latter career)
Part of design team involved with St. Peter’s, Vatican City
design team of St. Peter’s
Donato Bramante - winner of design competition; in Greek cross
Raphael
Peruzzi
Carlo Maderna - introduced the enormous portico with Corinthian pilasters
 Michelangelo himself
Bernini - piazza and the enclosing colonnade of the Tuscan Order
etc.
- in Italy, Baroque was used to portray the power of the Roman Catholic Church thru the Counter
Reformation therefore Jesuits built Il Gesu, Rome
- used scroll buttresses
- elsewhere, Baroque in its restrained form was also use to portray the increasing influence of the
Reformed Churches (ex. Church of England)

- San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (San Carlino), Rome

- featuring oval (favorite motif of the Renaissance) cartouche on pediment; even floor plan is
oval

- landscaping and the related discipline of interior design emerged/ exemplified in the
Versailles residence of the French monarchy (King Louis XIV; “The Sun King”)
- chateau designed by Louis le Vau
- interiors (Galerie des Glaces; Hall of Mirrors) designed by -----------
- landscape designed by Andre le Notre
in French “Grand Style” of formal landscaping
topiary
parterre
bosco/ bosque
follies
gazebo
pergola
ramada
kiosk

incl Petit Trianon

small chateau which provided the prototype for many Neo-Classical
government buildings in the Philippines built during the American
Colonial period incl:
Davao City Hall
Boac Municipal Hall, Marinduque
Tarlac Provincial Capitol, Tarlac
etc.

- in England, Baroque was restrained in character

Ex. St. Paul’s’ London (Church of England/ Anglican)
by Sir Christopher Wren
- also designed numerous London churches, after the 1666 fire
St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields, London
by James Gibbs; precursor of single-spired Protestant churches in England
and the US later later on

- “Earthquake Baroque” ~ Spanish Baroque brought over from motherland Spain to its new colony in
the Far East, the Philippines
 ROCOCO
- latter phase of the Baroque; predominantly a Roman Catholic architectural phenomena
- from “rocaile”, French for flawed pearl; but reached its peak in Central Europe (southern
Germany; Austria)
Ex. Vierzehnhieligen, Germany - Church of the Fourteen Helper Saints
Ottobeuren, Germany
Asamkirche, Munich
Karlskirche, Vienna, Austria
Residenz, Potsdam, Germany
Borsen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- featuring dragon tail spire above roof

REVIVALISM
- incl. “Battle of Styles” in architecture
including Antiquarianism
prolongation of the past historical styles
rivalry between Classicism (the Orders) versus Anti-Classicism (basically pro-Medieval)
Neo-classicism
Example the Federal buildings of Washington, DC
U.S. Capitol
Lincoln Memorial
Washington Memorial 555’ high obelisk
Jefferson Memorial
Victorian
- basically a domestic style of architecture (“haunted house”); Gingerbread Gothic; Queen
Anne; Farmer’s Gothic
- St. Pancras Railway Station, London- similar to Gothic Eclectic
Industrial architecture = foundations of the Modern
- contributions of engineering to architecture
EIFFEL TOWER
CRYSTAL PALACE
CLIFTON SUSPENSION BRIDGE
FIRTH OF FORTH RAILWAY BRIDGE

Eclecticism
- mixture of styles with one prevailing character
- Ecole des Beaux Arts, the French academy of fine arts promoting the prolongation of
historic styles
Equitable Building, 1915 (120 Broadway), New York City
Boston Public Library, Massachusetts
by McKim, Mead and White
 National Romanticism
- started as a Scandinavian movement
Stockholm Town Hall (Stadhuis), Sweden
by Ragnar Ostberg
Grundtvig Church, Copenhagen - inspiration for Baclaran Church, Paranaque
by J.V. Klimt

MODERNISM
- all architectural styles which do not look at the past; forward-looking, geared towards an improved, anticipated
futuristic way of life
- from late 19th century to the present
incl. “Fin-de-sieclism” – all styles covering the end of the 19 th to the start of the 20th century
- related: Central Park = New York’s “lungs of the city”; Frederick Law Olmsted + Calvert Vaux
Early Modernism
Art Nouveau from 1890’s to 1910’s
Started in Belgium
Examples Hotel Tassel, Brussels
works of Hector Guimard (Paris Metro subway entrances)
works of Antonio Gaudi (of Barcelona)
Casa Mila
Casa Batllo
Parc Guell
Church of the Sagrada Familia
works of Adolf Loos (“Ornament is crime.”) under Secession
contemporaries and derivatives known as other names in different countries
Modernisme in Spain
Stile Liberte in Italy
Jugendstihl in Germany
Cubism in Czechoslovakia
Chicago School in U.S.A.

Art Deco from 1925 to 1940’s; onwards

Jazz Moderne; Zigzag Moderne; Sreamline Moderne; Moderne
Examples Chrysler Building, NYC
Empire State Building, NYC
Metropolitan Theater (The Met), Manila

Neue Sachlikheit German for “New Objecivity”

Characterized by buildings with rounded corners and motifs
borrowed from ocean liner designs; ex. Coca Cola Bottling Plant, Los
Angeles, CA
 Constructivism early 20th century avant-garde Modernism of Russia
exemplars incl. Vladimir Tatlin
Designed (unbuilt) Tatlin Tower
Wassily Kandinsky

International Style
- peak of Modernism; from 1932 to 1960’s; onwards
- “Form ever follows function.”
- “Form follows function.”
- “Less is more.”
- “God is in the details.”

Examples Villa Savoie Le Corbusier

Farnsworth House Mies van der Rohe
Lever House SOM
Seagram Building Mies + Philip Johhnson
Sears Tower (Willis Tower)
SOM
original World Trade Center, NYC
Minoru Yamasaki with
Emery Roth & Sons

Expressionism
- Modernism according to the innermost emotions of the designer; usually curvilinear in form
Guggenheim Museum, NYC Frank Lloyd Wright
Sydney Opera House Jorn Utzon
TWA Terminal, JFK International Airport, NYC Eero Saarinen

Contemporary architecture
Neo-historicism using history as cartoons
McMansions; Mediterranean upscale residential developments
Piazza d’ Italia, New Orleans Charles Moore
Venice Piazza @ McKinley Hill, Fort Bonifacio Global City
Pop architecture of Las Vegas

Post-Modernism “Less is a bore.” declared by Robert Venturi in 1968

 designed his mothers house
A.T.&T. (Sony) Tower, NYC by Philip Johnson + John Burgee
Portland Building by Michael Graves
Humana Buildng by Michael Graves

Pruitt-Igoe housing scheme, St. Louis, Missouri

by Minoru Yamasaki
demolition started the beginning of the end of Modernism
Deconstructivism
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain Frank Gehry
made of titanium
Beekman Tower or New York by Gehry (8 Spruce Street), NYC
Frank Gehry
Century Spire, Makati
Daniel Libeskind

current crop of “evolutionary architecture”/ Late Styles include genres like

Parametricism
initiated by Zaha Hadid with partner Patrick Schumacher

Meta-rationalism

Meta- modernism
 NON-WESTERN ARCHITECTURE

1. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
- founded 632 AD by the Prophet Mohammad in Mecca and Medina and spread all thruout the Middle East
- Sunni (majority) versus Shiite (Iran, Yemen, elsewhere)
- basic elements incl. kibla
Mosque
Masjid
Jami masjid
Camii
Madrassah
Mihrab
imam
Minaret
muezzin
Muqarnas
Arabesque
Harem
Selamlik
Sahn
- court; courtyard esp. for ablutions
*
- see case of triangular court of Masjid-i-Shah , Isfahan, Iran
Iwan

ARABIAN Ka’aba, Mecca

Kubbet-es-Sakhra, Jerusalem (Dome of the Rock)
Ummayad Mosque, Damascus
Mehmet Ali Mosque, Cairo

MOORISH Kairouan Mosque, Tunisia - dome rarely used

Great Mosque of Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco

HISPANIC-MOORISH/ SARACENIC - domes rarely used

The Alhambra, Granada, Spain
La Mezquita, Cordoba, Spain famous for interlocking arches
La Giralda, Seville, Spain

PERSIAN *
Masjid-i-Shah , Isfahan, Iran
Gur-i-Mir, Uzbekistan
Tomb of Ismail the Samanid, Uzbekistan
* masjid complex bends main axis of the maidan (park)
towards Mecca- showing importance of the kibla
 in Islamic planning

MOGUL Taj Mahal, Agra, India

Gol Gumbaz, India
Tomb of Itimad-al-Daula, Delhi, India
Great Mosque of Lahore, Pakistan

OTTOMAN Ayasofya Camii (Hagia Sophia converted to mosque)

Suleymaniye Camii, Istanbul
Sultanahmet Camii (Blue Mosque), Istanbul
Mostar, Bosnia-Hercegovina

Eclectic styles of Islamic Architecture

old Kuala Lumpur Railway Station, Malaysia (“British-Moorish”)
Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumur (“Neo-Mudejar”)

2. HINDU ARCHITECTURE incl. India and South Asia

- include some of earliest cities Mohenjo-daro
Indo-Harappa
- broadly classified into Aryans of northern Indian cultures and Dravidians of southern India
- Hinduism is oldest established major world religion with no distinct founder
- incl. the Hindu trimurti of Brahma, the Creator; Vishnu, the Preserver; and Shiva, the Destroyer
- India is the great motherland of South Asia, whose influence expanded to adjacent regions creating
“Magna India”
- northwards & northwestward towards the Himalayas (incl. Nepal, Tibet & Afghanistan)
- southwards towards Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon)
- eastwards towards : mainland Southeast Asia (incl. Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia & Champa)
: maritime Southeast Asia, Indonesia (incl. Majapahit, Sri Vihaya & Mattaram
dynasties)

- basic architectural elements

Vashthu Parts of a Hindu temple (ex. Kandarya Other examples of Hindu architecture
Mahadev, Khajuraho, India- a.k.a.
Temple of the Kama Sutra)
Mandala Garbha-griha Angkor Wat, Cambodia
Vimana Pradakshina-patha ghats @ Varanasi, India
Sikra Lingam Surya Temple, Konarak, India
Gopuram Maha-mandap Prambanan, Java, Indonesia
Mithuna Mandap
Avatar Mukha-mandap Other religions and best examples in India and
South Asia
surasundar Jainism- Dilwarra Temples in Mt. Abu, India
kalasa Sikhism- Golden Temple of Amritsar, India
Lamaism- Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet
Bhutanese bonpo – dzong @ Thimphu
 Parsism (in India); Zoroastrianism (in Iran) –
dhakma (for sky burial)

3. BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
- founded in Lumpini, India by Siddharta Gautama (The Buddha); spread throughout South Asia, Southeast
Asia, the Himalayas and East Asia
- shares some common elements with Hinduism
Nirvana
reincarnation
Mandala
Mt. Meru
- architectural terminologies & best examples
½) stupa stambha
Dagaba- Sri Lanka chaitya
Gumba- Nepal Watada-ge
Chorten- Tibet sigiriya
Yasti- Burma lovamahapaya
Chedi- Thailand pokunas
2/2) pagoda Great Stupa @ Sanchi, India
Ta’i- China Shwe Dagon Pagoda#, Rangoon
Ta’p- Korea Swayambunath, Kathmandu
T’o- Japan Borobudur, Indonesia
Bamiyan, Afghanistan
Daibutsuden, Todaiji, Japan
The Bayon @ Angkor Thom, Angkor, Cambodia

Architecture of East Asia (unified by Confucian philosophies, Buddhism and indigenous cultures)

CHINA – fengshui; Great Wall of China; Shi Huang Ti; pai-lou; Forbidden City
KOREA- nandaemun (southern gateway); Kwongju Palace, South Korea
JAPAN – Shintoism; ken; tatami; shoji; Castle of the White Heron, Himeji, Japan

4. PRECOLUMBIAN ARCHITECTURE
North America
Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde, Colorado
by the Anasazi Indians
pueblo dwellings, Taos, New Mexico
Cahokia culture in Mississippi incl. Monk’s Mound
teepee; wigwam; hogan; chickee;

Meso America
Maya
Chichen Itza; Tikal; Palenque; sacred ball game (poc-ta-poc)
Olmecs; Toltecs; Zapotecs; Mixtecs
Aztec
tlamictiliztli: Mexico City = twin cities of Teotihuacan? Tenochtitlan? and
Tlatelolco in Lake Texcoco
 South America
Inca
Cuzco (“navel of the world”; layout depicting the form of a puma;
Sacsahuaman; Tiahuanaco; Lake Titicaca
Macchu Picchu – most extant mountain fortress in the Andes
Puma Puku - Andean settlement established by unknown
civilization abandoned long before Incas
emerged

5. Architecture of other non-Western cultures and religions

other Asian religions

Jainism Dilwarra temples @ Mt. Abu
Sikhhism Golden Temple @ Amritsar
Parsism dhakma

Sub-Saharan Africa
Great Mosque @ Djenne, Mali
= largest mud structure in the world
Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabawe

Austronesia
3 most extant/ megalithic landmarks
- moai and the ahu of Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
- Nan Madol, Ponape, Micronesia
- Ifugao Rice Terraces (Banaue; Hungduan; Mayoyao)
1) muyong mountaintop watershed forest
2) pay-ew terraced rice paddies
3) wang-wang mid-valley river

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
1. Pre-colonial before 1521 AD (based on Austronesian)
- Cordilleras/ Igorot
- Ifugao fal-e
- Halipan
- Kankanaey binangi - indoor granary w/ own roof at the heart
of the house
- Ifontok fay-u - indoor granary w/o roof at the heart of
the house
- Ibaloi dema - house of the upper class
- Kalinga binalyon - octagonal native dwelling
- Apayao binuron - boat-shape roof similar to
Austronesian prototypes
- Tinggian abung - closest in form to Ilocano kalapaw
- Gaddang kulub - corral integrated unto house cage
- Ilongot qabung - simple gable-roofed dwelling but can
accommodate multiple famil

 download “Cordillera Architecture” by William Henry Scott

“To Dwell in the Granary” by Koji Sato
both available online

- Moros Maranao mala-a-walai basic dwelling

- torogan house of the datu
- Panolong
- Okir - fern-like
- Naga - serpent like
-
-
-
- Mainstream/ lowland NIPA HUT in different nomenclature
- Tagalog bahay kubo
- Cebuano payag
- Ilocano kalapaw
- Bikolano harong
- Kapampangan balungbong
- Pangasinese alulong
- Lumad
- T’boli gunu bong big house
- gunu taugna small house
- Beng tembo – hopper window doubling as utility
rack when opened
- B’laan gumne
-

2. Spanish Colonial from 1521 to 1898

a) Bahay-na-bato arquitectura mestiza
- in plan zaguan
Aljibe
Patio
Bodega

Caida
Sala
Comedor
 Cocina
Entresuelo - secret room
Cuarto
Balconaje
Azotea - service yard

- in profile barandillas
cal y canto wall system

Ventanilla
Ventana
Capiz inlaid sliding windows
Espejo

b) Earthquake Baroque (Peripheral Baroque) churches

- 4 UNESCO-cited RP churches in:
i. Paoay, Ilocos Norte
ii. Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur
iii. Miag-ao, Iloilo
iv. San Augustine, Intramuros

3. American Colonial from 1898 to 1945

- Neo-classical architecture for government bldgs.
Ex. National Museum (formerly Legislative Building)
Juan Arellano
- educational buildings - gabaldon type of school house
- domestic architecture - Victorian houses
- commercial architecture - Art Deco
movie houses along Escolta

4. Contemporary period from 1945 to present

- Modernism, Post Modernism and contemporary styles
- Tropical Regionalism
- Modernism attuned to the hot, humid context of the Philippines
incl. the Marcosian (1970’s) 5-star hotels, 14# in Metro Manila; 1 in
Baguio (Hyatt Terraces)

- Leandro Locsin
champion of Filipino Modernism
works incl.
Cultural Center of the Philippines
Folk Arts Theater
PhilCITE (now turned into Star City complex)
Manila Hotel (17-story guestroom block addition to the
landmark structure by William Parsons)
Hotel Intercontinental Manila (demolished)
Manila Mandarin Hotel (demolished)
 Benguet Center @ Ortigas Center (demolished to make
way for the BDO headquarters designed by
Arquitectonica)
Hyatt Regency Manila (bastardized into “Midas Hotel”)
old Davao City airport terminal buildings
- used Austronesian “saddle-back” roof long
before the concept of Austronesian was
established
Istana Palace, Brunei
- royal palace complex for ruling Sultan Hassanal
Bolkiah; also used Austronesian “saddle-back”
roof long before the concept of Austronesian
was established

- Francisco Maňosa
-w/ brothers Jose & Antonio, designed San Miguel Corp.
headquarters in Ortigas
- Coconut Palace
- other Neo-Vernacular designs with bahay-kubo as inspiration
- died February 2019 as National Artist for Architecture

- other noteworthy Filipino architects

Gabriel Formoso
advocate of “Tropical Regionalism”
incl. 5-star hotel designs with “saw-tooth” floorplates
Regent of Manila, Roxas Blvd cor EDSA
now Heritage Hotel

Pablo Antonio
Art Deco specialist incl
FEU main campus bldgs.
theaters in Escolta & Avenida Rizal

Juan Nakpil
with son, Angel designed Philippine Village Hotel, NAIA
complex

Tomas Mapua
W.V. Coscolouella

- hi-rise developments
 - @ former site of International School, Makati along Kalayaan Avenue,
parceled into Century City and Picar Place right beside each other,
collectively comprise perhaps the highest concentration of highest
density, high rise real estate development anywhere in the Philippines-
incidentally becoming a showcase of prominent architects showcasing their
versions of international architecture for the country
1. Century City: Gramercy Residences*- Jon Jerde + Rogelio
Villarosa;
: Trump Tower Manila by David Pomelroy;
: Century Spire – Daniel Libeskind;
: Knightsbridge Residences;
: Milano Residences;
: Century Mall

- versus –

2. Picar Place : Stratford Residences* – Pedro Recio of

Rchitects; currently
stalled construction
:(aborted) design of Zaha Hadid
: stalled designs of Movenpick hotel
: Buddha Bar Manila

* filed a legal case against each other for title of “Philippines’

tallest”

- Grand Hyatt Manila = current tallest building in the Philippines designed

by Wong & Ouyang (Hong Kong) with ???? as local Philippine counterpart

- “foreign consultants” practicing their profession in the country incl:

SOM Skidmore, Owings & Merrill works:
PBCom Tower, Ayala Avenue
RCBC Plaza, Ayala Avenue cor. Buendia Avenue
ADB Asian Development Bank, Ortigas
etc.

KPF Kohn Pedersen Fox works:

LKG Tower, Ayala Avenue
Metrobank GT Tower, Ayala Avenue

Arquitectonica
- Miami-based architectural firm which promoted Postmodernism
during the 1980’s
- works in the Philippines incl.
Pacific Plaza, Fort Bonifacio Global City
SM Mall of Asia (w/ local counterpart Robert Carag Ong)
 SMX Convention Center
SM Mall of Asia Arena
SM Aura, Taguig
SM Megamall Tower
SM City Cebu

the pioneer luxury “Dekada ‘70” luxury hotels of the Philippines’ “Golden Age of Architecture” of Tropical
Regionalism
Original name Date of location architect distinction Current state as of first
completion semester of 2019

1 MANILA HILTON 1968 Ermita, Welton Becket w/ Penthouse w/ early Under renovation
Manila Carlos Arguelles attempts of currently under the
“Austronesia” finials “Pavilion Hotel” name
2 HYATT REGENCY 1969 Pasay City Leandro V. Locsin One of Locsin’s Roxas Boulevard
MANILA earliest applications frontage drastically
of “sawtooth” altered to become
floorplate “Midas Hotel”
3 MANILA HOTEL 1917; Rizal William Parsons Old structure in Intact despite past
1974 Park, (1917); Leandro V. “California Mission episode of hotel’s
Manila Locsin (1974) Style”; new name tackily painted
guestroom tower in on tower’s topmost
Tropical Regionalism pent toof
4 SILAHIS 1974 Malate, Rogelio G. Villarosa Half-round “scallop” Abandoned, but
INTERNATIONAL Manila bay windows for all building still standing,
HOTEL guestrooms; RP’s 1st awaiting resuscitation
use of scenic elevator
5 CENTURY PARK 1974 Ermita, Ruperto C. Gaite Equilateral triangle Relatively intact, but
SHERATON Manila floor plate with named simply
extended end walls “Century Park Hotel”
further detailed with
triangular bays per
guestroom
6 MANILA MIDTOWN 1976 Malate, Arcenas, Payumo, Largest building ever Whole complex
RAMADA Manila Dee & Andrews demolished in the replaced by
Philippines (22 Robinson’s Place
storeys) that went shopping mall; with
unnoticed, usual cookie-cutter
unprotested condominium towers
7 HOLIDAY INN 1975 Pasay City Carlos Arguelles Classic sawtooth- Later renamed
MANILA floorplate building Traders Hotel; then
relatively intact Jen Hotel
8 PHILIPPINE PLAZA 1976 Manila Leandro V. Locsin 700 room guestroom Managed later by
HOTEL tower relatively Westin Hotels;
intact; landscaping by currently under Sofitel
pioneer Ildefonso de hotels chain
los Santos management
9 REGENT OF MANILA 1976 Pasay City Gabriel Formoso Classic sawtooth- Renamed Heritage
floorplate building Hotel after renovation
relatively intact but after a 1980’s fire
with addition of
grotesque Baroque
ground floor entrance
pavilion to its casino
10 MANILA MANDARIN 1977 Makati Leandro V. Locsin Unique triangular Demolished 2017 &
HOTEL floorplate detailed replaced with a glass
further with triangular box replacement
bays vertically designed by no less
expressed at exteriors than Leandro Locsin’s
son
11 MANILA PENINSULA 1978 Makati Gabriel Formoso Twin 11-story Intact except for the
buildings straddling remodeling of IP
the corner of Ayala & Santos’ modernist
Makati Avenues landscaping into faux
 Baroque folly
12 HOTEL 1978 Makati Leandro V. Locsin One of first bldgs. in Demolished; to be
INTERCONTINENTAL then Makati replaced by generic
MANILA Commercial Center , cookie-cutter glass
in International Style box high rises
13 MANILA GARDEN 1977 Makati Gabriel Fomoso Y-shaped floor plate Went under various
HOTEL along EDSA in the managements incl.
Makati Commercial Nikko, Dusit, etc;
Center currently named Dusit
Thani Manila vis-a-vis
the famous Bangkok
hotel
14 PHILIPPINE 1974 Paraňaque Nakpil & Sons Tropical Regionalism Building still standing
VILLAGE HOTEL expressed in a 9- within NAIA complex
storey horizontally but awaiting
white slab, with resuscitation,
individual brise-soleil hopefully not
canopies per demolition
guestroom

other noteworthy hotel buildings of the Marcos era

HYATT TERRACES 1976? Baguio Fiorelio Estuar Modeled after Totally destroyed in
City Contemporary Resort 1990 earthquake;
BAGUIO Hotel in Walt Disney with numerous
World, Florida- but in casualties
front only
McADORE 1977? Dagupan ? Located in the city’s Currently abandoned,
City messy central but building still
INTERNATIONAL market; equipped standing
PALACE with a revolving
restaurant
FORT ILOCANDIA 1976? Laoag Jorge Ramos Intended to be a 5- Building & complex
City star reincarnation of relatively intact
RESORT HOTEL a “bahay-na-bato”
but with little visual
success
CEBU PLAZA HOTEL 1976? Cebu ? Building relatively Currently managed
City intact by Marco Polo Hotels
INSULAR HOTEL 1972? Davao Leandro V. Locsin Pioneering work of Currently managed
City Locsin adapting by Waterfront Hotels
Mindanao motifs, set group
amidst a seaside
tropical landscape