O0

USARMY INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED RUSSIAN

O0N

EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES

r1

(jI~TUDENT RESEAIC. RErM-

C). COPEESVE NA TEANATION
THEoSOVIETNVAL
F-Ot INFANTRY.

ARMISCH GERMANY

APO NEW YORK 09053 ,4-

• -
 A COMPRE1.-ENSIV,
EXAMINATTON OF THM
SOVILT NAVAL INFANTRY.

"2•.- Edward G. Lewis

Capt USMC

U.S. Army Russian institute

APO New York 09053

11 July 1977
 of
project represents fulfillmenr
This research
a student requirement fo- successful completion of the
overseas phase of
Army's Foreji:n Areatraininy,
Officer ofProgram
the Department
(Russian), of the

k Otly unclassified sources are used in producing

the research paper. The opinions, value Judgments and
conclusions expressed are those of the author and in 0
no way reflect official policy of the United States :
Government; Department of Defense; Department of the
Army; Office of the Assistant. Chief of Staff of Intel-
ligence; or the United states Army Institute for !!
Advanced Russian and East European Studies.

Interested readers are invited to send their

comments to the Commander of the Instit

A
e.

L"MC. M
Commander

L'rc.
al, -ýA

In
I fl
M
,,.c:.
'
 \, "lTAU 1,. (1,W O i'lI'''.

U141~ X iv

I NT'RODUc'L'I ON 1
SOVIET NAVAL INFANTRY

1, Re-cstablishment 6
2. Basi c Ch~aracterisL 1(.s or' tnr Sovie t
Ma rinle-,
3. Training and Litar-Mduia
11
49
t
4. Equipment and Ve:iI.unsin 72
5. Amphibious
Aircraftt Shiiupirij, and Mitlitary 77
6. Amphibious Trainiirv,- Exerciaes;, 81
7. Command Structure,. , 88
8. Order of Bat•tle, --. 92
CONCLUSIONS And RECOM'YENDATTONS 100 !
Ak:PENDI CES .!
A.C efiniti ons, 106:•
B. Maps
C. Equipment Characteristics, 119
D. Weapon Cbaracteristics, 121
E. Characteristics of Amphibious Ships, 126
F. Military Aircraft, 132
G. Deployment of Amptibious Ships, 134
H. Soviet Marine Officers, 138
I.,Command Structure (Approximate)-) 154
J. Order of Battle CL'iracteri•;tics, , 162
K. Soviet Ground Forc,,s Order of Battle, 175
FOUTOTES183
b I.BLI OG HAPHY
Soviet Sources 208
Western Sources 229

Sii
 In the period fo] Iowirg World War II, the Soviet

gover'imnt disbandud Lkeir f£-mous nava1 infantry units.

however, on July 24, 1964, the first public announcement

of -i "new" Soviet Ni,.ivt Inifantry was printed in the

Suviet newspaper, Kr;jsnaia , vezda: (Red Star). Since the

e:'rly 1960's, this "new" Soviet Naval Infantry has grown

in .•ize, has improved its ci'pabilities, and now presents

:i formidable weapon in t1e defense arsenal of the Soviet

,ove r mren It.

What is this "new weapon" - the Soviet N~aval

Infantry and what exactly is a Soviet Marine?

To answer these questions, the author has under-

taken the analysis and comparison of the many Soviet/

Western sources, avallable at the U.S. Army Russian

Institute, Garmisch, Germany, which describe various

facets of the Soviet Naval Infantry during the period

1964-1977. The author provides a clear, concise under-
standing and evaluation of the qualitative and quantita-
tive aspects of this "new" Soviet N~aval Infantry, inclu-
aring the characteristics of today's Soviet Marine, his

r.8pabilities, and his Order of Battle. The author thus

provides a strong foundation from which can be evaluated
the Soviet Marine's tactics and potential missions.

iv
 I NTft VDUCflON

What is this "new w,..,pun" in thu ioviet defensic

arsenal, as published in K'asnaia 4vczda (Red Star) on

July 24. 1964, - the Soviet Naval Infantry? What exactly

is a Soviet Marine? This research paper proposes to

answer exactly these two que3stionrs. In crder to provide

a complete understanding arid evaluation of today's Soviet

Naval Infantry, this paper is organized thuslys 1) to

evaluate the individual Soviet Marine and the environ-

ment in which he lives and works, 2) to evaluate the

equipment that he uses to perform hij work, 3) to eval-

uate the functioning of the Soviet Naval Infantry units,

4) to establish the command structure of these Soviet

Naval Infantry units, ana 5) to evaluate and determine

what the Order of Battle is for the Soviet Naval Infantry.
More specifically, Chapter 1 will include a dis-
cussion of the re-establishment of the Soviet Naval
Infantry in the early 19601-.
Chapter 2 will examnine the procedures to become

a Marine. Specific details of the life and work of a

Soviet Marine will be analy-ed - thu location of the

various Naval Infantry basec, including those of the

other Warsaw Pact countriesl the MNrine's uniformsi his

daily schedule; and his liviri, conditions. Morale and

discipline problems will be evaluated. The rank

structure and career patt,:rns withi, the Naval Infantry

will be discusscid. FinAlly, the qualities which are

expected of a Soviet Marir,,, will be p.resented.

Chapter 3 will examino the opecific training and

education that a Soviet Mftr'ir' receives including pre-

induction, recruit training,-, and unit training. Speci-

fic subjects taught in the :ireaa of infantry, naval,

political, physical, and vpecialty training will be pre-

sented. The Soviet Marine's daily training schedule and

the training methods and areas will be described. In

addition. the training and oducation of officers will

be presented.

Chapter 4 will describo the characteristics of

the types of equipment and weapons which are used by

the Soviet Naval Infantry, includind. special training

uniforms and equipment.

Chapter 5 will presont information on the various

amphibious ships which are used by the Soviet Naval

Infantry and other Warsaw Pact countries. This infor-

mation will include characteristics and capabilities of

these ships. Data on the distribution by fleet of these

snips is also presented. T'here will also be an exami-

nation of the new developmernt and use of Air Cushion V

Vehicles by the Soviet Naval Infantry. Finally, infor-

mation on various naval aircraft which are and could be

"iJ
 in con juncti on wl h .. ,v ii. t •, ,a1 Infantry acti vi. tie-
wil] be presented.

Clipter 6 will x'Iri r: the v••vrious types of' trainriing

,.,urclcses in which the Soviet Naval InftAritrj has partici- 1
pateoJ. These exerci-es eor.:ist of ',irge scale training
exercises, includin: thoue exerciseio with other Warsaw
PacL countries, and 'tddi tlurvil deploymients of amphibious I
ihlpping.. Information perL:,ining, to these catagories
will include location and date of exercise and general
r'harracteristics of' the uxero±rse.

Chapter 7 will prc.ent the co:nmind structure of

the Soviet Naval Infantry, to incilude th. rna~mes of offi-
(:er,3, t.heir rariks, *trnd tLv !ype of uniL which they corn-
trianded. Thus arn approx *;-t,! Order of Battle will be
developed,
Chapter 8 wili examir.ine the size and type of units
of th"c Soviet Naval Infayr.try in attumpting to determine
hIi
i11- Order of Battle. Thit; examination will be based
upon the facts pre:eited by the vw.rioue Sovie•t./estern
sources and the impact of !.he approximate Order of
IBattle. obtained from tka, command ,;tructure in Chap-ter
7. Information regz.rdine the sizo and type of units

in oLher Warsaw Pact countc'ies will also be presented.

As mentior,ed above For Chapters '5,. 6, and
8, information on variouv a:npects of the other Warsaw

i 3
1'.cL countries will be pz,,tzed Huwtvur, thin; infur-

Inttion will include orily Lh:,iL gi ut,(,•d J roi ti!#, :;,zc

u:ed durin.; the rlnarc-h eo, the ;uvittt uwv.1 Infan'try.

Thus, ±Ince the urphktsis uw' thi'- paper is the Soviet
Naval Infantry, the inf'orm:,tion on tie other Warsaw

Pact countries will be incomplett..

The mn.in text of t.hi.: paper 1r, further supported
by Ap,.-ndices A through K which provide definitions. 'i
maps, and detailed inforrnztion on equipment, weapons,

rhips, aircraft, Soviet Mar'ite officers, and Order of

Battle.
A research paper of this riatur'u, where numerous

sources on the SoviAt Nav•.i Irnfarntry kave been analyzed

and evaluated, always brir,:; up additional questions

which, due to the present luck of informution or evi-
dence, need to be further roeearched. The answers to
these questions would ceti;rily enhunce a fuller under-
standing of the Soviet Naval Infantry. These questions

which have arisen during the author's research are in-

cluded at the end of the mwain text in conjunction with it

thr- final conclusions and r,:commend-tjions of t%.e author.
Finally, to present as coomplete a picture and
av. ful' an understanding 1 ,.oss1,blpon the available I-

information on the Soviet N;,vwl Infantry, the author

utiiized an extensive coll(!ction of SovietAestern

4i
.JurC:uc: , ; al lint; wi LIt v:' r i pt.;p
tLr CL
t- u 1ovi
t,,h4..
h

Nwt l Infantry, '11hi.; ,'X( ,i vQ I t. i (j.,r•r•thy i: i, I Lei.-

(1(.d ;Vi th this p tp:r ill oC d,'- to jruvid, U raf 'trwe

:ourco To"
•'uturc rp •tarct t-ci
lu ut.ilJ,. . ?,.4rJy itUr'e- "

wore not included irt Lhis tliblJog.r-,,hy, 1n1Ludi.nj,

1) those sources; de:ilinC with the Sovie Ntv..l Infantry,

but which were un'-vailabl: Ao thc author :;it the time

of this report (example; Inrine Corps Gzfzutte prior to

1976, Seapower and var-ious Nurwvji;,n, Wuzt German,

Polish, and East. Gernar, siuure.es), .) articlus dealing

1
with the historical aspiecL of' ti., Soviet Navk~l Infantry,
and 3) those "trticlce dedillr,j:- nol. with the Soviet Naval ]
Infantry but with the Sovi,-t N:iuvy -,ndi its appliCatiorn
toward future missions Fnd c'pthbililies. These omitted
sources certainly would cor r.-in informa'tion applicable
to further research in other aspects of the Soviet Naval
Infantry.
Thus, the organizat-.on of this research paper has

been briefly described. It is now time to turn to the

detailed investigation of the Sovint Naval Infantry

an~d find out "What exactly j.3; a Soviet Marine?"

5

~1
 Ch!tpLeur I I
HE 4STAbidiSk~htLNT
Of The
:tVIzT ijiViL IrNFArNTHY

At the end of World War II, the Soviet Naval In-

funtry consisted of 330,(00 men1 and had participated in

operations. 2 The Naval Infantry had earned

1i3 amphibious

their place in Soviet naval history by their courage and

tenacity in battle areý their strong fighting spirit. The

Germans held the Soviet Naval Infantry in high regard and

honored them with the titles. "Black Death", "Black Devil"3 1

"Black Cloud" and "Black Cominissar".
4 The word, black,

referred to their distinctive uniforms.

After the war, the Soviet Naval Infantry was appar-

'1
ently disbanded. Except for historical articles, there

were never published any Soviet articles pertaining to a

current Sovlet Naval InfanLry until July 24, 1964. On

that date, the Soiet newspaper. Krasnaia vezdia (Red Star)

published three articles with pictures of the current and

apparently new Soviet Naval Infantry. 5 Since that date,

numerous articles have appeared in various Soviet news-

papers and periodicals, discussing their Naval Infantry.

In addition, many Western historians and analysts have

written articles pertaining to the new Soviet Naval Infantry.

Unfortunately, many of these Western writers have

assumed that the new Naval Infantry wai re-cstablished

on July 24., 1964. This could hardly be the cast, even

if you only Cortulaered the logistical and administrativs

problems involved in re-establishing a military organi-

sation. A Soviet naval dictionary, published in 1959,

states that the Naval Infantry as a special branch of

6 Therefore,
the Soviet Navy is currently abolished. the

Soviet Naval Infantry was re-established between 1959 and

July 24, 1964.

The exact date is unknown; however, several

Western authors do indicate various earlier time periods

for the re-activation. These include S.W. Beach, C.G.

Jacobsen , H. MccOwalre, and C.C. Pritchard -, 19631 R. Bonuts

and J.E. Moore - 1961-621 3n,1 even oarlier are three

German sources which inricatu 1960.8

Par more interesting is the evidence which ap-

peared within the Soviet Union prior to July 24, 1964

and which, although rt speciftinally mentioning a new.

current Soviet Naval Infantry, did emphasize tne need and

application of amphibious operations and specially trained

troops to conduct these operations.

In the late 1950's and early 1960's. this evi-

dence includes numerous Soviet articles analyting in

detail U.S. amphibious operations in th6 Pacific during

World War II. In addition many articles appeared
 regarding Soviet experiences ana future needs including

the followings

Admiral 1u. Ladinskii, "On the Theory of

Naval Art", July, 1957.
E. Ivanitskii, *Naval Landingso, February,
U ~1958.
LtCol B. Briukhanov, "Infantry Attack From
The Sea", October 11, 1962.
Captains Third Rank N. Shalagin and N.
Alekseev, "Soldiers Storm The Shore",
October 10, 1963.
Captains First Rank A.G. Svetlov and L.A.
Shimkevich, "Characteristics of
Naval Landings in Modern Conditions*,
March, 1964.

Admiral D.A. Tuz, *The Role of Naval Landing

Operations in a Rocket-Nuclear War",
June, 1964.
One additional article which appeared in Krasnaia

Zvezda (Red Star) on June 11, 1965 describes a naval

tank officer in January, 1965 who had already com-

10
manded his subunit for several years in a row.
Finally, in 1956, the Soviet
Union began taking delivery of various types of landing
ships and craft. The Soviet Union continued to build
up its amphibious fleet with newer, larger, and more
11
modern ships during the period 1956-1964.I It was
during this period that the concept of amphibious oper-
ations was being thoroughly discussed and reviewed
within the Soviet Navy and government circles.
8
 .77=.

Therefore, the evidence from Soviet articles and

Soviet activity certainly indicates that the Soviet Niaval

Infantry was re-established prior to July 24, 1964.

It is not the intent of this paper to analyze the

reasons which prompted the Soviet government to re-esta-

blish its Naval Infantry. The following major incidents,

which certainly influenced to some degree the Soviet

decision making process regarding its Naval Infantry, are

offerred to the reader for his analysis.

a. The World War II experiences of the Soviet
Naval Infantry.

b. Admiral S.G. Oorshkov's close association

with amphibious operaticns during World
War II.

c. U.S. experience in amphibious operations

during World War II.

d. The inability to interdict during the 1956

Suez crisis.

e. The inability to interdict during the 1958

Lebanon crisis.

f. The inability to protect its investment

during the 1962 Cuban missile crisis.

g. The development of Soviet strategic views

on nuclear war and the use of conventional
forces# also the development of the theories
on local wars and wars of national liberation.

Although it can be concluded that the Soviet Naval

Infantry was re-established prior to July 24, 1964, it

did not make its first public appearance before Western

observers until November 7, 1967. On this date, Naval

9
 Infantry units from the Baltic Fleet participated in the
military parade in Red Square in Moscow, commemorating
the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution.1
12.
Finally, at the time that the Soviet Union was
expanding its Naval Infantry in the early 19601s, Poland
* and the German Democratic Republic were also organizing
units for specific training in amphibious operations. 1 3

10
 °`V7,

Chap Ler 2
BASIC CHARACTER14TICS Of The
~SUVIET MARINE

What is a Soviet Marine? To understand the char-

"• cteristics that identify a Soviet Marine, first, examine
the definitions of Morskaia Pekota contained in Appendix A.

This examinatitn should provide a basic concept of a Soviet

Marine to which can be applied the traits and qualities

which will be developed and preuented in this and succeeding

chapters. For the purpose of this paper, a Soviet Marine
will be considered an individual soldier within a military

unit designated as Soviet Naval Infantry. The Soviet

Naval Infantry will be those units which are trained pri-

marily for naval landings and which are organizationally

located within the Soviet Navy.

Traditions
Traditions play a large and significant role in
the training, education and morale of the individual
Soviet Marine and his Naval Infantry unit. As a beginning
to those traditions, naval landings were first used by

Russians in 907 A.D. 1 4 On November 16, 1705, the first

units of Naval Infantry were established, organized, and
equipped by Peter the Great. From 1705 until 1945, Naval
Infantry units were used intermittzntly (against the.

Swedes in 1714, the Dutch in 1717, the French between

1798 and 18141 and in the Crimean War 1854-1855, the

:. 11
Russo-Japanese War 1904, World War 1 1914-1917, the

Russo-Finnish War 1939, and World War II 1941-1945)15;

but did manage to gain fame and a hero's share of Russian/

Soviet history, particularly in their 113 amphibious

operations against the Germans and the Japanese during

16
World War II.

Since the first Soviet news article on July 24.

1964, numerous articles have been published extolling

the virtue and magnifying the eliteness of the Soviet
Naval Infantry units. This publicity campaign, promoting

the eliteness of the Soviet Marine, was based primarily

on the developed traditions of previous Naval Infantry
units in combat. This characteristic of eliteness has
been further strengthened by assigning the honorific
title of "Guards unit* to every Soviet Naval Infantry

unit;17 by conspicuously displaying the wui!t banner with

earned military decorations at all ceremonial occasions,

including the Marine's oath of allegipnce and military

parades (these are the same unit banners which are carried

in the front of the units during combat assaults);18 and

by enforcing rigid entrance requirements, wearing dis-

tinctive uniforms, and emphasizing hard, demanding training.

Due to their traditions, their status as members of elite

units, and also their own sigrnificant accomplishments

since the early 1960's, the Soviet Marines are highly

12
 19
ruesected within the 5ovi,,L N.avy.

II" a young mnn in the Soviet Union wunts to be-

come ;I Soviet Morine, whpt steps would he have to take?

Future Enli.sted Men. First, those steps taken by

Soviet youth who w.ll become enli~sted men in the Soviet
Naval Infantry will he coru:;idered. Today, in the Soviet

Union, military s,.•rvjce i:,; compulsory. Thus, Major-Gen-

orali P.E. Mel'nikov stated in 197.5 that, if an individval

wanted to become a SovieL Iariie, the best route to take

V would be to become proficient in sports and to undertake

I. tf e various training progrv'ms provided by DOSAFF (Voluntary

Society for the Cooperation With the Army, Aviation, anti

Fleet) prior to induction into the armed forces. 2 0
In 1968, a new military service law was enacted,
reducing the term of active servicr); but also establishing
a compulsory pre-induction training program. This pre-

induction trainine program is designed to psychologically

and physically prepare the Soviet youth for military ser-

vice and to provide them with basic military skills. This

program is under the auspices of the Ministry of Defense
and DOSAAF with the Communist Party and the Ministry of
Higher and Secondary Education also exerting their iT-

fluence oyn it. 2 1 This new pre-induction training consists

of two parts. The first part is a 140 hour program

13
(actuaily over 200 hours) ol' ba:nl: military skills which
is conducted in the seconidary schoois, factories and

farms for the Soviet youth bu tween tte ages of' 15 and 17.
In the secondary schools. this program is conducted during
the last two years of schooling. In addition there are
summer camps and an 80 hour physical training program
operated by DOSAAF. 22 Komsomol. OSVOD,'" 3 and DOSFLOT 2 4
are other organizations which provide political/military
pre-induction training.
The second part of the pre-induction training

program occurs only after the completion of the 140 hour

program. Soviet youth may then participate in specialist

progrnms involving special technical/military skills.

This training will normally last about I year and will be

undertaken during the year prior to induction. 25

On their 17th birthday, Soviets are required to

register for the draft. The following year, the Soviet

youth are drafted into military service during the May-

June and November-December induction periods.2 6 At the

present time, the initial tour of service for a Soviet

27
Marine is two years.

During the initial induction process, the young

man must first report to his local military committee

where a screening process occurs, including an interview,

a physical/medical exam, and various tests to determine

14
 Li skll:;
Onl ri , iti..1
111Ph e pL ami assign-
," ; individulil
Ari' to a p,:irti,:iltir -,ervice will be

L5i:,ed upon the Individuil s level of educaLiori. physical

Q:pljalJlity, his memblership in a Kom:;,orol organization,.

pie-military trainir., need:; of' the individual services.

requsts 29 This
and, finally consideration of personal requests,
proc•!;.. normally takes aboui. Lwo weeks. 30

It is durin. this procesrinir period that, if a

youth desires to become a M:,rine, he may so indicate

hi.- preference to the ,nili.L;ry co;rmi ttee. Since the

Nav.r.- I!nfantry is not a seprate service, but a part of
the Soviet Navy, the Soviet youth. will first be accepted
by and assigned to the Soviet Navy; -then he will again
31
state his specific preference to join the Naval Infantry.
Generally, the Soviet Naval Infantry only accepts volun-
teerst however, at times, depending upon the need for
specific skills, they may request. the Soviet Navy to as-
sign personnel to the Naval Infantry.
Acceptance into the Soviet Naval Infantry is
based on the following criteriat
1. Must be physically fit first for duty in the
Soviet Navy. Preference is given to those
who are stalwart and broadshouldered with
muscles.

2. Must have high moral character.

3. Must be politically reAiable.
 * M!ust have a bL.,ck:,.,roun (,ind~erstanding) of
physical labor and sport:,.

'. Must be u4%grez;.ivv.

6. Should have received a military specialty
prior to induction. Again, emphasis is
placed on education received through the
DOSAA? training programs.3P
Once an individual has been selected for service
in
the Soviet Naval Infantry, his 2 year obligation begins.

He is then directed to report to a Naval Infantry base

for additional basic training and subsequent assignment
to a unit.

During the initial screening, process, individuals

who exhibit special skills or leadership potential may

be selected for additional specialty training or for

NCO training following the induction and assignment
process. Of course, for the Soviet Naval Infantry, these

typos of individuals would be selected based on

need.
Future Officerl. Now, to consider those stUps
taken by Soviet youth who will become officers in the

Soviet Naval Infantry. These steps are divided into two

phases of education - secondary education and college
education (undergraduate level). Both phases of educa-
tion for future officers are controlled by the Main Admin-

istration Of Military Educational Institutions of the

Ministry of Defense, with subordinate control exercised

16
 rI
by thu educational direetor:tte •"l' the various se.-vicos.

Nutura.ly, the Conmmunist Party exorts .;ignificant influ-

once upon an officer*s initial education. Likewise,

DOSAAF and the kinistry of HtIher and Secondary Education

3
contribute to the mknagement of the various prograns.3

There are two categories for obtaining a secondary

education. First ana most prestigious are the Wakhimov

and Suvorov cadet school systeme. The Nakhimov school

system is naval oriented, while the 60uvorov school sys-

tem is orientes to the other services.3 In the 1960's,

these systems provided the pr.mary source for cendidates

into the college training programs for futurn officers.

The Soviet boys would enter this educational system be-

tween tto ages of 7 and 13 and complete their secondary

35
schoeling within a military atmosphere.

Huwever. it appears now that, particularly with

the hakhiiov school system, this process has been sever-

ly curtailed. Only onc Nakhimov sch:,ol, located in

Leningraa (oppo3ito the famous ship of the October Re-

volution, =Aurora") remains. Candidates for this school

enter uetween the ages of 15 and 16 and receive 2 years

of training. Generally, these boys are the children of

high government officials, party elite, and Naval officers.

In addition to their privileged status within the Soviet

society, th te boys must also be physically fit to enter

17
 l'i*us, since Li, prviou:; prinrtry -,ourea for fu ture;-
orficcr candidate s h.. bv-- re .l*astie-';Ily reduced, other

nrans are now being us3od for input into the college ,3du-

c;tion of future officers. One source, which Is now the

primary source, invoiyee the direct recruitment of Soviet

youth from the normal 9econdiry schools. Thus. Ahe DOSAAF

training programs, as described proiiously, also play an

important role in the training of future officar candidate3.

The local militar'y committees are also used to screen

candidates for the various mi1l.3ry college training pro-

Imust
grams for future officers. The boys, who are recruited,

be within the ages of 17 and 21; must pass entrance

exams in mathematics. physics. history, and t'e Russian

language; must be physically fit; and must be politically

reliable. They would also complete a 6-8 week basic
38
training course prior to entering c.zllege.
Enlisted personnel and yrapogach•i provide a
second sourue from which are chosed promising candidates

for commissioning into the officer corps. These indivi-

duals must be within the ages of 17 and 23. Thoy must

also pass the academic entrance exams and meet the other

requirements for entrance into the various military

colleges.39
There ar-e two general types of military schools

l8
 111,"
lri, the orf icu r •i•, i ýi I '. It.,,
1,,, ,I . (2',. ,;duct li u!
~ih:!S''&Jfli-iry mnil].i tary I wiiit-it :Wh
ti yt.ars irk

Itf-ri;Lh, provide irad i ite v. with t,,:h ije'.il er irniv ring

dhipiuma and a commission in one or' Lhe military servictus.

The hither military schools (sim~ilar to out military and

naval academies), wh1Qh -ire 4 and f, year:i in length (the

Naval schocls are all I' year.- in lttn ,h), provide gra-

duates with the more pro-t•igious All-Union diploma and

a commis.-ion in one of the •• Litary services. 4 0 The

educationa. process of thcse school.; begina on September

I and continues through July ot" eaii year. 4 1

There are more that, 130 of #he.;e nigher military

Schools. 422 Entrance into the more hurncred higher mili-

Lar.; "chools is axtremely iuompetitive. In the category

of the higher naval schools, the most prestigious school

4 3
is tie ?runze Higher Naval School in Leningrad.

Due to the specific requirements of the Soviet

Naval Infantry for tank, artillery, communications,

engineer, and other types of officers, in addition to

regular infantry officers, tho Naval Infantry accepts

graduates (newly commissioned lieutenants) from the var-

ious s5,condary and higher military and naval schools. 44

As, a minimum, these new officers must meet the rigid

criteria applied to the selection oat enlisted men, as

previously mentioned. Thue, only the better graduating

19
 .,. -hOS:
.thesefrom ,e -;ucted. Certainly,

,aduniteu 'Creom the lii.hjir n£..vJli •cI•uvI would have a

b,,tLer ini.tial undeýrs rsid ti;', ar ti': bi• .:',t naval, require-

nv.ints of a Naval Infantry officer.

In addition to the ac,:eptanc,- ofi .'ridu:•,.L.:; dWrect-

ly from the various colzegets, a Soviet Marine Colone!

S~has indicated that Naval Infiantr'y officue&- are also ra-

crulted from other services and other branches of the

S~oviet N~avy,.46 Thus, the mcajority of incoming officers

to thc Naval Infantry do rioL possoss any knowledge nor

any habits required of a Soviet Nuval Infantry officer.
Therefore, after their initiul. induction into the Naval

Irfantry, most ufficers will then attend a special Naval

at Viborg. 4 8
Infantry officer training course
General Traits- of Daily Lift.e

Naval In•'anryBases. As presented in the pre-

ceeding section, once enlisted men and officers are
accepted by the Soviet Naval Infantry, they are then

directed to report to specific Naval Infantry bases for

further training and assignment to specific units. Thus,

the question now iss where does the Soviet Marine live
and work?
Due to the organizational relationship between the
Soviet Naval Infantry and Soviet Navy, the Naval Infantry
bases or cantonments will be found in the general areas

20
 61, 1.11k doL:i t where I.hi,., I our i,',.o:" iui t ur ets are

I ,','0L.d0 in fact. or•i *ui" uis c;. turkmonts is located

u;. tiu sthores of a b~ty wtJl(c ruiv; dciop inland.49 This,

(i,:1'r:1t(:.qrizes most ot thfe (:.rntorment locations in order

t,:,it trainiing in amphibious landings with the Soviet

5 0 Specific in-
Navy can be more effectively conducted.
1"forraL:ion as to exact lur:J\11o0 of the various Naval in-

i'zi•bLry Lases is very scarce. The following details do

exit;t regarding base locations and the location of

var•ouu naval facilities, including naval bases for

small, ships and craft which may provide clues to "pos,-

gi;be* nearby locations of Naval Infantry 3ases. This

data is divided into four categories according to the

four major Soviet Fleet areas. Information on the ma-

jor r•aval facilities of the other Warsaw Fact countries

is also presented. Maps of the four Soviet Fleet areas

are provided in Appendix B.

Northern Fleet Aream

Pechenga - headquarters and base camp for

Soviet Naval Infantry (20km east
of Norwegian border).51
Linakhamari - base camp for Soviet Naval 2
Infantry (10 kam north of Pechenga)ý

Severomorsk - headquarters of Commander-In-

Chief, Northern Fleet,; ice-free,
naval base.

Murmansk - large, ice-free, naval base.

21

i~
 Poliarnyi - well-protected harbor with

naval bas:.

Baltic Sea Fleet Areas

Viborg - trairil.r.- camp for Soviet Naval

Infantry (large shipyard old
Finnish-fortress port).55
Leningrad - possible location of the head-

quarters and suply depot of Soviet

Naval Infantry, nerve center of
Soviet Navy, numerous naval training
centers, Naval Logistics Command,
base for amphibious task group.

Baltask - Naval Infantry base, headquarters

for the Commander-In-Chief, Baltic
Sea Fleet and Commander, Southern
Group, Baltic Sea Fleet.
Tallin -Naval Infantry base, headquarters
for Commander, Northiern Groupe
Baltic Sea Fleet, naval base for
smaller ships.

Kronstadt - largae naval base on Kotlin

Island.
Kaliningrad - large naval base,

Lapaia - large naval base.

Riga - base for light naval forces.

Oranienbaum - base for light naval forces.

The German Democratic Republic has three naval

flotillas, located at Peenem~Inde, Warnemtnde,

and Sassnitz. Landing ships are stationed in the

Sassnitz's flotilla. Stralsund and Rostock also

have navdi bases, including the naval headquarters

ai Rostock. Poland has three significant naval

2Z
bases, located at Gdy,,ia - maii) base of' Polish
Navy, Gdansk - fleet Oise and naval garrison,
and Hel - base for lIight naval ships.

Black Sea Fleet Areas

Sevastopol - large naval base, headquarters
of Corninander-In-Chief, Black Sea Fleet.
Novorossisk - base for light naval forces.
Batumi - base for light naval f\]res.

Tuapse - base for light naval forces.

The headquarters of the Danube Flotilla is lo-
cated at Izuiail. It also has shipyards, main-
tenance facilities, fuel depot, and a training
installation at Kiliia, 30 miles from lzmail and
at the Romanian port of Sulina. 5 5 Bulgaria has a
L
base for landing craft at Kavaklar. Romania's
main naval base is located at Constanta, while
its naval headquarters is at Mangolia and its
Danube Squadron is at Giurgiu.
Pacific Fleet Areas

Vladivostok - main fleet base, headquarters

of the Commander-In-Chief, Pacific
Fleet and the Commander, 5th Fleet
(southern group), Pacific Fleet.

Sovetskaia Gavan - large naval base, including

light naval forces, headquarters
for the Commander, 7th Fleet
(northern group), Pacific Fleet.

Petropavlovsk - major naval base with ele-

ments of the 7th fleet.

23
 Kor:akov - ha.' 1'ov' i1,il I. i val forceS.

Mag#ad;.L| - o:; 1'or Iir pI t. n )val forces

The two div1;1i2,.k () thf,ý Ar•- Flotilla are lo-

exited at Blagoveshchensk and Khavarosk.56

Caspian Sea F LoLtil::,s

Baku headquarters for the Caspian Seil

1r'
-
FLotillt, which may be the main
trainirin center for the Soviet
fleet. 5;ý
During the first few weeks after arriving at bi:.

new home - the Naval Infantry cantonment, the new re-

cruit becomes familiar with the cantonment, the rules'"

of conduct, and the daily schedule, He is provided with

various allowances arid is issued his basic uniforms,

59
equipment, and individual weapon.
Military Uniforms Special uniforms were designed

for the Soviet Marines combining aspects of the uniforms

of both the present day Soviet Navy and the Naval In-

fantry in World War II. There is very littAe difference

in the basic uniforms of the officers and the enlisted

men in the Soviet Naval Infantry. What differences do

exist will be noted in the following descriptions of
the uniforms.

The Soviet Marine has three basic categories of

uniformss 1) his field or everyday training and work
uniform, 2) his parade uniform, and 3) his walking-out

24
401 "I ').rty" uii f'or'. Eaci; tic t'ur',i ('; L,'.ory haO ho th ;k

_i.drlwli nd ae Wv-lt'•::
a.wln V.;: L)o
i ' Po u"i '(-rin. In adci tion ,

t~hc(re are certain un'il Iu'.rr 1 •s ior tho fieJid uniform

i-isued luring special tral.ning coridoitio:-s. Finally, the

Soviet Marine carries with him to the field a standard

is'sue of personal equipment.
Field Uniformst
Summer - This uniform consists of a black beret,

black jacket, and black trousers tucked into calf-

length black boots. A sm-ali gold anchor on a small
three-cornered red flag is located on the left side of

the beret. On the front of the beret, enlisted men wear

a small red starl but officers wear a gold braid cockade
surrounding a red star, hammer, ond sickle (see figure n(ext
p•'" ). On the shoulder boards of the jacket, enlisted

men wear the 2-letter designation of their respective

fleet and their rank in.igrnia. Officers' shoulder boards
designate their ranks A blue and white horizontally

striped, sleeveless T-shirt is worn underneath the jacket,

which is left open at the col 1 Halfway down the left
sleeve, the traditional embl in uf the Soviet Naval Infantry.-

:t. •oden anchor inside a red circle - is sewed onto the

jacket.

25
 Officer's hat Leeve esnblem
emblem

ýTnlis.ed men wear a wide black, artificial lea-

ther belt with a large front plate on which the fleet

insignia is locatedl however, officers wear a wide black,

artificial leather belt with a shoulder strap, but with-

out the front plate (similar to the USUC Sam Browne belt).

The 'Guards* emblem is also worn on the right front side

of the jacket with military ribbons and decorations on

60
the left side right above the breast pockets.

26
 FIELD UNIFORMS

II

SUMMER W R
FIELD UNWORM FIELD UNIFORM
FOR OFFICER OF THE FOR OFFICERS OF THE
NAVAL INFANTRY NAVAL INFANTRY

27
 WinLer - Thl uri t'orw is Liit, : aan:
a the summer
i"ield uniform, except that a heavy btiak jacket wi th it

fur collar, a black Iur uap wi th

it u;-r f pz.,;and black

gloves are provided to the SovieL XVArines. A black

greatcoat (heavy duty overcoat), with the anchor emblem

on the left arm sleeve, is also provided. This great-

6 1
coat is often Used aus a blariket during, field exercises.

In field and landing &exercises. the Soviet Marine

would exchange his beret for a helmet with a large red

star on the front. The Sovlet Marine carries to the

fiela the following standard issue of persunal equip-

ment in addition to his weapon and ammunition.

- artificial leather belt suspeoiders.

- a canvas cloth personal kit bae to which the

greatcoat (rolled up) can bu attached (this
bag would used to hold a mess kit, field
dressings, rations, and a rain poncho).
- a water bottle with cover.

- an entrenching tool with cover.

- a canvas cloth protective cover for his gloves.

- a cover for an oil can used for his weapon.

- a grenade pouch with two pockets.
- a pouch to carry three rifle magazines or a
pouch to car• one large magazine for a
machine gun.

When a Soviet Marine goes to the field, he generally will

carry 55-65 lbs. of personal equipment depending upon the

28

•€ ,
 t i ier o f ,hO year. j" hi..t, i u parLlcult uhir weapoi

or I:; :. specialist., ht may i,. requirod to carry more

oquipment.

In addition to the siove monLioned field uni-

forms and equipment, there la equipment issued for

specific training purposes. For example, thorn is a

loose-fitting camouflage coverall for summer training

and a white loose-fitting camouflage coverall with fur-

lined boots and heavy gloves for Artic training.(

Parade Uniformst

Summer - This uniform Is exactly the same type

V of uniform an the summer field uniform (all-black

with a blue and white striped T-shirt) for both officers
and enlisted men except it is made of much better quality. 6

Winter - Again. this uniform is the same, only

better quality, as the winter field uniform. It would.

however, be probable that the same heaqy black jacket
with fur collar, black fur cap, and black gloves is worn
66
* with both types of uniforms.

Walking-out Uniforms s
Summer - This uniform is the same as that worn

by the Soviet sailor on liberty, thus a totally different

type of uniform for the Soviet Marine compared to his

field and parade uniforms.. This summer uniform consists

of a white jumper with a back flap and an open collar

29
(tr'iLmm•od in blue und wh fIt.; :,pj .' , twi# blue anri white
•:triped T-shirt, black trou.;.,ru, ar•; t)luck shoes. In-

:;Lead ol' a beret, the. Joviun-. 5urirn wears Lhe traditional

sailor cap - white, rotind, ond pf:akloss with a hat band

on which the name o0' the fleet is written in gold letters.

The only distinction which crn be made between a Soviet

Marine-and a Soviet sailor In this uniform is that on the

left arm sleeve the Soviet KNrine will be wearing his

traditional golden anchor emblem. Instead of this type

of uniform mentioned above, lt appears that the Soviet

Marine Officer wears the same type of uniform as the

Soviet naval officer. This includes a white Jacket,

black trousers, white shirt with black tie, and a white

barracks hat with bill. Shoulder boards with rank in-

•67
signia are on the jacket. Officers may possess more

formal atire, although specific evidence of this type

otf uniform has not been found.

Winter - Again, for the enlisted menthis is the
-iame type of uniform as that worn by the Soviet sailor
and it is the same style as the summer walking-out uni-

form except the Jumper is dark blue and the cap has a
dark blue cover. A greatcoat is also provided with this

uniform, presumably a different one than that worn during

field exercises. Finally, it also appears that the Soviet

Marine Officer wears the same type of uniform as the Soviet

30
r

ri:va'l ot'lieer and ugain it i:i tLh .tmaino utyle uu the ,sura.r
walking-out uniform. Tho only dclfror.;nce Is that the
jacket and hat are dark blue.68

Thus. the one way to identify a Soviet Marine. no

matter what uniform he is wearing. is the presence of
the traditional *golden anchor in a red circle" emblem
left art Son'the,
sleeve of tiv. uniform,

DAIJX Schedule. During the research for this

paper, information on the specific daily time table for
a Soviet Marine was not foutedl however, In general, evi-
dence i ndicates a normal (aily schedule consisting of
military, political, and physical training combined with
time for the care and cleaning of weapons and equipment
and for rest and relaxation.69 The daily schedule would
be altered during the actual conduct of landing exercises,
but the preparatory training on board the ships would
still retain the basic training elements of the daily
schedule. More specifically, a daily training schedule
might include the following&
0600 Reveille
0600-0700 Morning exercises and basic water
procedures.
0700-0800 Shave . wash. dress followed by
platoon inspections.
0800-0830 Breakfast
0830-0900 Political training
0900-1600 Xilitary training, including a
one hour break for lunch and a
rest period.
31a
 1600-1700 (Care and clcarning of weapons
arid equipment.
1700-1900 Militury tr'iirning. including
s elf1-s tudy.

1900-2000 PoiLtical training

2000-2200 Dinner and free time
2200-2230 Prepare uriiform and equipment
for the following day.
2230 Taps
The Soviet Marine trains each day of the week with pos-

sibly a little more relaxation time on Sunday.?0 Speci-

fic training subjects will be discussed in Chapter 3.

Living Conditions. As previously mentioned, the

cantonments for the Soviet Naval Infantry are located on
the shores of bays where there exists large, rpacious
sandy beaches and where the water of the bay is generally

not disturbed by bad weather at sea. The cantonments

are large and well-equipped with modern conveniences and
training facilities for the Soviet Marines. The Marines
live in barracks. Each cantonment has many barracks,
each with several floors. After reporting to his new
base and being assigned to one of the barracks, each Marine
receives a bed, bedding, a locker, and a night table for
his personal items. 71 Junior officers live in the bar-
racks with up to P-.l0 men por room. Senior officers have
72
their own quarters.
3

32
 Aikg, ssingle-atory inusshali is located near the

barracks. 1-also, the Marine,' tearoom, a small store,

medical facilities, und the base club will be located
in the btrracks' area. The club normally has a sitting

room, library, movie theater, and various sporta facil-

ities, The base swimming pool (training and recreation)

will also be located near the club. Support facilities,

including a motor transport. garage and parking area and

7 3
various repair shops will be found in the cantonment.

The training facilities in these cantonments are

numerous. These facilities consist of four basic types,

classrooms, physical trainin.. areas, firing ranges and

the Desant-o-drome. 74 The classrooms are well-lit and

well ventilated. The physictl training areas include those

sports facilities in the club, tAvu base swimming pool,

a PT obstacle course, and a combat obstacle course si-

mulating actual battle conditions. The firing of wea-

pons from smll arms to tanks is conducted on several

different ranges. Finally. the Desant-o-drome consists

Of eight specific areas, each for a definite phase of

training. These areas area

1. Tank Drome

2. Water Drome

3. Engineer area

4. Area for embarkation training

33
 " F
Fiel1d tr;.•iii., '.. ..

6. Autodrome
7 Water station

8. Small craft nav.i Ui se.

The specific training which is accomplished in each of
these areas will be discussed in the next chapter; how-
ever* excellent detailed diagrams and descriptions of

these training areas may be found in the hO

baval LJander- by Colonel V.Ia. BeraCov. 75

FOO.a Pai. and Meodical. The Chief of the i'ood
Supply Administration, Ministry of Defense is responsi-
ble for determining the type and quantity of food con-
sumed by the Soviet Marines. The Administration's Tech-
nical Committee works in cotijunction with the Ministry of
Food Industry and various research institutes and, labora-

tories in investigating, analysing, and prescribing the

various foods. 7 6 These foods include special foods do-
pending upon location, Ruch as the artic area, and type of
training, for example cantorunent versus field training.

Although specific examples of daily food for Soviet Marines

could not be found, the following list of food which is
included in the daily diet of a Soviet soldier and a
typical daily menu for a Soviet soldier is presented to,
at least, show an approximate idea of what a Soviet Marine

might eat,

The daily diet would Includes

~34
 150 ,r:Iin:; 1) r •,
grami o' tuL ,'r,
* 1U()
U ,
ol
01' vgetabie oil.
v'iih;
' h, 1
30 grurna-, uI' :ii im. LI'a t:, i;!.O .1ram or'
potcatot. uir:l V( 'l h ;18ralr; 0l"
cereal; or mrw ý,r,,i*i. ', of' u;'1r and
r';.ilh
white atint urowlii I.ueLd, :,ri dry jolly arid
spices.
A typical daily mcrius

Breakfast - boll,11: meat :tntl pe:arl-barley

porridiu. butLer, sugar, tea and

Lunch - Cabbage salad. Cat)bage soup with

moat r-Lock. Stowed meat and buck-
wheat. Jelly.

Supper- Fried f1ish arid potatoes. Tea,

broad, and sukrar./7

Special holiday meals are also prepared for the Soviet

Marines. Although the above list el 'ood would proba-
bly be that which is consurewi in a contonmernt, never-

the loss, the Soviet Naval lrilaantry does have field

kitchens and bakeries which particilpte as much as pos-

sible in the field training exercises. 78 These field

kitchens can provide 2 to 3 hot meals per day for the
Soviet Marines. Without the field kitchens, the Soviet

Marines exist on rations con'lstin, of porridge, bread,

and water. 7 9

A paucity of informution exists as to how ,nuch

pay a Soviet Marine receives. However, in 1971, a new

recruit did earn 5 rubles per month.bO

The Central ,ilitary Medical Administration of

 A,'; iv:'iiAtry of Defenze has tiverat• -;upervislon of thi,
'', , e. I functions within the S)ovIo.4 Naval Infantry. The
*'.bInt' ntry does h:ive doc:tors, de Lints para-wedical
prr-onnel (several years of' medical education, but no
mlical degree), and corpsrmeni supporting its activities
both in the cantonment and in field training. 8 1 Medical

fzieilities in the caniriinent:.i include a ward, first-aid

room, physical therapy rooi, and facilities for dental
r.,
,e.ry. During field training, the corpsmen will
ro-.catLly carry bandages, Lour'niquets. and splints; they
do• rnot carry any medicine.83 Therefore at the lower

t. Oveorganiza t ion (sqwik.

ci pla toon, and company)...

basic first
yrki7 aid can administered. Primary emphasis
Is placed on evacuating the injured or wounded Marine to
hirher medical points where he then would receive proper

medical treatment including major surgery. 8 4

O2ff-dut4yActitiev. During off-duty hours, there

are many activities in which the Soviet Marine may par-
ticipate. The Soviet Marine may read newspapers and

magazines or play chess in his club library. He may watch

wuluvision. a movie or concert at the club. He may use
the v•arious sports faullities available on base. Activi-
t..ei-, such as orches';ra, choir, and drama groups, are
available for the individual Marine. A recreational and
competitivo sailing program exists. Just resting from a
,1.I'k d ity ±, work with dihi, u,: o '.• r;,oz•,, i. Jfriend,- or- W! Ih

vt!Li.r..11n of World War- Ii ocetpies a iar. portion ol'

~a-rino's free time. In ,iome unitO, competition! it

various sports is organized during-, days off. Soviet

MiarncI.c may also be found in local danc( halls and sailors

clubs during liberty hours or for short periods oZ leave
8 7 Finally, a Soviet Marine is permitted a 10
of abuence.

day leave period duzring his initial two year service

obliiga,4Aon. Marines normally spend this leave period at
home with their parents. While aboard ship on c-uise, the

ZJovivt Marines may participate in fuoreign port visits,

;AIthough these viv.its (fox- ci.arnplo to inuseums) will only

last a short time and will be closely supervised by the

89
officers.8u,
Morale and Lead~ership.

Morale At the beginning or this chapter, tra-

ditions were found to have a significant role in develo-

ping the spirit and feeling of eliteniess within each

Soviet Marine. Every phase of Marine life reinforces

the basic Marine tradition of'"the presence of high alli-

Lary spirit, the spirit of attack, audacity in battleo

rood physical strength, and loyalty to the Communist

Party, the Homeland, the People".90 One of the most im-

portant aspects of this continued reinforcement of the

traditions and eliteness of the Soviet Naval Infantry is

37
 tck I r,,q uc ut. da!ly U z d
;m u~.i . 11,i the
. ic wrrri (k.8 of

v:1r*!ou,, Marine sloc;aii. T'..e "1 , ourie.rnt ald guide

tni. Sov io.'4 Marine it, hl.--, LI.. aght. and airtJ
uIon- * Thoeae
Iugt.an. include (sLo•,:ars usid in ;ictual I nding exer-

(:!i;e will be pre:-entcd in Ch•|pter 6)#

"Remember the hkisc of' Itie k>rires - Attack,
l:aw

attack. attack. For" the WVirire.•:, there is no

retreat. Only furw:,'d, there is your victory.,"
"You y die.., but your comrade will continue
W.H

"If surrounded by the enemy,

a Marine is he will
9
fight to his last br•ath." i

After a few weeks of initial basic training, the Soviet

Marine finally achieves the opportuwiity to take the oath

of allegiance. This is a m•,nentcus occasion for the

young Marine. This is the time when ho receives official

z'ecognition as a member of' dhe elite Soviet Naval Infantry.

The spirit of the Soviet Naval Infantry culminates in

this traditional ceremony. The young Marine stands before

a formation of his fellow Marines and the official, much

decorated unit banner and swears his allegianoes

"I(name of the Marine), a citizen of the Union of

Soviet Socialist Republics, by joining the ranks
of the Armed Forces, take an oath and solemnly
swear to be upright, brave, disciplined, vigilant
so..dier,, .

The Soviet Naval Infantry has been characterized as a

military organization with high morale. The spirit and

high morale are developed from the beginning of a young

 k:.; no': tour of -ervi!e :, oonut'tiU t Ily ma intained
a 1.t.
16h pitch t•hrou-.-hout his e re ,yven though thu
N\;tv:tl IiC.r'intry maintain., irte, di-.iplinr, Further 4ddinrg

Lo Lh•e hiih morale, prv-tig;(t anid eliteness ol' the Naval

Infantry is the constant receipt of personal decorations

and unit awards,9 A reenlistment rate, higher than the

average of the'other armed -urviccu, certainly has re-

suited significantly from the high morale and spirit

within the Naval Infantry,96.

The spirit of tht, Sovik% Miarine is& characterized

a:s roiilowss
- It is a. resoluteness, resourcefulness, stubborn
courage, and steadfastness.

- It is a sincere combat friendship, readiness

to support your friend in battle, rescuing
the wounded, and st-aunchly defending the
commander and commissar.
- It is a high self-respect, striving everywhei43
to be the first arid the best.
- It is an amazing fascination of the cheerful
self-reliant and successful man.

- It is a huge love toward life.

- It is the striving towards victory.94

Soviet sources have not indicated any major morale

problems existini within the Naval Infantry. Even though

the Marines are mostly volunteers and they do have high

morale and high esprit de corps, still with the strict

discipline, at times harsh training conditions, and the

39
 !:.-ula tion of bases In
r tL
A.c t-whri' anrdd Paci1'ic 1lf:'e, Uria
",'v(1r! the.. casual obsl•r. r wou.ld esl. inate Lhe existunc, of'
so3ie morale and discipinrA pzoblems whhch the leaderi of'
the Marines must contend with on n daily basis. These
problems might include care1v:ssness with equipment and
weapons, marital difficulties, homosexuality, and the
. perennral social problem - excessive drinking.99.

Leadership and the Communist Party. The older,

more senior officers provide excellent leadership for
their Naval Infantr- units. Contributing significantly
in enhancing their leadership qualities and stature
among the enlisted men is the fact that most of the senior
officers participated in combat operations during World
War Ii. The younger junior officers are trained to exer-
cise initiative to be aggressive, and to always set the
example for their men. Some problems which have arisen
with respect to the junior officers is that of oversuper-
vision by their seniors and the lack of initiotive due to
the inherent inhibiting effect of the communist system.
Some young officers have also been criticized for a lack
of adequate training and of technical knowledge. 0Q Over-
all though, the Marine officers are considered to be an
elite, well-trained, highly motivated cadre, providing
effective leadership for the Marines.
Supporting the officer structure of the Naval Infantry

40
 . LI- organ!z .td, wf, i--,oociIt ri,.d po iticul. -At,.'ue. ti ,y.

V 'I.y e•V~eJ of CORhrVha;,11 1w', i ti) r -i L th•.: comilpany ] u v(-l,

h:..,:; •i -hL'ra polit.ici'l ul'I]i f,-r or po.1t t c.iA section
L.orh -

It;-,Wj:.ýitvd with it. 11 adrdlL.uti tu this political struc-

ture, the majority of MurinLrs, both officer and enlisted,
are members of the Communisl. Party or the Komsomol

organization.i01

The political officers, the local organizations

of the Communist Party trid Komsomol have several major

tasks in supporting the Nav'il. Infantry. They provide

psychological and politic'i1. training f'or both officers

and enlisted on a daily basis. They reinforce the tra-

ditiorns of the Naval Infaiitry. They help to organize

the discipline within the units.I02 They help to

strengthen the officer's awa.reness of his courage and

initiative.103 Finally, they actively promote the var-
ious exercises in all segments of the particular opera-
tion, helping to ensure bold and decisive actions by the
Marines.I 01 Thus, a close, continuous contact exists
between the Marine officers aind their political officers
n:d the various Communist orlanizations.
RaV•nk Structure and Career Patterns
Officer and Enlisted Ranks. The rank structure of the
Naval Infantry is similar to that of the Soviet ground
forces, except for the non-rated enlisted men who have

41
]',-.- --. "i'
h:t-Lc toaman rank.s. A rnew rii.k, PrIpt,-.shchik, was in-

troduced in November, 19':1. This r'ank I.,; similar to

the& old Russian "ensijn" ratK or to Lh, IU.S. warrant
o i'lcor rank. 1 06 The var.iou; ranks i.n the Naval Inf'an-
try today ares

Enlinted Of fi cer
Seaman Prapor'shchik
Senior Seaman Junior Lieutenant
Junior Sergeant Lieutenant
Sergeant Senior Lieutenant
Senior Sergeant Captain
Master Sergeant Major
Lieutenant Colonel
Colonel
MNh j or-Genoeral
In addition to regular Marine line officers (infantry,
tanks, artillery), it appears that the Naval Infantry
also incorporates officers with specific branch designa•-
tions, such as engineer and medical. 10 6 Within each of
the officer and enlisted ranks, there are specialty
ratings obtained by passing various examinations. 1 0 7' 10•
Career Patterns. After the first year of ser-
vice, the recruit has generally been promoted to the

rank of Junior Sergeant. 1 09

NCO's are selected from
those enlisted men who demonstrate leadership potential,

motivation, and proper attitude. Candidates for the

NCO rank are recruited either directly during the initial
induction process or from enlisted men already on active
duty. These candidates then spend six months in special

42
 :.•ir~iiA before assuming their po:sitio;, as an NCO in a

ivd,l Infantry unit. Accep)t.,triceof this NCO position

110
incurs an additional oriv, yeur' of oob:.A ated service.

Many enlisted Marines, at the end of their obli-

gated service, re-enlist to continue in their present

assignment, or to work in a specialty field, or to be-

come a Praporshchik. 11 I Some Marines after finishing

their initial tour of service return to civilian life

and enter college. After completion of their college

12
training they return to the Marines as officers.1

Enlisted men complete their servicý requirements, both

regular and reserve, at the age of 50.113

Presently, the Praporshchik rank is open for

those NCOs who have completed their initial service

obligation and are re-enlisting or who are in subse-

quent tours of service. The initial tour of service

for a praporshchik is 5 years, after which the indivi-

dual may re-enlist for either 3 or 5 year tours. At

the age of 45. the proporshchik is transferred to the

re&7Ved. ,eaporshchik may become an officer by

holding a specific job for at least 5 years and passing

various militr-, school tests or by serving 10 years

or more in a' 4f'1carle 'bilet at which time, he is

given the rank of Lieutenant. Upon transferring to the

reserves after 10 years as a praporshchik, the Marine

43
wI I vocc:ive the r.rik oL Li,.,utunLtLt of e'ico-rves,

In the early l.1)60o,. many Marin,• o'f•cers (cap-

tain arid above) had ue.wved "n World War I1 oil.ner a-s an

erlisted man or as an or'ficcr. 15 Although the fol-

lowing Information applies to Soviet ground force
officers, it certainly will approximate similar data of
116
Marine officers.
Rank Approximate Minimum Time Maximum Age
Ae In Grade for by Rank for
promotion (yrs) Retirement

JrLt/Lt 21-25 2 40

Sr Lt 25-28 3 40

Capt 28-32 4 40

flaj 32-35 4 45
Lt Co. 35-42 5 45

Col 42-47 not established 50

Maj-Gen 47-55 55

After researching the various Soviet sources, the

following types of jobs for a given rank in the Naval

Infantry have been identifieds

Seamans

M crewman, machine gunner, tank gun layer, AA

gun crew, scout, APC driver, tank driver -

mechanic, radio operator.

Senior Seamans

44
 En&.ineer,* '.i- * iia't ' wi or' * r i ii(.ŽJwtri
tank gun lo:•der, motrcycil: t, tank •Iriver-
Fmechanic, ff.i c I nu-, ui iIv.

Junior Sergeants
Engineer, section ].:;,.-der, tank crew leader, tank
driver-mechanic, arit.i.-aircraft gun leader, squad
leader, APC driver, machine-gun squad leader.
Sergeants
Platoon leader, squaid leader, APC driver, tank
crew commander, assi:;tant platoon leader, comman-
der of ZSU-23-4 crew.
Senior Sergeanti
Mortar section leadcr, tank crew commander.
blaster Sergeantl

Tank commander, senior enlisted man in company

headquarters.
Praporshchiks
"Master Sergeant" of' unit, training instructor,
APC platoon commander, assistant for technical
affairs in company, rear service units.
Junior Lieutenants
Platoon commander

Lieutenants
Platoon commander(Infantry, tank, engineer, UDT,
APO, mortar, communications, MiLL, and rear service

45
 units)0 0compank eohtinrinder * poli Ll cal worker.
Stii~or" Lieutenants

%iompany cumm,,Ai c', pli •Luon comitank rider(Infantry,

tank, recon, APC, erqineor, Artillery, anti-air-
craft battery, mortar', asid rear service units).
Criptaint
Company commander (Tiifantry, tanks, anti-tank,
MRL, and rear service units), chief of staff of
battalion, political worker.
Majors
' Commanding officer of battalion, political officer
of battalion, chief of staff of battalion, regi-

mental staff officer.

Lieutenant Colonels
S~Commanding officer of battalion or regiment, regi-
mental staff officer.

Colonels
Commanding officer of regiment or above.
Marjor Generals
Possible commanding general of Soviet Naval Infantry.
Although specific information on the average amount of time
a Marine officer spends in a particular job was not found,
a close approximation would be similar data for Soviet
ground force officers which includ•,6 the following#1 17

46
 Jr'LT/LT P.1:, Luo,• Cotiiariler 3
Sr LT Duputy :iuipny ComnHnd(er 3

CPT Compny C••, t ner~br 4 B

MAJ Deputy batttlion 3
Commander

LT COL Battalion Commander/ 4

Deputy Regimental 3
Commander

COL Regimental Commander 5

Maj Gen Commandin6 General unknown
In addition to the above listed billets for officers,
the Soviet Marine officer also attends various military
schools during his career. These schools will be dis-
cussed in detail in the next chapter.
General Expectations.

Before proceeding further on specific details of

training, equipmentand organization, let us first con-

sider what general qualities ;tre expected of a Soviet

Marine as elucidated by various Soviet sources.

A Soviet Marine is physically strong and excel-

lently trained. He must have the combined qualities of

a soldier on land and of a sailor at sea. He must not

be seasick, but must be confident and feel at home when

operating with the navy.118 A Marine has high moral and

combat qualities. He has poise, emotional stability,

courage, and will power to resist any danger and to nego-

tiate any obstacle or hardship under all types of adverse

47
 A S oviet M1viki r DL': , u. X C: w Ir t.. O*rex'oLkr'(;.-
f~uLtlutS tiecisivelricr. * "_iI 2 Lrriiri oril -uirice, tno;;t of'
tfl.? t iiu in combat., he~ vi i 'we opor;¶ttin, aiorie or in -su.ical
ý'rup .120 He is crar:aoiLt.-riz/od by hit. dLarinj,, boldiies!u,

~;t~tI~'stnss, druirw, il;iiLy. tnidurance, and idealo-

gin;tl convictionL. 12 1 Firo",11y. in couibat he e-xhibits
st wu-chnes-i in the diefen~se :rid croscewioing enthusiasm
;iwli vit;ur in the att..aek.
Of course, U*..e qw!:;Lion io - how does he devulup
Lhuso qualities? To Ull'.,WUr' LA".
8 quesLiori, the, Marine's

tr*'~tliniri and educi tior il ti.]1ow be (:utiidered.

48
 Ck&:ip ~. :* *

i-- I 1 ,G i"•racI IA)U(;,'C I.UN

,F'd

Thiu chapter w .l I . LIi.; tti," s)Jl•]tic. tLraLi.ln g ailu

eduAcation which a J;huvict MVarine rec'ives. Specific areas A1

pr.sentod will include Pre-inductioi. initial post-induction.

individual and unit training. physical training, political

training, and officer trainitig.

Pro-Induction, Traijning
As pointed out in Chapter 2. pre-induction training
con sists of two major areas - the basic 140 hour program

conducted during the ninth anid tenth years of secondary

sheool (the last two yeara-); and the specialist training

conducted by the various DLUAAF organizat ions.

basig. Proram. The basic secondary school prograin
of 140 hours is divided into four specific areas - 33 K
hours covering the demands of' the oath of allegiance and
military regulations, 41. hours on military weapons; 31
hours on specialist training; and 35 hours of civil de-
fense training.
More specifically, the general training schedule
ror the ni,.th and tenth year Isi122
SubJect Ninth g~rad e Number of Hours

Characteristics of the Soviet Armed Forces 10

Armed Forcros Regulations 5
"Firing Instructions 10
Tactics (platoon and company lvel) 6

49

......................
...........
 4.
C.1 v i Defense ,35
To0 ta I ."
T,.' ,ot:.d• 7'

Ch:;.iucteristics o1' the Sovil L rrmo:d Forces 10

Armed Forces Regulations 8
Piri•g, Inotructions for Weapons 31
Tactics (platoon and company luvel) 11
Drill
Equipment and Armament
55

In alidition to this 140 hour prop-'an, DOSAAF has also

incorporated a required 80 hour physical training pro-

grarri for all Soviet youth. Furthermore, between the

ninth and tenth grades, the Soviet teenagers attend a

5-day camp which is normally located on a local military

base. At the camp, emphasis is placed on tactical field

ex ;ises (30 hours) and weapons firing exercises. Ath-

letic events, hikes, political instruction, and inspec-
123
tions are also conducted during the camp.

In the weapons trainirg, an individual is given

in-,truction on the pistol, automatic rifle, light machine-

gun, hand grenade, and anti-tank grenade. This instruc-

tion includes basic nomenclature and characteristics,

cuire and maintenance, and firing techniques for each of
the weapons. Instruction on military topography is also

found within the basic program.12 4 Except during the

summer camp, there is no 1 . ,,al
1 political indoctrination.

50
 Thus, this programi irovid(t.u; ba, iic practical mili-

tary skills and the tachriicat trainingr introduces the

student to the rudimentary knovwledgAe and habits required

in a specific specialty, suce, as a driver or radio operator.

Specialist Training. After a student has completed

his 2 year basic training program, he is eligible to par-
ticipate in one of the various specialty training programs
conducted by the numerous DOSAAF organizations. The Soviet
iNal Infantry requires a young man to already possess
basic training in a specialty - such as in tanks; artillery;
driving APCs, trucks, and automobiles; engineering; and
radio communications. 12 5- before he becomes a Marine. Thus,
the DOSAAF training is an essential part of the training
and education process, if a young Soviet wants to become

a Marine. It appears that the mosi popular DOSAAF organ-

izations used by future Marines are the naval, aere, motor-

cycle, and radio clubs.12 6 The naval clubs (DOSFLOT) pro-

vide instruction in seamanship, naval discipline and

traditions, communications, sports - swimming and aqualung

diving, small arms firing, and political sbjects."

* The future Marine can also receive training from

the DOSAAF organizations in many other areas including
vehicle mechanics, parachute jumping, and marksmanship.

More advanced training is available in navigation, flight

training, radioelectronics, and vehicle operations and

51.
 . ir•L, 8nce for the rjncr' ;tdvwriced udenis.' 4.;. One o f

t.. Uoý,Jt, important subje(Qto ,hat a fiLure Marine should

(,Wtijrn is knowing hcw to swim. In uddition to the variouw;

ii;jval clubs, he can obtain vwimrring instruction from the

uWVOD organization. 2 9
initial Posl-Induction Trainl.ng

After reporting to his new base and receiving his

military clothing and equipment, M'rine recruit,
tn! W as
a member of a recruit training unit, As ready to begin
his military training. The first phase of this training
is the initial post-induction or basic "boot camp" train-
1 30
ing. This basic training generally lasts 4 weeks.
This period is reduced to 1 or 2 weeks if the Marine has
had extonsive pre-induction training or it is extended
to 2 or 3 months if specific additional skills are re-
quired for the billet to which the Marine will be as-
1igned. 131
During this basic training period, the Marine
studies military regulations, the concept of military
life, and the dascription of his military duties. He
takes various tests to determine his proficiencies and
skills. 13 2 He must undergo special training in order to
develop his strength, endurance, and dexterity. This

special training includes hand-to-hand combat and the

running of the obstacle course. He also learns basic
drill. 1 33 During this period, each Marine receives his

52

-~ -. ~ - -4
individual weapon - a piLtosI Luu.oinat~ic rif'le, light
mu'chine-gun, or an antitank ,,runadu launcher.'34 Time
ie Lhen spent training thu Iviarine to tire his weapon,
Throughout basic training, the recruit receives poli-

tical training with emphasis on the traditions of Ahe

Naval Infantry and the work of the Communist Party.
Upon completion of' bL:-,Ic training', the Soviet

Marine takes the oath of allegiance and then is as-

signed to a specific billet within a unit. This as-

signment will be based upon the results of the aptitude

tests which he took, the pru-induction specialty train-

ing which he received, and Cinally the desires of the

individual Marine. Thus his regular military work be-

gins. He is assigned to guard duty, receives more in-

dividual training, and now participates in unit train-
135
ing.
As indicated previously, those individuals who
have been selected for training in a specialty or for
training as an NCO report directly to the respective

school for up to 6 months of technical or leadership

training. After completing this training, the special-

ist or NCO is then assigned to a unit.

Individual and, n,, Training

Once a Marine recruit has completed his initial

basic training, has accepted his oath of allegiance,

53
ar~d has been assigned to u,nit, he thotri begins .;pecia]
individual and unit trairi. The Soviet Marine is
trained to operate in jniito,,d and' geney-Al war, with or
without the weapons of mass destruction. fiis training
includes joint and combined training with Soviet army,
aviation, naval and airborne units and with units of
other Warsaw Pact countries. Thus, the Soviet Marine
has become highly skilled in airborne, helicopter and
amphibious operations. 136
The training which a Marine receives is basically

the same training which a Soviet ground forces soldier

in a motorized rifle battalion receives, plus naval

training (the Soviet Marine must feel equally at home
on land and at sea).1 3 7 This training consists of five

general categories - field, weapons firing, naval, phy-

sical, and political training. Although there are var-
ious billets in the Soviet Naval Infantry requiring

specialized training, such as tank and artillery oper-

ators, engineers, and divers, the primary concern of
Naval Infantry training is to train every Marine as a
Desantnik in a naval Desant (see Appendix A), in other
words to be a soldier in an amphibious landing.

In order to develop the various traits and char-

acteristics of a fighting Marine (as mentioned at the
end or Chapter 2) during a Marine's career, the Naval

54
I ,friLtry conducts (.x tr',:m1 I r('o(J
1,y 'eu8 al.: t.u,
rW. -hd

d(,talied traini•g. ItridIvi dual trtiinil rirograres are

ta.i lored to existingr wc;J.thr arid tLuc'ra cr 1i1l t, 1on.'.'

within the various naval i'flueL ara'r•,l8 The Mari.nes

are trained to fighit at iigkit as well as during the day.

Finally, the Naval Infantry emphasizes xnnall group and

individual training s;LIWO, r.-; they feel, the Marine

must exercise a large degree of initiative and inde-

pendent action on the future battlefield. Thus, each

small unit is instilled with a sense of mutual support
arnongst its members and it !ormed around the individual
who has distinguished himself by his enthusiasm and
139
initiative.
The Naval Infantry uses various methods to con-

duct their training. These methods include oral and

written lessons, lectures, drills, demonstrations, and
exercises. These exercises may be small daily training
classes or due to their large scale they may be large
scale operations held several times during the year.
Appendix A describes the difference between these types
of exercises, The Uchenie form of exercise will be dis-
cussed in detail in Chapter 6. At this time, the speci-
fie types of daily training will be discussed.

Training in the Cantonments. Those Marines who

are basic infantrymen participate in an exhaustive

55
training program during ttc ir e:-iruer consisting of basi c
arid special infantry subjetct-i, shipboird trainirng arnd
amphibious landing tvaininri.
The Marine infantryman learns to expertly fire his
individual weapon - an automatic rifle, pistol, light
machine gun or grenade launcher. He receiv6 Instruc-
tion in the care, cleaning, and maintenance of his per-
sonal equipment and weapon and other equipment and wea-
pons belonging to his unit. He is trained in bayonet
and knife fighting, in the use of hand grenades, in ba-
sic radio procedures, in foxhole digging, and in the pro-
per techniques of camouflago. He learns how to read a
map in order to orient himself in unfamiliar terrain.
He learns how to operate aro, survive in water while still
wearing his clothing and carrying his equipment and wea-
14 1
Pon,140 He studies the Order of Battle of his enemies.
They also teach him to drive a car. He participates in
drill, parades (specially selected Marine units parti-
cipate in the Moscow parade each November 7th),I12 and
on long marches, He also participates in various phy-
sical and political training.
Special training which a Marine receives includes
parachute jumping, alpine clumbing, E-rtIc training,
fighting single-handedly against a tank, working with
demolitions and mines, and overcorming obstacles and

56
 -l, on thf# br:L * ,tm•.;l .i vt.,:;
T , IVi' ci r',;,r rzC, (A

I ,lunit tactie; .:, i w.: I t.4' ,L'iE,:: liz -nulowy or

z,:p.y terrain; CDR1 w: tI t', r ; (-o u'd n(,Ied opeea t i.orn

111) tanks and artil .lery; ':,:liopt:r" a;saults1 rIavLk

tird'i re; and clc:ýa . sipu, rt. Fir.'o-Ily, he learn,; Itow
to conduct offenolv-, operatlions in oider to seize beaches
it'd navL, ports anzd Lo I'orec. wCtur obsLacl.es. Iie alsu

larns how to conduct defert:ive operations in order to

,lnt'end a coastline.

To support and rei,'z"orce the( above type of train-

w each cantonment has a combat obstacle course which
e,

,':.ovides a realistic training- device for the Marines. The

Wiirwne must overcome variou:3 obstacles including high
bý,rricades, burning buildjiý s and water-filled trenches.
Noiso and light effects aru provided for more realism In

the form of explosions. s:rzoke, and firing of weapons.

Furthermore, in order to tare advantage of previous ex-
periences in producing better training results, the
"UtLrines carefully study the Naval Infantry experience in
World War II and in recent landini, exercises. Each exer-
evlu in which a Marine participates is thoroughly analyzed
bueore and after the completion of the exercise. This
t,]ps to pr3vide a be~t.tor un(lerstandilig of the require-

mernts of the exercise and then an understanding of the

46
positive and negative results of the exercise.1

5;7
 Inr additi cm L~u Lw j xit. itu ýr jieeCt:2 ii'

iL'oore training bcgrK' w I k Lht .;4uv!i . N4vy, each LVCiri ,,l

muiu't learn the charL,.:i L w ;1- " ui

d ,Ig.:,
••di tht. var-i ou,

types of amphibious ships wd,(the equipmerit on board each

ship. He must learn naval -. dgnals-. Each Marine also

learns to steer, control, aitw havidlc the various small

nava? landing crart and Special training on

Soota.
ships, training for amphibious operations, physical train-

ing and political training will be discussed in later

sections of this chapter.

Specialist Training. Within the Naval Infantry,

there are various billett: wLich require specialized

training. In addition to receiving training as a Marine

infantryman (although due to time constraints, these

individuals do not participate in all of the basic in-

fantry training program) these Marines must also be

trained in their specific job. Some of the billets in

the Naval Infantry, requiring, extra training include

drivers for tanks and APCs; tank crews; artillery crews;

reconnaisance, engineer and underwater demolition per-

sonnl; snipersi anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapon

crewsi and qarious rear support personnel.

Tank training includes a spec*,al driving and

handling course in order that th& tank driver can han-

dle the tank on land, on an amphibious ship5 and in

58
 rI

I. U<,iLl oa;S Tra nlinrig i.--i .oi tictoil in both amiphibious ar.d

i,,,i-aUirphibious tanks. Amlpti iou.; tounk reWs a-lSO tra in

o tVire their main tank gurn while afloat, in addition

Lu normal firing on land. T:irik training is conducted

in the tankdrome and waterdiv-ome within the cantonment., 1 4

Drivers for APCs receive the same type of training

%is tank drivers with erriphati, on manuevering in the

water. Their training is done primarily in the water-

di'one. Artillery crews receive training in driving the

iu1f-propelled vehicles, us artillery forward observers,
as topographers, and as artillery fire-direction com-
puter operators. Artillery crews are trained to operate

Lne!ir weapons in battery or as an individual weapon,1 4 9

Combat engineers and underwater demolition per-

sonnel receive extensive training in demolitions and

mines. The combat engineers concentrate on destroying

obstacles on the beach, breaching minefields, or building

defensive obstacles. The underwater demolition personnel

are concerned only with destroying the underwater ob-

stacles near the beach prior to an amphibious landing.

This type of training takes place in the engineerdrome

1 50
within the cantonment.

Initial sniper training lasts for approximately

two months, afterwhich periodic training is conducted

on the cantonment's firing range. The sniper is trained

59
L• sliuot, at various: ty pe: . Livl'., t. r-cJ t rL, offi(-Ur,
arid he•i.uieopters.l, i

Primary training for the anti-tank and anli-air-

1 52
craft weapons crews is done with the uue of simulators.
Driver training is also provided for the self-propelled
anti-aircraft gun.
Training for rear support u"i t,s includes courses

in automobile and truck driving, repair and maintenance;

food preparation; medica] :-,urvice; repair of shoes,clo-

thing, and equipment; and POL management. The Marines in

the rear support elements do participate in the amphibi-
1 53
ous landing exercises.

Svecial Trainin on Amphibious Ships. Besides the

training conducted in the various phases of an amphibious
operation involving the intimate training of the Marines

w'with the sailors, the Marines conduct other special and

significant training when they are present on board ship.

"The Marines together with the sailors train thoroughly

and strenuously in subjects related to shipboard life.

Since Marines do participate in many long sea voyages with

the Navy, they must become familiar with life aboard ship

in order that they feel at home while at sea.154

On board ship, classes are conducted in naval sig-

nals, characteristics of the equipment and weapons on

the ship, knot-tying, amphibious landing and beach

60
 ~ ~d ~ ii , the han d 1iikil- of ~Ii. 1 e r'Li I . ;iri bo~a t ,~ u nd

pWI ' i cal indoctrina t i or,

Marines parti c; pa V iai ,1/.y :;h 1, dri I Is. They

train arnd play an active, imi)t)L*Launt 1'ole in damage con-

trol drills. Marines arru ax:;ig-ied to various jobs on

the ship, including naval gun crews, anti-aircraft gun

crews, signalmen, arid lookouts.1,
Trainin in Am hibiouw .Operations. The amphibious

landing is the most complicaLed form of training for the

Sovlet Marine. He must master" the skills required for
ail amphibious landing in day and night, in all types of
weather, and in all typos oC terrain. In training for
an amphibious operation, the Marine studies and parti-
cipates in every aspect of the four major phases of the opu•r-
157
ation.

These four phases are&

1. Embarkation of Marines and equipment.
2. Sea voyage to the target area.
3. Debarkation, landing, and battle for
a beachhead.
4. Combat activity after fistablishing beach-
head.
The Marine's studies consist of three stages. In addi-
tion to his normal tactical, firing, and physical train-
ing, he first must gain complete knowledge of the charau-
teristics and capabilities of the amphibious ships and
landing crafts second, he conducts daily practical train-
ing in the Desant-o-drome located on his cantonment; and,

, 61
thi rd, he will mai n ta i r ;Ti I rierean, hi s amphibLous larldint

capabilities by patLicipatinig in tctual tactical landing

exercises, both small. atid large :acale. 1 8

During his daily training in the Dusant-o-drome,

he is able to practice embarkation and debarkation pro-
cedures. Also within his cantonment he can practice the

tactical procedures required for gaining the beachhead

and follow-on action. A Marine's total. training program

is oriented towards and culminates in the successful com-
pletion of the amphibious operation. In addition to
conducting their own landing, exercises, the Soviet Marines

participate in many Warsaw Pact landing exercises, par-

t.icularly in the Baltic Sea.
Physical Training

To help prepare the individual. Marine, both phy-

sically and psychologically, to fulfull the demands of

the various training requirements and to be prepared for

actual combat, the Naval Infantry employs an extensive

physical training program in conjunction with the normal

omilitary training program. Pacilities for both required

organizational and off-duty physical training apie avail-

able in each cantonment,

Each day, the physical training begins with one

hour of basic exercises. In addition, each Marine prior

to performing guard duty engages in 10 to 15 minutes of

62
w•rrni-up exercise.;. pveII wln,. the MWriries are on bu-ord

ship, daily exer ;,;c: ;r'.ir,(, wt Ior.ottrn. On each ship

a thirty minute period of i'tensive excrcisin(, i. con-

1 59
ducted twice a day by the Marines.
Required physical training includes instruction

in swimming, diving, sambo (a form of hand-to-hand com-

bat for self-defense without using any weaipons), gym-
nastics, wrestling, and the obstacle course. Sambo,
which is the most popular sport among the Marines, and
the obstacle course comprise 40% of the physical train-
16 0
ing program.
One of the most difficult obstacles is the "tower
of courage*. This obstacle consists of a 12 to 15 meter
tower with a small platform at the top and a platform at
the 3 to 5 meter level. Marines are required to climb
to the top using a 5 meter wide rope ladder. To Set
down from the top, a Marine must hang onto a 35 centi-
meter long metal pipe which then slides along a slanted
rope to the ground. The Marines are also required to
jump to the ground from the 3 meter level platform.
Thus, the purpose of this obstacle is to acquaint the
Miarine with the feeling of descending and landing, simi-
161
lar to that found in parachute jumping.
Heavy emphasis is also placed on swimming and
diving while a Marine is fully clothed and carrying his

63
cqAilpmrent and weapon. Thi, ,•rienLt; thu iaiarLre to con-

dF Lions he might expect to encounter during tne amphi-

I!
bious assault.
Another important phy:;ical program in which each
Marine participates is the Military Sports Complex. This
program generally consists of five events which aret

2. 100 meter run

3. 3 kilometer cross-country run
5. A
4. 6 kilometer
Swimming skiing or marching
in conjunction race
with diving.

In addition to these five events, the Marines also com-

pete in three more which are;
6. Grenade tnrowing for distance and accuracy
7. Obstacle course run
8. Rowing a six-man skiff for 2 kilometers
or long jumping.12
As with all sports, a Marine can earn various awards and
degrees in the Military Sports Complex depending upon his
level of expertise.
To promote attention to and participation in the
physical fitness programs, each Naval Infantry coi-pany
has a sports committee and several sports sections which
provide competent instructOrs in areas such as swimming,
acrobatics, weight lifting, boxing, and wrestling. Thus,

the entire physical training program is organized to pro-

duce a beneficial effect on combat training and to develop
a tiam spirit. This spirit is developed through competition
among the units in many of the spo- ts. Instead of competing

64
in the various sports in a PT uniform, the Marines wear
their normal working uniform during all physical training.163J

Many of the facilitiu:s for the required physical

training programs are also atvailable for each Marine to

use during his recreational time. In addition to the

many sports already mentioned, a Marine can participate

in classical and free-style wrestling and rugby. Tram-

polines are balso availaole lor use.164

Political Traininp
To say that the Communist's help to train the Mar-

ines would be to totally understate the effect and influ-

ence of the Communist Party upon the Naval Infantry.

Political and psychological training is extremely well

organized and impinges upon every aspect or a Marine's JJ
life including every phase of his training. Party-
political work is considered to be the most important

means to strengthen the political-moral state and the

military discir'ine of' each Marine. The primary goal of
the political work withii- the Naval Infantry is to ensure
the high state of military training and readiness of the
Marines in order that they can complete their military
assignments in a timely and orderiy fashion.1 6 5 The
various qualities which a Marine is to possess, as des-
cribed at the end of Chapte- 2, are developed through
this intensive political and psycholo•,ical irdoctrination
 .' .' M;,irne. The po i. Li " oL'I'ic e or secLion of'

ji Naval Infantry unit i.; primarilJ.y rewponsible for

t,.:; training; however, he i.- helped to a considerable
6.(.roe by the other offi"cero witin the unit, the major-
t.y of whom already belong to the Communist Party and

by local Communist and Komson~ol orgarnizations. A

arine's political training consists of' two general
*1

categories - that training which he receives on a daily

b;m;!i; arid that training he receives during field exe.-

Formal classe. in poli: cal training account for

10 to 15% of the daily schedule. These classes include

instruction in the development of the unit's battle

traditions, communism, history of the Communist Party

and the armed forces, and the foreign and internal poli-
cies of the Communist Party. Methods of instruction
vary from the use of films to formal seminars and/or

individual discussions. Guest lecturers, including pre-

sent party members and veterans of World War II, are
166
used to enhance the political education of the Marine.

Field training is considered to be the best school

f'or psychological training. No matter whether the Mar-

1iner, are on joard ship or in the field, political train-

ing is continucus throughout the exercise. To emphasize
the heroic deeds of" former Marines, many o1f the exercises

66
aru conducted at ni Lor i (: I tuand1 ri,' .;i.tLs of World War
I].167 Every exercise i s m t.iculoo;.Iy promoted through

daily practical studies, spueeches, and meetings wl.Vi

the Marines. The officers ;ind political workers pain-

stakingly analyze for the Mb-.rines the requirements of'

68
the exercise and lessons learned from previous exercises.l

All of this political training is geared to achieve

bold and decisive action from each Marine during the

exercise .169

TraininK and Education of'Officers

Secondary School. The majority of future Marine

officers receive the normal, non-military secondary

school education and training which includes the .40

hour basic program, camp program, and the DOSAAF spec-
ialized and advanced training program. These programs
have been discussed at the beginning of' this chapter.
A small number of future Marine officers receive their
secondary education from the Suvorov and Nakhimov schools.
These students receive the normal secondary school edu-
cation within a general military atmosphere. This train-
ing also includes summer camps or cruises. Within this
program emphasis is placed on physical training including
and military bearing. 17 0
sports, marksmenship,
MilitarX and Higher MilitarY Schools. A Marine
officer candidate may attend a variety of military col-
leges depending upon previous training and his particular

67
 ~ '~r~!~res3 in .1 tio Lu Ow.* bat;i c amideniie f ounda-

tion of' mathematic,-;, c.jmi:: .y lhe;.ic , for•igri, Jarguai;u,

Gt,'::ogiretrY, and dyn~rwrI,:zi, nerbool provides irkutructi or

ii ~a parti.cular mill Lary HrI I'd zsucl as command and armour.

arti)lery, commu:ludLlons, p•ilot, training, politics, cn-
ginreering, transportatiorn sapply, and naval training. 171

In general, the education innd tr-aining program consists of

70% military subjects and 30% general education subjects. 172

The military training provides a thorough under-

:.,Uaiding of the variou:s, aspects of modern tactics. Speci-
fic training includes instruction ir, communism, maintenance
operation of equipment, v.eapons familiarization and
;inr(

firing, physical training, CBR warfare, civil defense,

military topography and field enginecring.173 The Frunze
Highelr Naval School also provides training in deck seaman-
ship, shiphandling, navigation, ordnance, and electronics. 1 74

At present, there are no wiiitary colleges which

specifically train future Marine officers. However, in
1970, a special course was organized at the Kaliningrad
Higher Naval School for future Marine officers,17. This
c:ourse included instruction in the organization, equipment
and armament of the Naval Infantry, the history and trad-
itions of the Naval Infantry, the characteristics of am-
phibious ships, basic small unit tactics, and all phases

of an amphibious landing. The officer-candidates

68
piirticipate in daily trainlti; exe:reiseu, In 1970, they
evtn participated in thL ariphiibious 1;r 'ing au-inc the

naval exercise, Okean-70.376 Although :peJfic informa-

tion con1cerning Marine oriented courses at Uther schools
was riot found, this author feels that it is very likely
that such courses do exist in other colleges, particular-
ly at the various Higher Naval schools.
Post CommissiorkiTn Training. Although some Marine
training does exist at naval colleges, the majority of
the newly commissioned Marine officers from the general
troop military colleges have not received any special
Marine training. Therefore, one of the major tasks with-
in the Soviet Naval Infantry is to provide adequate
training for the junior Marine officers, so that they
will become effective combat leaders. The commanding
officer of the young Marine lieutenant has the responsi-
bility to educate ang train him in the skills of amphibious
warfare, 1/7

The Marine lieutenant will receive special in-

struction in map reading, reconnaissance techniques,
familiarization of amphibious ships, small boat handling
proc•durss, amphibious techniques, naval terminology and
weapons technology. The young officer will learn to shoot
all weapons used by the Naval Infantry. He will receive

extensive physical training including sambo, swimming,

and parachute Jumping.178

69
 Within the dally t.raaiiing program, emphasis is

plVced on developirn the yuung officer's ability to cor-

rectly analyze Rnd develop various combat scenarios.

The combat experiences of thc, Naval Infuntry in World

War II and recent amphibious exercises are used as ex-

9
amples for analyzing both mistakes arid correct procedures.

• Three methods are used to accomplish the training

of young officers. First, the commanding officer or-

ganizes and supervises a plan of s elf-study for each

Marine lieutenant. Second, special formal training

classes are conducted on a daily basis. Finally, the

young officer will participate in an *on the job* train-

ing program, which will include amphibious landing ex-

ercises. The lieutenant will be continually evaluated

during his training program by his commanding officer.

so that he can correct his deficiencies and progress in

his development as a leader of Soviet Marines.180

In addition to the training which a Marine lieu-

tenant receives from his unit, there is some evidence

that young Marine officers attend a special training

program conducted at a base in Viborg. However, the

length of this program and when the officer attends are

unknown. 181
Advanced Education. After a Marine officer has

been on active duty for two years, he is then eligible

70
 Wo :,t Lenid an advanced ril ii ,. ry s;ohooe I This program coil-
sists of 1 year of classes which update and improve the
18 2
off'icer's qualifi.catlori, in his primary field.

During the middle ot' his career, a Marine officer,

if selected, may attend one of' the military academies or

institutes. There are two types of military academies -

combined arms which have a 3 year course arid special

military/technical education which have a 5 year course.

Military institutes have a 3 year course of -.nstruction.

The education received in these academies and institutes

trains an officer for higher level staff and command

billets.

Fiaally, the very sonior Marine officers (of

which there are very few) may, if selected, attend the

General Staff Academy or Advanced Naval Academy for a

183
1 year course.

71
 (i
ChaptL,,r. •

EQUII'MENT Anrid WEAPON

In this chapter, a genreral analysis of equipment

and weapons used by the Sov.iut Marines will be presented.

Information for this analysis was primarily obtained from

Soviet sources, particularly Krasnaia Zvesda and Morskoi
Sbornik. Annotation will be made where Western sour'8es
indicate that certain equipment and weapons are used by
the Soviet Marines, whereas research for this paper failed
to uncover such evidence in 'oviet sources. Appendices
C and D provide general characteristics of the equipment
and o-'ons. Three Western sources were used for the

info .... on on general characteristics. These sources

weret The Armies of the Warsaw Pact Nations by F. Wiener.

FM 30-40 Handbook on Soviet Ground Forces by the Department

of the Army. and Thq S~oviet Motorized Rifle Company by
DIA. No attempt was made to Identify equipment and wea-

ii pons of other Warsaw Fact countries.

EguiDment

Individual Egulpment. Each Marine. carrying a rifle,

has a detachable bayonet-knife. Skiis and snowshoes are

issued for winter training. 18 Marine officers utilize

binoculars and small signal flags during exercises. They

also have ceremonial swords.!85 Individual CBR equipment

includes the ShM or ShMS gas mask and the OP-1 protective

72 "4!
 Uni t Eauiment. Vari ous types of engineer and

r'e c!onna.lsarirce equipment :iv,-. :-ede. Rubber boats, clmbiri|g

equipment, and underwater, breathing equipiqent is avail-

able. Radio equipment inicludes the R-113 or R-123 vehi-

cle mounted radio set. Man-packed radio sets include the

R-107 or R-126. 87

VehicV. • The designations of most vehicles were

not foundl however, various sources indicate the use of

recon-patrol and engineer vehicles. Various types of

trucks are used to transport radio equipment, repair

equipment, ammunition, water, food, and fuel.1 8 8 The

URAL-375 and GAZ-63 trucks are used to transport multi-

rocket launchers. The M-?2 motorcycle is also used by
the Marines. 18 9

Amphibious Vehicles. Soviet sources indicate the

use of the K-61 and the PTS-Ml. Western sources further
indicate the use of the GAZ-46 (MAV), BAV, and the GAZ-47
(GT-S) .90
Weapons
Small Arms. The PM Makarov pistol is carried by
the officer. 191 The most common rifle used by the Ma-
rines is the AKM Kalashnikov assault rifle. Each Marine
squad has one RPK Xalashnikov light machine gun. At the
company level, the Naval Infantry has the PK (with bipod

?3
 ' thti I'I,- with t.rpud) Ka I wh.'hv, HoV Pf.norla purp'Pose Diuohi ,''
,1110192 T'he Mar'rire or) i ptrs use t.hc,. .ragunov (SVD) Bai per

i PI.v Var-jous typ(., of aill- tiam z(id an li-per;iorinel

iWý.nd grenades are also u.,;. 10"3

Anti-ank We apon;, The primary squad level anti-

tank weapon is the RPG-7 grenade launchero194 The B-10

recoilless anti-tank trun is used at the battalion level,

although it may hove already been replaced by the SPG-9

19 5
"airnLi-tank gun.

Although evidence of specific types has not been

f'ouurd, several Soviet sourcus indicate tLv use of' the
PTURC (anti-tank controlled rocket shell). This weapon

has been described as mouiutLed on self-propelled amphibi-

ou vehicles and as man-packed. IV6 The anti-tank weapon

which fits this description is the AT-3 Sagger. The AT-i

Sn~apper and AT-2 Swatter are also anti-tank weapons, which

are found only onz vehicles, which may also be used by the
Marines. One Western wource indicates the use of the AT-3
Sagger by the Soviet Marines.197

Anti-aCi2raft Weaipons. Initially, the ZPU-4 anti-

aircraft mount was used and still may be in the inventory .98

However, today the primary anti-aircraft weapon is the

ZSU-23-4. 199 Western sources also indicate the use of the
200
SA-7 and the SA-9 missile.

Mortars. The 82 mm mortar was used by the Marires

74
Irn the early 1960's LI hw,:vvr*, Uhi, rnwy hnve now been
replaced by the 120 mm niort:ir, as indic.tocd by one Westferrz

source, 202
Artillery. ,ovieL :source.-. did not indl.caLe •peci-
fic types of standard artillery weapons. However, several

sources stated that multi-rocket launchers are the Naval

Infantry's primary artillery. 20 3 Two types of multi-rocket
launchers were identified - the ]22 mm BM-21 mounted on
the URAL-375 truck 2 0 4 and the 140 mm BM-1 mounted on the

GAZ-63 trucko 2 0 5 The older BM-.14 may have been replaced

by the BM-21. Western sources indicate that the Soviet
Marines also use various towed artillery, including the
122 mm howitzer. 206 The BM-14 mounted on a ZIL-151 truck

was also mentioned in a We.itern source.2 0 7

Tanks. The PT-76 amphibious tank is the most com-

mon tank used by the Marineu. They also use the T-54 and
T-55 medium tanks. 2 08 T-62 tanks may be replacing the
older medium tanks. One Western source indicated that the
209
PT-85 medium tank was also used.
Arsoured Personne.Carriers. The BTR-.40, BTR-152,
BRDM-2, 210 BTR-6OP, BTR-60PA, and BTR-60PB have been iden-
31
tified from Soviet sources as those APCs used by the Marinesi
Several Soviet sources indicated the use of both
wheeled and tracked APCs. 12 All of the above mentioned
APCs are wheeled. Therefore, the Marines may also be using

75
 ~ u~ i.: 1It',C
~kI V'h U .; 1o 'iw~jj .utd b~y variuu;

,Vvn ~.uu'coi *1'r Lti'*rmrII(r- Ow~ UM-'.'e. I rrity now

1i-ni r't~j,,ui on f IA m
When uning- various Suvict sourcet; to identify
u iprun aknd wea pons used u., Lhe Sovi ut Na4val. Infantry,
oniw co'nvenient recui.nitiOki .'Id WMU found to be helpful.
hb Sovie t Marines- plac tlnw, fo~llwir,". insignD.1 on all
UI'f Loi r large equl pmeatit and we.aponks:

76
 Ct&:tptd:r ')

AMPki!I MlUtS! LI.LL+• rid m1ý r,,•Hy,

Amphibious Shi Iping

In order to conduct amphibioun operations, the

Soviet Navy supports the Naval Infantry with various

classes of landing ships and craft. The types of landing

h~lPs include the Alligator. Polnochnyi, Vydra, MP-29

NIV-1, MP-6, UP-8, MP-1O, SM8-I, and hopucha class ships.
T-4 landing craft is the only type of landing craft iden-

tif.ed. Several of the other Warsaw Pact countries also

use various types of landing ships and craft. Poland
u::;es the Polnochnyi and Ropucha class of landing ship.

The German Democratic Republic uses the Robbe and Labo

class of landing ship. Bulgaria uses the Vydra class
and smaller landing craft.

The total number of each class for the Soviet

14 '
Union is,2

Northbrn Baltic 39a 1-ack Sea Pa 2 jfi Total

All igator 2 3 4 5 14
Polnochnyi 12 15 18 15 60
reh-2 8
,-4 15
6 15 16 30 20 8
Mil' -10 10
Vydra 35
3MB-1 unknown
Ropucha 0 3 0 2 5
100

77

- -•, 'a ~~~ k h~

 Di)tailed ch:'(rao ., Ii.:: i rr d i,.aram f 0e8c
01h

,
(':, ship are provided in Ap pendix E15 Since the

:i.i,roduction of Lhe "a.rcraJ.t ca.rier" into the Sovietf

Navy, speculation has riýenas to the possible use of

these "aircraft carriers" in amphibious operations. The
Naval Infantry is also testing various hydrofoils and
air cushion vehicles for use in an amphibious environ-
mont. Therefore, information on the "aircraft carriers",
hydrofoils, and air cushion vehicles is also provided in

Appendix E.
Before considering the other Warsaw Pact countries,
it should be pointed out that some authors have indicated
tfnt several ships have been converted to amphibious
command ships. These ships provide the necessary facil-
ities for the comumanid and control of amphib'nus exercises
by the joint Marine/Navy command. 216

The nruerical data on amphibious ships and craft

for the other Warsaw Pact countries includess
Poland - 23 Polno-,hriyi and 2 Ropucha. The Polish
have .lso begun to use a small landing
craft, the Kuter Desantowy

German Democratic Republic - 6 Robbe and 12 Labo.

Bulgaria - 10 V:;dra and 10 MFP

Ai,1 Cushlon Vehicle Tachno2jAX

In 1967, the Soviet military first showed an in-

terest in usirn air cushi ,n vehicles for military pirposes.

78
'TI,, i rjiLi.:il ACV wvid o , ,.,, i..tu• ,:,; h ;, -O .,

P.11•,' LI'. GUS wao; ,u ,.iI ,..' ,II ; tII;,:s

I . Piif3 GUJ1'1:-i:U

2E tJ]..y Llic only ACV ii, ',l ir, L. i ri Opp-ro,Li or:ii

1A.13. The Naval Infantry is usiri, thIh; vehicle exten-

sively in operations, particuLarly in the Baltic Sea

area, The 1.rgest ACV proer+ntly ii operation is the

AIST. Today the Soviet Union hav; Lhe larj,,est operational

ACV fleet oany country.

Several Soviet articles have illustrated the us-e

ot` these ACV in amphibious uxercist'•. 22 0 ' 221 Il 1975,

tih(. Soviets released a troining film Ihowing both the
GUS nnd AIST in an operatioui with the Soviet Marines.

Ir' tlhe film, a group of karires exited from the GUS,

while la main battle tank(T-62) was off-loaded from the
22 2
AIST.

Appendix E contains information on the character-

istics of these various ACVu.
-.Ili taM~ Aircraft

The only aircraft which will be considered in

this report are helicopters and V/STOL aircraft. Many
Soviet sources have indicated that the Soviet Marines
do use helicopters and do participate in helicopter
;assrauits during amphibious operations. 2 2 3 ' 224, 225
Pictures of both a Mi-4 and a Mi-6 with Soviet Marines
have been published in Soviet articles. 226t.2227 Various

79

-=
naval and military helicopters nre available for u~m

by the Marines, since the.y do not have any helicopter-:

within their own organizationrl structure. These in-

clude the Ka-25, Mi-1, Mi-2, Mi.-4, Mi-6, Mi-8, k-i-1(,

Mi-12, and Mi-24. In addition, V/STOL aircraft h,;,vw
begun operating on the new Kiev dircraft. These air-
craft could be used to support asmphibious operatiorm." ?'

Appendix F provider, informit-on cn the charac-

teristics of these vwriou.- helicopters and aircraft.2 ;.3,, ;)'3',
".! 9
I -l
 Chapter : i iiu.. di I'V ,t. typen ol' traiin. n -i
Z-rJitjie and Ugheni ( ,. :.oApperdix A). The various

typevs of training accomp £i;ia'd during the daily Zaniati,

wui'e also presented. The ILrinlnri; •tzs prousntod in Chapter
3 ,.'ulminates in the coraducL o1 various sized amphibious

ex:rcises or Ughonie in whi.clL the Naval Infantry particJ-

pates, throughout the year. Ihe.no exercises may be company

s , battalion or multl-baLt.aliorn !i7c; they may be joint

S,~x,;rcises conducted with the army, airr)orne and, of cour.se,

the. oavyl and they may also be combined exercises involving5

otbe•r members of the Warsaw Pact. The purpose of this

(:hripter is to present the intormation available which char- F
acterizes each of these extrcises. This information will

eonsist of the date of the oxerclse,2 35 the location of

the exercise, and general chiracteriotics of the exercise.

(including the name of the exercise, countries participatir:g,

type and size of units participating, and the use of any

-pecial techniques - such as naval gunfire and close air

:rupport). Before presenting this material, it is interes-

ting to note one sidelight which has grown out of these

uxercises. As mentioned in Chapter 2, the morale and

enthusiasm of the Soviet Marine is constantly maintained

81
 t j. 1 ,orto~d by' v:Ix'-tCu jj J:I I. :0 .i

"LI, , :t phibt0U:' .;.tib . AL C.: tih'e •.ay ig,... ,

vol v.. d which char:acte ri c , ,i i ic

m 0 ur~i r i. Icr;-a,1.,
-

Li.,.?s vayings ares236

1. Desan•* yrii•otovll'_iia k vyv.ake - *Prepare

for the 1iarding'T.31 the Jarines leave the ship.

2. U - a ducjp thr:,t-;, "hurrah* shouted by the

Warines as they tit the beach.

3. Pa a - 'Watch out below', the battle cry

or henO•arines.
irijtjgi&
1 Exerciges

.o Location General Characteristics

OQ'-uher, 1962 unknown Simulate nuclear strikeA

NOFI use CI•H personnel. 3"/
0(rLober, 1963 unknown Simulate
CAS, 2 38 nuclear strikes

July, 1964 unknown Amphibious landing. 2 39

k ptember Bulgarian Soviet, Romanian. and

15-20, 1964 coast Bulgarian troopm simulate
nuclear strike.
may, 1965 East German East German.2 41
coast
Mny. 1965 Pacific area Amphibious landing.242

Jurie, 1965 unknown Amphibious landing. 2 4 3

-.'LAvmber.1965 (Pacific area) Simulate nuclear st Weo
helicopter assault.
No!vember,1965 Baltic area Amphibious landing.,24
1965 Black Sea area Soviet, Romanian, and
Bulgarian troops.2

82
 Lin Enc; Gema tr 's, .

~
t"~~~ ~ oi ".i )ry
unj~ d blck( %arfilhalbious land ing
Z5,n~'1967
rwi LK Poi ochnyl shipsl ~c
caring&2 PT-705 and
4 AVC.2•50
~'IQ .t207 Bulgari-.; Lovice 1, Romnanian, a~d
.1967 na -- BUIL2g;IC1,11r troops. 2 5
".,';,L'rru .1967 Fo.1it-;h oll-Ai t~rook)-i using ý;
Vo:~ L

0,,tobur. 1967 Polksh eoutu;t "Oder"; Polis~h troopnzc.

-;wy 1.6. 3968 Polish. coaol. ¶.4vur i Sovif~to Po.lish,
oppor.i te loi'c,n- arid E;tGcrmana troopas
holm Isi.1-nd landing of 3 battalions;
CASI NCFA !argest exerehic

W1u41 19, 1.968 Rybachi PVfli!- *Sevtjr~l Soviet troops,

sula. northcv-ir, po:oiibly to Include Mari;IeL:
area from Baltic Floet. 2 5 5
Auiguiat. 1968 unknown Amphibious landing. 2 56

Sr.ptnmber.1968 Czechoslovakia Mival Infantry units fromt

Bniltic Fleet part*icipatte
in the invasion 35 may
have also been pd in
airborne unit
0(: obe-r. 1968 Northern arid Link-u pmanueveg~ after
Baltic arena, Czech L vasi on.')
Ju1~.41969 Baltic area Amphibious landing.2 6O
Juily, 1969 Northern art~a Amphibious landing.26
1,'Yi or to Sovij IX:i O!" r to L"I SUVW. and

SepLember1,969 Nedi turrario.'ii &ov1e1,jR, and Syrian

September,1969 Polish coast "Oder-Neisse"; Soviot,

Polish, East Germano and
Czech units including
Marinos, army, .and air-
bornes NGP. CASI simulate
nuclear strikes helicopter
assaults use engineers and
UDTi 3 battalion landing
plus 1 rgerve army bat-
talion*2

S:ptember,1969 Black Sea area Amphibious landing.2 6 5

Moskva may have been used.
November, 1969 Balti.c sea Amphibious landing.2 6 6

1969 unknown Naval Infantry artillery

defends coast during
simulated landing.17
1969 Pacific area Amphibious landing.2 6 8
March, 1970 Dvina River fDvina;i possible parti-
area cipation Soviet
Marines. ovy
April 27-28 Rybachi "Okean-?O Soviet Marines
1970 Peninsula in both offensive and
defensive positionel 2
battalions conventional
landings NGF, CAS, engineers
helicopter assault; 24
landing ships plus Leningrad
participate in operations
largest Soviet landings
supporJt8 by rear echelon
units.•u

April 27-28 Island in "Okean-70"; battalion of

1970 Baltic Sea Soviet Marines and battalion
of naval cadetsl numerous
landing sites; simulate
nuclear strikes CAS; sup- 271
ported by rear echelon units.

84 4
i,,i- 1 O970 ilic k , ,. Anph i iou; 1.n.•Jr; 7
April. 1970 n,.r Aphliblou landling.
V]La ( i vu-; Lt.)k
2 74
July 25, 1970 noar Sevastopol Demonst'ition landings.
and
Vladivos tok
July 26, 1970 KhimkInskii Demonstration landing2 7 5
Reservoir near
Moscow
Ovtober 17, East German uBrotherhood-in-Arms 6 i
]970 coast Soviet, Polish, and East
Germans conduct regimental
size lardingi supported by
East German. Bulgariarinud
Czech paratroopersl multi-
objective assault includlnj
beach, airfield and seaports
NGF, CAS, helicopter assaulti
largest amghiblous exercise
to date. 2 79
2 77
Deceabero1970 Pacif1(. Amphibious landing.
May, 1971 Northern areza Amphibious landjill, heli-
copter assault.to
June 14, 1971 near Odessa "Yug;l Soviet brigade size
in Black Sea landing; Leningrad partici-
pates in landingo CAS, NGF,
engineers, UDTl helicopter
assaulti army and airborne
units also participate. 2 79
Pacific area Battalion size landing. 280
July, 1971
28 1
August. 1971 Baltic area Amphibious landing.
Amphibious landing. 28 2
prior to March, unknown
1972
3pring, 1972 unknown Amphibious landing. 28 3

October, 1972 Baltic area Amphibious la}iing with

NGF and CAS. 2 O

85
1')'/.2 Po] • h ci.,',;•t t'2(i.,r, i'. Ii
; P h LrOQ1i'|,
February, 1973 Black ourci
a,.., Aniihi ouL ihDnding".
Dic ceinbe r, 973 unknuowri Ampih i cu ]ad
];i r ing*

NuVomber,19714 unknown Anmph bioun landing.2 8 8

February 16, near Zealand Amphibious landing. 2 8 9

1975 Island in baltic
Sea
April, 1975 Noretian "Okean-75", seven merchant
S.ships with amphibious units
(only mention of amphibiousi
activi this
exercise).

prior to Northern area Amphibious landing using,

Ducomber,1975 NGP and URL.291
February 23, unknown Battalion size amphibious
1976 landing.292
September 9-16 Polish coast "Shield-76"l Soviet, Polish
1976 Zast German, and Czech
troopal 8 landin• ships. 2 9 3
rior to Pacific area Company 4 9 amphibious
e amber,1976 landin fla
prior to East German Brigade a amphibious
December.1976 coast land ings.4.
January, 1977 Faltic area Amphibious landing.296

February.1977 unknown Company s ýe amphibious

2 47
landing.
Spring, 1977 Northern area Amphibious la2ng, Kiev
participates,
prior to (Baltic) Amphibious landing with 299
April, 1977 ACV and helicopter assault.

The Naval Infantry participates in one other form

of exercise -dejloyment of amphibious ships with naval

86
 1~..•&:id 'usi LtkrOIs~hora. Lthc worl'd. Although very fe.w ];iritp'.
,.m.*,r(Jses ure Cond(luuted durhil.g tAh:t•e crulues. it iu still

"p)a-r't of the overall Lr'il•iL'i., t'or u ';civet Marine - I1

i" operational experie,,e,. Inform tion regarding thseu

doploy1entsa is presented in Appendix G.

87
, ~ ~ 8? 2 . i
 What do the Soviets Le]l U!, about thb comamwnd struc-

ture of their Naval Intuuntry? Virtually nothing, unles;i

you gather bits and pieces of informition about name, rank,
Job descriptioan, and locatiQn of officersi tnon assemble and
analyse this data (as in a giant jigsaw puzzle)l then may-

be you might have some very -rude and approximate idea of

what the commmd structure or" the Naval Infantry is. be-
fore considering data o! thi.- nature, let us first considor
the very top echelon of command.
Comandant of the 3oviet Pav., Infantry
Who is this commandant? What is his job? Unfor-
tunately, the only evidence which was found during this
research came from Western sources. There was no mention
whatsoever in Soviet sources as to who commnded their
Naval Infantry. The one fact which Western sources have
expounded upon and which appears to be supported in Soviet
sources is that the overall operational control of the
Marine units a"signed to a specific naval fleet area

(Northern. Baltic, Black Sea, and Pacific) or a flotilla

is the responsibility of that respective naval fleet com-

mander or local ground forces commander (flotilla). Th's,

the senior Uraine officer in a fleet area is operationally
subordinate to the naval fleet commander and not to any

88
commandant of' the Niivtl trltnarktry.JJ
On the othor Winud, i L is probable that the Nava]

Irnfantry does have uoine form o1' cerntralized command.

This would be required in orler to provide Admiral Gorsh-
kov's headquarters with propur assistance and guidance

and &ýlso to provide some systematic an" uniform control

over-basic training and doctrineg administration. and
logistics within the various and widely separated units.

Of course within each fleet area, the Naval Infantry units

would b4 receiving a large amount or logistical support

from the Soviet Navy,

Several Western authors present a command struc-
ture of the Soviet Navy which includes a Chief Directorate
for Naval Infantry as one of the administrative sections
1 What Soviet
under the Chief of the Maan Naval Staff.•'
Marine occupies this billet? In 1970, one source indi-

cated that Cologel L. M. Roitenburd was the Commander of

the Naval Infantry.' 02 However, in an article in 1973
and more recently in an interview, Professor John Erickson

stated and is convinced that a Major General is the Con-

mandant of the Naval Infantry.•0' Professor Irickson

was unable to obtain the name of the Major General during

his recent trips to the Soviet Union, although the Soviets

insisted that. he was a Major General,

Thus the mystery remains as to who is the top

89
;covi(.t Marine. At IAi:: poi iL, it. Il,,ý|t. he irL.rtt ustirig Lu

.;jtcultLe on one -t Ct. 1u

' LtAu' (:Ownifmiatrid Structure aria

Soviet articles. It UtppeaCx; thuL the mosit prolific

wViter about the .Soviet Marines itri the one individual

who iu called upon to answer requesLs about the Marines

in the newspapers is Major Guneral P.E. Melrnikov (see

bibliography and Appendix H). If any of Lhc Soviet au-

Lhors could be considered the "spokesman" for the Naval

Infuntry it would certainly have to be Major General

Mel'nikov. In addition to rmnay authored and co-authored

arL~cles appearing in Krasnatia Zvezdi, Major General

Mu'lriikov was the senior officer in the collective au-

Lhorship of the "Handbook of Naval Landers" (in biblio-

•rr;phy under Bere-ov), published in 1975.304 This is an
excellent handbook, de.ncribing the Naval Infantry and
amphibious traininv. It was written as a general guide
and textbook for military readers, including the Soviet
Marines. Finally of interest, is the fact that in 1970
Major General Rel'nikov was identified as the commanding

officer of shore artillery in the Baltic Fleet.305 At

the same time 5, Breyer, in presenting his schematic
naval command structure, shows the Naval Infantry subor-
dinate to the Coast Defense (shore artillery and air
defense) in each of the naval fleets. 3 0 6

90
0:1jeo' (.onrnand S t riteL ero
As initi.lly pui)•t.•d ouL, -ý.kbi|iL jigsaiw puzzlu i

Žx 1 ý3 t... in deterininirk'L ti'tu curfme'1. s tructLurc of' the 1nv~ill

ILifantry. In ordor to uxnmi.ne this. problem, basic dat:L
oIL the Soviet Marine officers waru collected from pri-
mariiy, Soviet sources. This data includes name of
officer, rank and job description, location, and date of
information. This data was assembled and is presented in
Ap)pendix H. This data was further analyzed to determine

specific coinnd organizations (if and where they exist),

numbers of officers, and numbers of different types of

units and subunit.. This data is presented in Appendix I
(those officers listed in Appendix H with an asteriisk
have not been considered in Appendix I). Obviously, this
data base is very incomplete, but it does provide an
initial starting point from which the order of battle of
the Naval Infantry can be analyzed. This analysis is
presented in the following chapter,

91
 ORDL-h OV, H•ATTIE

After examiniu.g tile v;-riuou IuLalls

c of the Soviet

N;ival Infantry - tteo irdivid.ual folarine; his training; the

(.,quipmerit, weapons, anda amphiblous r.:hippinrk which he uses;
the various amphibious; exercises in which he participates;
irid who his leaders are, Lh,Žre remains one general area
UL be analyzed. Appendix H ind I pre'sented a very rough

Ftheir
-hetch of how the Naval Inr•-irtry is organized based upon
officer structure. This final chapter will consider
in more detail the org;anzlational structure of the Soviet
Naval Infantry. The result of this examination will be
a proposed order of battle (OOB) for the Naval Infantry.
To aid in this analysis, Appendix J was compiled in o-dor
to present the views of many Western writers on what they
consider to be the OOB of the Naval Infantry.
Regiment or Brigade
In examining Appendix J.l, the first problem that
confronts the reader and that must be resolved before
further detailed analysis on the OOB is:
What is the highest operational command organiza-
tion within the Naval Infantry? How is the Naval Infantry,
in general, operationally or:;,anized in order to complete
its missions at directed by the individual fleet commanders?

92
Amori•;, Lht, sources in App..,,di;. J .* ,.hr.re arqe three, rerilep]

1.. Brigades rnd bltoLu ionsr

2. Brigades, rgirmnrt;-., arid battaLions
3. Regiments arnd b.attal..oris

In re.-o~lving this problem, first consider what the h

Soviet .Encyclovedia has to soy about Mor'skaia Pekhota

(Apperndix A).
307
"...consists of units and subunits...
Next review the definitions in Appendix A for unit(Chast'),

suburilt (Podrazdelenie). brigade (Brlgada), and regiment

(Polk).

Taking into account

these, definitions,
the data
found in Appendices H, I, arid J. and three Soviet articles 3 0 8
which discuss regimental units, this author believes that
the basic organizational structure of the Naval I:'fantry

is the regimental structure with subordinate battalions.

Thus, it is the regimental commander who is responsible

to the fleet commander for the performance of his Marine

units. Based on the exploits and fame which the Naval

Infantry brigades, regiments, and battalions achieved

duri ng World War II, it may be that today's regiments have

been assigned *honorific" brigade titles. Specific regi-

mental names or titles were not found, however, Professor

John Erickson 41d indicate during his interview that

these honorary titles probably have been assigned to the

93
koi6rnta!. Table of OrLaniz.., Lion

."Llziei
Several authors hViwvc: s:at.o-d Lii-I theo original M,-
in the early 1960'u w,:re per'.:unnel from motorized
r
r t'le units (army) which hod been converted to form the
Naval Intantry.309 The Naval Infantry over the years

has developed into an organization of its own with an

;apparenl. fixed table of orgo'nization. Although develop-
merit and changes have occurred, the Naval Infantry bat-
talion still retains many of' the organizational charac-
3 10
teristics of the motorized rifle battalion.
In formulating the following regimental table
of organization, the data in Appendiees D, H, I and J
was analyzed in conjunction with various tables of organ-
lzation (Soviet ground forces) found in Appendix K.
Soviet Naval Infantry
Regiment Officers Enlisted
Regimentel headquarters and
staff platoon 28 32
3 Infantry battalions 87 1272
1 Tank battalion (31 PT-76) 28 118
1 MRL battery (6 x 122mm BM-21) 5 35
1 SP Anti-aircraft battery 3 24
(6 x ZSU-23-4)
1 SP Anti-tank missile battery 4 16
(AT-3 Saggar, mounted on BRDM)
1 Reconnaissance company 4 43
1 Engineer company 5. 53

94
 .4 C5),iuni catio0.,.:!:; '.i,: ! ( lIIptI'1 4 53
I M'2di cal company 4 4ý)
l 'Pr';nsportatior *'omlUIV 5 69
1 Ma•Intenance conitriny 3 47
I Supply company 5 54
1 CBR Defense Company 1 34

Total 186 1873

Mortars are assumed Lo he located only at battalion level.

Other types of artillery were not discovered during this
research. The exact location of UDT, beachmaster, food
service, and POL personrnel could not be determined, It
iu quite possible thWL certain of these personnel may

belong to other service branohess however, when the Ma-

rines conduct exercises, such personnel as UDT alwaya
participate in the landing.

Infantry BataUion Officers Enlisted

Battalion headquarters and 4 9
staff platoon
3 Infantry companies 18 318
1 Mortar platoon (6 x 82mm mortar) 4 46
1 Recoilless rifle platoon 1 17
(3 x 82 mm B-iO)
1 Supply and Maintenance platoon 1 18
1 Communications platoon 1 12
1 Medical platoon 0 4

Total 29 424
Tank Battalion

95
 i3-ULtdlIon headquvivtLer.:; ijA
r;Lut'f platooll 6 9
"3T•rnk companieu 1 87
. Supply and mairiL~;,rioe' pLAtuor, 1 18
Il Medical platoon 0 4

Total 28 118
Lnfantr Comnany

Company headquarters 3 9
3 Infantry platoons 3 90
I Geiieral purpose machine 0 7
gun section
Total 6 106
Tank Com~any

Company headquarters 4 5
3 Tank platoons 3 24

Total 7 29
I n fan try. Platoon

Platoon headquarters 1 0
3 Infantry squads (includes APC crew) 0 30

Total 1 30
Tank Platoon

Platoon headquarters 1 0
3 Tank crews (3 PT-76) 0 8

Total 1 8
SThus the total Officer and enlisted strength of each size

unit iss

96
 I~t et 11 r,
, iL 0 '91
[,,F'ariLry Battalion 4i(.
Think Battalion 146
I rSa:r iry Company .11
T:,nk Company 36

These numbers are derived assuming that the individual

units are Category I strongt.h (see Appendix A for defini-
tion of strength categories). Thus. if the Naval Infantry
regiment is only maintained in Category II or II strength,
then these numbers would tie reduced. At full unit strergth,
these rigures probably represent a minimum strength level
for the regiment since information on different rear ser-
vice units is not available. Also the tank battalion would
increase in size if it were using the T-54/55 tank re-
quiring a 4-man crew.
Ovrall Strength
The basic organizational structure and numerical strength
have now been determined. The linai two questions which
need to be answered ares
What in the size of the Naval Infantry units in each
of the fleet areas?
What is the total strength of the Soviet Naval In-
fantry?
'o answer the first question, the data in Appendices H, I,
ana J must again be examined, From this analysis, the

tollowing is considered to be the basic minimum order of

97
b:'ttlv for the Nqavral ]ijt'iulwt.t'
Northern area I Regimont 2059 muri
Baltic area 2 Reg• t.tn,;:a 4118 men
(0 Huc linen t "IS• I
gi:led Lo the
Southern ~iv•l Group a&nd 1
Regiment Lt., thut Torthern
Naval Group)
Black Sea area I Regiment 2059 men
Pacific area 1 Regiment 2059 men

This represents a minimum order of battle since it does

not include the possibility that Murines are stationed

witti either the Danube or Amur Flotillas. If these

units exist and are not Marine units already assigned

to the Black Sea and Pacific Fleets, then the additional

sLrengths would be.

Danube Flotilla 2 Battalions 978 men

(Each battalion would be
reinforced with 1 tanh
company)
Amur Flotilla 1 Regiment 2059 men

By adding these quantities, the overall strength is

obtained.

Naval Infantry in 4 fleet areas 10264

Naval Infantry in 4 fleet areas 13301
plus 2 flotillas

These figures am now be compared with similar strengths

set forth by other authors. These figures are found at

the end of Appendix J. These overall strength figures of

10264 and 13301 are only a minimum level (at Category I

ntrength) since figures for certain types of operational

units were not included. Finally, these figures also do

98
tlt tV.ae into account, permari(nt tratining aind buu. peer-

'otinel and those Marinez included in the higher level

staff of the Chief Directorntie of the Naval Infantry•

'-riose figures do provide a firm basis from which the

potential of the Soviet Naval Infantry can be bet~r

evaluated.

Finally, from the d-ata in Appendix J, the other

Warsaw Pact oowntries would appear to have the following

amphiblous capability. PolRnd has the most organized

arid well equipped nmphlbi.ou- trained uuitc - an amphi-

bious assault division (und':r the control of the army)

whose strength lies between 4nO0 and ?000 men and a

1000 man Marine force beloriagng to the navy. East Ger-
many has at least one regimental size unit trained

specifically for amphibious operations. Rumania and

Bulgaria have only small numbers of naval infantry who
are primarily assigned to the Danube Squadron and for 4

coastal defenses

99
C ]urI)sions I
The primfiry c mr•.lu, ion of' t.hi•; research project

Vust crtrry a large IF. IF t.he Soviet Marines are tho-

roughly trained in evvery trv.a as sug'.-ted by various

Soviet sources, then they c,:rtuizily are extremely skilled

tid highly trained soldieor of th,: sea, This type of

emtersive and specialized trn-ining would only be found
Iti our own Force Reconnai:us:, i.ce unittn of the USMC and tht..
:irmy's Special Forces. Thu.s, the Soviet Marines would

certainly earn their ejite 4-tatus.

Even though the Soviet Naval Infantry may be a
highly trained organrizations it is still a very small

organization. Due to this fact alone, it would appear

that the Soviet Marines are trained for independent small

unit operations or for use as an Initial spearhead for
much larger operations.
The Soviet Naval infantry has very good equip-

ment and weapons, although it would be considered lightly

armed with the PT-76 tank and MRLs as its primary means
of large caliber support. Of course, light versus heavy
armament must be weighed against possible missions such
as initial beaohhead assaults and small unit operations.
Amphibious shipping appears .only adequate for

small unit operations with emnphasis on coastal deployment.

100
,.
Init,. Lbuvi,:t Navy does rnot t:,;'t,: Lho :ipkil h ilous lift ciJnJ-

L11ity (boLh in size !',%I dur'ibi i Ly) Lo 4oriducL extLutdLd

lOun,,. dis;tance fron A.,: von: t.:.; ur Ll;,: U.,SR) ind uxt,ur:;Ive

weipilibious assaults. The N:ival Inf;antry dueu appear to

make full use of Its limited amphihiou& lift capability

during the many traiininto exercises conducted each year,

bozh alone and in cornjunctivit with uLher Wnrsaw Pact

countries.

Finally, the Soviet Naval Irnf'•intry is apparently

well organized to fight small unit oparationr with the

reglinents providing combat ;ind combat service support

(such as MEL, tanks, CBR, e,,Aineers, anti-aircraft
defense, supply, and mainterance rnupport) to each of
its battalions. Although for susxAined operations, it

would appear that the Naval Infantry must rely heavily

upon logistical support from the Soviet Navy.

This research paper has attempted to present a

detailed analysis of the Soviet Naval Infantry from in-

formation available in unclassified sources. As a result

of this comprehensive resenrch, this author also found

many questions which could not be answered within the

limits of this project. Many of these questions are

presented an a part of the conclusions esmonstrating

that although this is a comprehensive study, it is not

complete until these questions are answered. Once these

101
Slii
,wr:, arte deterrIirL.4 th. r,:nder or researohar will than

. -:olld foundatloti anird ,riderstnlrding of the Soviet

N . 1IVififtri I Itry upon wh I vh !'it.1 re t-ui•;t•rch mly bc based,

The,-e questionu;. by chupter, includes

(Ch:.ptor I

- What, wert the ioc':i f'ic reatsons behind the

Sov*let governmentL-ý decision to re-establish
its INaval Infantry?
Ch•ipter 2

- To what extent does the Soviet Navy influence

the processing of Soviet youth into the Naval
Inffttry?
- Where are the exact locations of the Naval
Infantr 1 bases? Does each base have the same
faoalnAtres?
- What in the specific daily schedule of a Soviet

- Do significant moral* problems exist, in the

Naval Infantry?

- Is there a general rotation of career personnel

(officers and enlisted) from one fleet area to
another during an individual's career?

- To wMt exte.at do young officers diaplay ini-

tiative and aggressiveness?

Chapter 3

- Are other military colleges providing .pecific

Instruction for future Marine officers?
- What In the exact status of the Viborg training
base?
- To what extent do officers receive their initial
training at the Viborg base?

102
Chupter 4

- What *pe ('ir: Lypl•E- of vehic.l. r, are u..ed 1,y

the Havul Infanitry?
- Has •L~e B-1O r,.vcoilles;u witti-t;ank gun been
replaced by the SPG-9 anti -Larik gun?

- Is the AT-3 Sa~ger being used by the Soviet

Marines?

- Does the Naval Infaintry have the SA-7 and

SA-9 in its anti-aircraft missile inventory?
- Has the 82mm mortar beeni replaced by the lOmm
mortar?
- Do the Soviet Marines use any other type of
standard artillery other than the NRL?

- Is the T-62 tank replacing the T-54/55?

- Which tracked APC are the Soviet Marines usit'g?

Wi~ll all APCe be replaced by the BXP?

Chapter5

-What ara class

Ropucha landing charaoteristics
the speoific ship? of the

- Do Soviets
Uhs ships the Kiev and Moskva
nln to use operationw?
class in amphibious

Chapter

- What were the dates, locations, and s•rtici-

patin units of the amphibious train ng exer-
ine*s for which little information if known?
- From the various training exercises, what
possible missions can be determined?

Chapter 7

- Is tere a commandait of the Soviet Naval

Infmantryl if so, who Is he, what is his role,
and how much influence does he exert?

103
 -tWat is the prUi;v•: offiou-r , Lructure of the
Soviet Nav;:tl in f:;Lry?

- What are *Lhe exact types a•id si.zes of the

Naval Inft'anry uni Ls I.n the various fleet
areas?
- What is the exact composlition of a Naval In-
fanvtry regiment, particularly with respect to
combat support and service support units, such
as Engineers, CIR, Supply, and Maintenance?.
-Di the flotillas have their own Marine force
or do these forces come from the various fleet
Naval Infantry uri ts?
-What is the exact L~tatus of personnel such as
UDW, medical, and r'ood ser':ice?
-How many personnel are included in the category
of training and base personnel and high level
staff personnel?
Recommendat9ioj
In concluding this project, this author presents
five recommendations for additional research based upon
the preceding work.
1. Continue to research Soviet sources in order

to answer the unan-wered questions posed in the conclu-

sions, thus providing a fuller understanding of the Soviet
Naval Infantry.
2. Research and evaluate additional Soviet/
Western -. urces which werexknot available for this research
project, again to gain a fuller understanding of the
Naval infantry.

104
 3*Utilize. thi viLoiproelin(~ ivyo Jiy~i~~

basio" foundation for an .ln-ck.,pth otudy oi' the -. flphAhiou

tactical doctrine of the Soviet Dlav:-j.I Ii&±ntery.

4. Utilize this project as the point of refer-

ence for an in-depth study of the missions and future

potential of the Soviet Naval Infatitry.

5, Finally, to gain a thorough understanding of

the amphibious strategy of the Waraaw Pact, a comprehen-

sive examination should be undertaken of the amphibious

capability of the other Warsaw Pact countries, particu-

larly the Polish and East German amphibious forces.

il >

105
 SA Lefitdl .1X ,

The followirng• del'ixi Iiionri of ";oviet irlJitary

Žterminology and combat readirness categories ,are provid.
for comparison and better uniderstandirng of the Soviet
Naval Infantry.

Primarily, three Soviet sources are used for

the definitions of the following military terminology.
These sources ares
1) Russian-English Dictionary (Smirnitskii,
1971).
2) Large Soviet Encyclopedia (Prokhorov,
Vol. 4, 1971; Vol. 36, 19741 Vol. 20,
19751 and VoJ. 24, 1976).
3) Dictionary of Basic Military Terms
(U.S. Air Force, 1965).
In addition, several Western sources have been utilized
for specific definitions.
General terms3
M°r s ka PekMhota
#1 - marines, marine light infantry (literally
translateds naval infantry), p. 296.
#k - arm of the naval forces, intended and
specially trained for the conduct of combat
operations in naval landings; in an or-
ganized respect consists of units and subunits
... , Vol. 16, p. 586.
From Soviet Regulations, Mariness Marines are
like motorized rifle-men. They belong,
however, to the naval forces and have not
only the weapons of the motorized riflemen
but special weapons and skills, such as

106
 rockets and i :1mph blou:: vew•ilc:es,- andi they
are trilnred for amphibious warfare. Among
their tas1-, ari.,' carryin,,- out amphibious
landings ...
Also, J.F. Meehan provides an analysis of this
term. 312
Morskou Desant

#1 - only provides dofinition for desants landing,

landing party (literally translateds naval
landing), p. 149.
# 2 troops intended for a debarkation from the
sea or a landing on the sea coast of the
enemy. Varies according to scale and goals
... , Vol. 16, p. 595.

#3 - only provides definition for desant, (landing

force) - troop:S intended for landing, or
which have already landed, on enemy-occupied
territory, for the purpose of' conducting
operations ... , p. 67.
From Soviet Regulations, Amphibiousanin si The
amphibious landing is a military eation
of the navy that has tactical or strategic
significance, it is conducted ir,close
cooperation with ground and air forces
according to a common plan. The primary
goal of an amphibious landing is to capture
and occuj enemy territory from the sea and
air
Also C.L. Donnelly provides a description of the
word desant. 3P,

Types of training&
Zaniatie
#1 studies, lessons, p. 194.
Uchenie

#1 - studies, learning,(military) exercise, p. 65,

#3 (military training exercise) One of the

107
 basic methods of combat trai•nlng for troops
(naval or air forces) arid the staffs of units,
formatiorw, mnd major field forces or stra-
tegic formatiorns, of the various Services, as
well as for rear service elements, and special
troops.... p. 22.I
Types of unite (general and specific)s
Soed inenie

#1 - formation, large unit, p. 593.

#2 - general name of' tactical soedineniis brigade,
division, corpsaand squadron (Navy) ... , Vol.
24#, p. 71.

#3 Formation. The highest level of military

organizations Corps, Division, or Brigade
level equivalent. It may be formed from a
single branch of various branches and services,
including naval squadrons. p. v.

#1 - (military) unit. p. 698.

#3 Unit. Any administrative, line, or house-

keeping unit of regimental size or smaller
that is administratively self-contained and
hac its own designation, number, and banner.
It is the basic tactical (combat) and inde-
ndent organizational unit up to, and inclu-
ing the regiment. Each consists of subunits.
pOv.

pod razdelenia

#1 - (military) sub-unit, small unit, element,

p. "40.
#2 -military unit, having regular (or permanent)
ortanization and a uniform structure and
Sbeing a part of a larger po~drazdelenis or
h'amV; exampless squad, platoon, company,
5ibttaliorn. Vole 20, p. 133.
#3 - Subunit. It has a permenent organization and
iw usually homogenous in- make-up. It does not
108
 have its ownk ( ubuni.L) rnowber. Battal i orii,
bat teri&ej, comipanir.o, pl;ttoos , anrd squadrunrur
may all tlu ,L~bit.. . p. v.tu

BrIgada

#1 - (military) P. 57.
prrl{,ade,

#2 - (military) in land forces soedinenie of

several battalions or regiments and mili-
tary units of special troops. It can bet
naval infantry ... , Vol. 4, p. 29.

#3 - (brigade) - A formation of troops from

different service branches and special
troops from the various services, con-
sisting of several battalions (artillery
battalions) and special subunits ... p.29.
Polk
#1 - regiment, p. 449.
#2 - military unit of various branches of ser-
vice and special troops of all types of
armed forcess organizationally an inde-
pendent combat, administrative, economic
unit ... , is a general military tactical
unit. In each vo, there are a head-
quarters; several battallons; combat, mater-
ial, and technical support military unitn.
Excluding separate olk, it is a part of the
structure of a soedinenie ... , Vol. 20,
p. 232.
Deployed units of the Soviet armed forces are
manned at various levels of combat readiness, which the
Soviets have labeled Category I, II, and III. The defi-
nitions of these categories ares
Category I - Three-fourths to full strength of
the complement of troops and com-
plete equipment.
Category II - O-ie-half to three-fourths strength
with complete fighting vehicles, not

109

• ... : .•,:•. . . .. .. '.,,_• . .. . -,•:; ,,',t : .. . . _k• "•_' .."•

- '• • ', ,• ., . ',•,: •,• : • :.•: ,: e • ::-' •'•.....".,.A
 ruc-..ssjrily of th,: latust type, may
itJsol ack somu mobility equipment.
Such a•: trucks.

Category 1II - Otie-dhird to one-half sitrength

with ecinpiete fighting vehicles,
although they may be obsolescnrit
models, also may lack some 3 mnbility
5
tequipmernt, such as trucks.-

110
 Appendicess
B.i Norwegian arid Barents Sea Area

B.2 Pecheanga (tetsanio) and Linakhamari

B.3 Baltic Bases

BIA East German bases

B.5 Polish Bases

B,6 Black Sea Bases

B.? Pacific bases

II

D
i
 APPENDIX Be•

Norwegian an•d Barents Sea Area

G,°SAR
A

SSEA

Vet for re-e

g
i!tt

'#
See

•t, I0
 444 IA:t &ir I 1in) tra
-4--.-

111
For-A

14"

IO pip

46
i
414.

ftp
a I,-

114
teas s0cman-Paese
Gameast

B~s~lic Sea

sum"" I

Sass
O~few"

(~Uk
11011-h hasu8

Paush MAKS and Parts

~R~b~Ab
.in.. so I~mtthfK.,
4auwmAS a464(sc

ti.hyous ((odisnen)

116
rwwo
Odw[~,i i
Dom& -

ato-

Yorker
bob is manN

Ii 11
 I:' Nb I',,S .?
.AL+

'1aci fie Buises;

Soviet USIOm

Se is( sociae l I Sea

alu, slandroesowla sk ,~ Aleatiin Islands

/ s...,i
uAsia/

F.- •, / _ uir. 4 '

Chime

a. n

UO
 uqLL oifm Ctiuract.er is tcs

'rYpe of' Eguipmelt General Characteristic'

Individual EguilmuniL,

ShM gas mask Helmet-type mask with

facepiece, hose, and
canister.

ShMS gas mask Special protective mask

OP-I protective suit Made of impermeable

rubberized fabric includes
gloves.

Unit Eauipments
R-113 and R-123 radios Mounted in APCs, large
frequency band.

R-107 and R-126 radios Man-packed with limited

range and frequency band.

Vehicless

URAL-375 truck 6x6. cruising rage=600km,

road speed = 75kmh.

GAZ-63 truck 4x4, cruising range=350km,

road speed = 65 kmh.
M-72 motorcycle Seats 2 personnel, cruising
range = 300km, maximum
speed = 85 kmh.

Amphibious Vehicless
K-61 2-man crew, carries 60 pas-
sengerso payload on land =
3000kg., on waterf5OOOkg;
cruising rang.'-260km;land
speed = 36kmh, water speed=
lOkmh.

119
J
 r7

PT: -M 2-man crew, carriesi 70

pa3ser;'iers; payload on
Iand L.OOkg., on water=
'10000kgl cruising range:-
300 kil; land speed=40kmh,
water speed z l5kinh.
GAZ-46(MAV) Carries 5 personnel; pay-
load on land=500kgo, on
water=500kg.1 cruising
range =500kml land speed=
90kmh, water speed=9kmh.
BAV. Carries 25 personnel; pay-
load on land =2500kg, on
water=2500kgl cruising
range=480kml land speed=
60kmh, water speedlOkmh.
GAZ-47 (GT-S) 2-man crew; carries 9
passengers; payload on
land=lOOOkgl cruising
range= 725km; land speed=
36kmh. water speed=4kmh.

120
 Weapuii Charac teri.; ti cs,

Te Weapon General Characteristics

Sinall Armst

PM Makarov pistol 9mmi 8 round magazine;

effective range u5Om.
AKM Kalashnikov 7.62 mm; 30 round magazine;
effective range=AOOml rate
of fire=600 rds/min.
RPK Kalashnikov 7.62 mm; 75 round drum
light machine gun magazine and 40 round
with bipod clip magazines effective
range=800ml rate of fire.=
650 rds/min.
PK(bipod) and PKS(tripod) 7.62 mm; 100, 200, 250
Kalashnikov general round box magazines;
purpose machine gun effective rane=lOO0mg
rate of f re= 50 rds/min.
Dragunov (SVD) sniper rifle 7.62 mm, 10 round magazine;
effective range=800ml
semi-automatic.
RGD-5 hand grenade Anti-personnel; burst
radius = 25m.
RKG-3M hand grenade Anti-tank; HEAT warhead
with drogue chute.

Anti-tank VeaDons
RPG-7 -. Mm(tube), 80rmm(grenade)l
effective rangea300ms
armor penetration=330mmi
rate of fire=4-6rds/min.

B-10 recoilless effective

82 mm; armor range=
anti-tank gun 400ms penetration=
240mm; rate of fire-6rds/min

121
S PG-9 anti-tank gunm 73mm, effective range=
lO00ml armor penetration=
400m; tripod mounted.

AT-3 Saggar missile flan-portable kit consi-tu

of 2 missiles, also mounted
on bTR-40P, BRDM, and BMPI
effective ranges=500-3000m;
armor pene tration=5OOmn.

AT-2 Swatter missile Mounted on BTR-40PI e.Cective

ranges=-600-2500mi armor
penetration=500mm.

AT-I Snapper missile Mounted' on BTR-40Ps effective

range=500-2300mi armor
pene tration=35Omm.

Anti-aircraft Weaponsa

ZPU-4 14.5nm 4-barrel mountl

effective rangel..4kmo rate
of fire=4x600rds/mins towed
by a ZIL-151 truck.

ZSU-23-4 23mm; 4 barrel mount;

effective range=2.5kms
rate of firelexlOOOrds/min;
radar fire controli self-
propelled; 4-man crew;
cruising rangea250km; road
speed=45kmh.

SA-7 (Grail)missile Man-portable, hand heldl

solid fuel, infared gui-
dance system; slant range=
3.5kmi speedl.5mach.

SA-9 (Gaskin)missile Mounted on BRDMt infared

guidance system$ range=lkml
speed=2 mach.

Artillery;

BM-21 multi-rocket launcher 122mm; 40 tubes; effective

rangel0O.5kmi reload time-
10 minutes; mounted on
URAL-375 truck.

122
 iMjI- uuILI-rocket .a~Lurv'hur, .140m,111 17 tubesi eft'CcL[Vc,
ranjgC-!9*8kms reload time=
'3-4 minutesi mounted on
GAZ-63 truck.
BM-14 mTulti-rocket launcher .14Umm; 1.6 tubes; effective
rarigo=9.8kms reload time=
3-14 minutes; mounted on
ZIL-151 truck..
122 howitzer 122MM; effective range=
12km; rate of fireft5-6rds/
mint split trail carriage.

Tanks
-LPT-76 amphibious tank 76.2 mm main gun and 7.62
mm turret mounted machine
guns 3-man crews carries
40 rounds; rate of fire=
6-8 rds/min; cruising range=
260km, 450km with extra fuel;
land speed=k5kmh, water speed=
lOkmh.
T-54/T-55 medium tank 100 mm main gun with 7.62 mm
turret mounted machine gun
(T-54J sometimes has 12.7mm
anti-aircraft machine gun);
4-man crew; carries 34-43
rounds; rate of fire=3-5rds/
mini cruising range=500km,
600km with extra fuels land
speed=50kmh; snorkel depth=

T-62 medium tank 115mm main gun with oither

a7.62mm machine gun ora
12.7mm anti-aircraft machine
un mounted~ on the turret;
-man crew; cý,rries 40 rounde;
rate of fire=4a6rds/minj
cruising range=500km, 600km
with extra fuel; land speed=
5Okmhi snorkel depth=5.5m

123

~W~h-¼C i ~t4~~tt~l.L.S~i~U
- - - ~ AUA~,b .. 4 %.~,Aj~24.~ j ~ ±JSL,4I~t2 kfl.32.CA,. . .d~ikam
PT-8; medium tank 85mm muin gun with two
machine gunsl 5-man crew;
carries 5j6 rounds;I cruiil.r,
range=3O0km; land speed-
53kinhs used primarily an;
traiding vehicle.

Armoured Personnel. Carriers&

BTR-40 2-man crew, carries 8 pas-

sengersl cruising range--;
285km; land speed=8Okmh;
carries either 7.62mm
machine gun or a 14.5mm
ZPU-2 anti-aircraft machine
gun, also used to carry
various anti-tank missiles;
it is not amphibious.
BTR-152 2-man crew, carries 17 pas-
sengerul cruising range=
650km; land speed=65kmhl
carries 7.62mm machine gun
or 14.5mm ZPU-2 anti-aircraft
machine guns it is not
amphibious.
BRDM-2 amphibious scout car 4-man crew; carries 7.62mm
machine gun and 14.5mm
machine gun, may also be
used to carry anti-tank
missiles; cruising range=
750km; land speed-lOOkmh,
water speed=l0kmh.
BTR-60P/PA amphibious carrier 2-man crew, carries 16 pas-
sengersl riin armament is
7.62mm machine guns cruising
range=500kml land speed=
80kmh, water speedfl0kmhl
open/closed armor top.

BTR-60PB amphibious carrier 2-man crew, carries 14 pas-

sengers; closed armour top
with turret; main armament
is 14.5mm machine gun and
7.62mm machine gun; cruising
range=500km; land speeda80kmh
water speed=l0kmh.

124
 1rRH-501'K tracked "nI[IhIii o't P-ni:man crew, carries 20 pas-

carrier soni.'erol closed armour top;

V main armament is 7.62mm

muchiiie gun; cruluing range=
260kms land speed=45kmh,
water speed=llkmh.
QBM4P-76PH tracked amphibious 3-man (:rew, carries 8 pas-
carrier sengersl main armament is a
73mm smoothbore gun, a 7.62mm
:I' machine gun, and a mount for
the AT-3 Sagger; cruising
range-3OOkm, land apeed=
60kmh, water speed=Skmh.

125
 Character! z jt! u: uul'.Arrj;H Ibouzi Shi jri

TYpe of Amyh ibi-ous §hjpj GeaItI(ai Ca

±l:~ tcris ti c%-
Alligator (LST) CarryIng cEapacity=1700 toni..
(500 m~en piwi 20-25 vehi-cle:3.);
has how and stern ramps;
speed=15kta.

Polnochriyi (LCT) Carrying capacitY=350 tons.

(100 men plus 8-10 tanks);
has bow door and ramps
speed=15ktat miade in Polandi.

0.0

126
 (20() rperi ur It urmroured
carc)j hckI;it.-w (lour end1
rimp; spoedr-16ktc,

N.,P-~4 (LCU) Full load capa city-8OOtorts

(6-8 tanks)i bow door arid
ramp; spcedl12kts,

MP-6 (LCU) Carrying ca acity=500 tons

(6-10 tanks); bow door and
ramp; speedml2kta.

127

* ~fl Ai ~c~AC~ Y~tt

 ~vjj~ -43 J~CU) Cir ry 1.ntg cupttc it~yz-4O0 tutis
(6-8. winku or 5 armioured
.cari or 10 .iamphlbious ve-
hicles or 400 tons of' cargo);
bow door rand raJmpi speed-1
1 kt'

UP.'10 (LCU) Carrying capacity= 150 tons

(*4 tanks); bow doors; speedu
1.1 kts.

.. . ,,[. . I . n z . a* L d a€ . & I M S~a ~ . .t . ~ ~ .~

Vydra(LCU) Carrying capacity=25O tons

(2 tanks); speedul5kts.
SMB-1 Carrying ca-pacityzOO0 tons
( 4i tanks); speed-lOkts.

128
Hopuetv) (LCT#) Hupor~ed LO hravc -.
ImIlar
At gut~or.
;I
~ ( ~Ci~)Full load c t;eiIy- 80 tonu
(I vehiciceg nPeed=&4kt,-.,
Kuter' DvruLaWy (I1o]Ish) Currying cap~acity is 15 to
25 men w! th cqulpmentl has
ericlosLd pe~rsonniel space,
but no bow nor sternmp
sp~ted'1-12 to 14 ktu. 3Ta

Rob-be (L::T-GDR) Carry in erilarci tyz200 tons.,

(8-10 ta kz 1 speed=12ktru.
Laho (LCT-GDR) Carryhing cAtPacitY=50 tons,
(2 tankc)s speed=10kts.
MFP (LCM-Bulgari.ar) rpivll landing, craft-
dethlhI- unknown.

129
Kltev 1-vti"rttLI~r "Kur-1 0" ci~t,-i; ir~vUic Ki' v0

includev~ 25 YAK-j6j, K2r

flormonvu or mial,I fCILuI'l HI dh
F1
pud.`3UJktS1 V:LUmated to
enpabillty LO ca7rry trool.:,

404

Mvoukva (bolicopt.'r cruisejr) oiV"claas includes the

Mtoskva and the Leningradl
a~rcraft complement is 118
Ka..6'5 flormornest uspae~d301(tsi
estimnated~ Lt bo able to
carry a bat aflon of tNaval
Irinzi t ry

130
 .1*

MMICII

Hydrofoil a Small landing craftl carrying

capacity is 2-3 tanks.
Sormovich AC, Carrying capacity=50 pan-
sengeras speed-96kah over iceý20
NC-01 ACV Small landing craft
GUS ACV Weight-27 tonal light cargo,
50 passengers. no armamentl
carrying capacity-9 tons;
speed-58kah; ranges380km
AIST ACV Weight-180 tons; large cargo
and troop capacity, can
carry T-62 tanks; has drive
on/off ramps; light armaments
speed-60kmh

131
 APPFMIX F
military Aircgraft

Helicopters

Ka-25 (Hormone) Most common helicopter

found on Kiev and Mook va
carrying capacity in
utility role*2500kg or
12 passengers; speed=200kmhl
range=650km.

Mi-1 (Hare) Carrying capacity=4 pan-

sencerst speed=l7Okmhi
range= 5OOkm.
Mi-2 (Hoplite) Carrying capacity=700kg
or 8 passengers; speed*
210kmhs range- 580kin.
Mi-4 (Hound) Carrying capacity- ll00kg
or 1 passengers! speed=
185kmhs rarge=200 km.

Mi-6 (Hook) Carrying capacity- 13 tons

or 65 passengers; speed-
300kmhl range=620 km.
Mi-8 (Hip) Carrying capacity= 4 tons
or 28 passengers; speed-
250kmhl range* 425km.

Mi-1O (Harke) Carrying capacity= 15 tons

(all cargo or combiration
of cargo and up to 28 pas-
sengers); speed= 200kmho
ranges 250 km.

Mi-12 (Hind A) Armed helicopters can carry

8 passengern or 4 tonsa
speed= 275 kmh; range =
unknown.

YAK-38 (Forger) Improved version of YAK-36 321

132
YAK-36.('roe!hand) V/Stok aircraft used onj
the Kiev; single seat, sub-
sonic recon/at.4ack atircraft,
speed= 1OO0koh; range- 58OkmV.
Ekranopian Craft (WIG) Lxperiniental wing-in-ground-
/ L10fectaircrafts carrying
capacitys 900 passonger.;
sPeee? 300kmh.

133
 )eiloYmen t oa" AmphI,,bou• Shlpa

A ppcnd i ces I

G.1 Deployment in the MNdi terraneran Sea

G.2 DeploymertL in the Indiara O-zean
G.3 Deployment in the Atlantic Ocean

1 3i

.a A e kna2.fl n II.:t~ s
 De~l~cymen t .irt Lho .Medlt erran~ian§en

Date T'PV Q. ofr still Reomar'ks

Juno. 1967 Alligaator/ Since 1967s at least

ljolnochny/i 3 landing chips have

been stationed In the
Medi.terransano These
ships t:re from the
Black Sea Fleet. On
occasion, reported to
be carrying a battalion
of Marines with their
PT-76 tanks .323

Summer, 1.968 3 landin,- i';hips

and seve .
la•nding craft

August, 1969 8 landing ip taval

N'• Infantry oMc-
3ionally on board,' 5

M,
arch. 1970 12 landing Ships
including
Allig~tors 2

September/ 6 landing ships 3(YST. LSM, LCM) at

October, 1970 Port Saido 3(LST. LSN)
betweeyes Jodes and
Cyprus ,y

1971 6 or more landing Enough shipping tO

ships, Including lift a _bttalion of
LST MarinesaP•

1972 1 Alligator, 1 Alligator has appeared

Polnochny1 and with Marines of board3 2 9
1 landine craft

1974 Landing ships at least 'z30

1975 Polnochnyi 331,

135
 APPENDIX Go
Deo1.ovuerat In the Indian o.ean3
Dt Upet gr'ShIR R"-ar.k a

1968 Alligator Since 1968. 1 Alligator

in Indian Ocean squadron,
may be used an "dry
stores* ships ship
comes from Pacific FleetS32

September, 1969- A]]lgator(#J424)

February, 1970

April. 1970- Alligator

July, 1970
August, 1970- ANIgitor
February, 1971
February, 1971- A] ligator(#362) 33.
July, 1971
November, 1972 Alligator Uarin on board

33 5
1974 Alligator

1975 Alligator33 6

136
 DepJom:nL in.the Atlanic. Ocean

Da Le Type or Ship Rsumarks

Septetmber, ]970 Alligator To Cuba from Northern
Flecti carried 2
barges and constuc-
tion materi ifor a
naval base ,
1972 Alligator Guinea Paztrol, off
west coast of Africa
near Conakry. One
lankding ship has re-
mained on tIg patrol
sinco 1972
1974 1 landinag ship Deployed in Atlantic. 3 3 9
I

1976 Alligator We.nt African coastj

includes 100-150 Mar-nel
ship In 46om Guinea
Patrol, j3

1976 Lanrding craft Several maintained

Sp1tzbergen Island.3

•, ~~~137 ...,-
.1E
S911aL Marine QOficors

(Alphabetical Listing by Rank)

Appendicess
H.1 Major General

H12 Colonels
11.3 Lieutenant Colonelo
H.A4 Majors

H.5 Captains

H,*6 Senior Lieutengnts

H.7 Lieutenants
H.8 Junior Lieutenants and Praporshchik

H.9 Officers (Rank aol identified)

The following abbreviations are used in this appendix.

U = Unit N a Northern Fleet

SU = Subunit B = Baltic Fleet
Regt = Regiment B1 = Black Sea Fleet
Bn = Battalion P = Pacific Fleet

Co Company
Plt u Platoon
Officers are commanding officers of their respective unit

unless otherwise stated.

Units and Locations in parentheses are estimates.
Officers with an asteriisk * are not included in formulating

approximate command structure in Appendix I.

See Appendix A for definitions of unit and subunit.

138
 A_'P!DIX U4A

Major General

NeLnlkov. P.E. author 19770

(artillery) author 197f
author 1975*
author 1972.
author
00, Shore artillery 1971'
author 19700
1969#

139
 MaWl bogtio
Beregovs PIa. author 197

Borsenko, S*A. v 3 1970

Kharitonov., Ida. U p 1970
Korotkov, A.Ia. author 1971*
U 3 1970
Laletin, A.A. Regt 5 1970
(LTC) author 1965*
Loahohital N, author 31 1971k
Nechasy, N.Y. author 1975'
Nogas L.A.' author 1975*
author 19720
Pakhomov, A.?. U N 1970
Roiteriburd, L.P. CdrgNaval Infantry 1970
author 1969'
Sergoenko, BI. author 1975*
author 19710
Ehapronov, P.T. U s 1970
Sotnikov U N 1q00

140
 Lifut~nant Co1liela

Arshanukhin, 0. 311 5 1966

BrIukhanov, B. author 19620
Cherriogorov, N. author (P) 17
author1?0
Qagloew, Ns author
Tank SU 1975
1972
(Raj) SU 1971
Gaidukov, V. LU 2 1967
Oorianov, A, author195
Gorokhov, V. IV 1.97)
author /%U 1971
Karimov, la.K. SU 1969
Korolev, A. Lu 1970
maslove S. LU 9 196?
INikolaienkol N.I. An P 1.971
( n P 1970
Hikulin, K. In 1977
Onopriiohuk LU 19"i
Pavlove 1. author 1973'D
Pushkaresv Ke(engr) author 1976*
Soroka, A. Ruthor 1970'
Sysoltatin, I.I. Regt B1 1971
LU 196?
su (P) 1965
(Maij) SU 16

141
Baranov, we Lu 1
(Cpt) Tank AUI
Boikove G. an 1971
Boikove To.D 1970
Bolkove V., 3v 1970
Deakevich, So Assistant for 11 1971*
Political affairs
Domnenkoo As 3u (3) 197?
au 1973
Essholanko. Ime. Bn N1970
Fantrove V. Lu 14 1969
Iakovlev, V.A, Bn 17
(5ilLt) CO 1969
ovcharukg V. LU 51 1971
Panin. V, WU5 1971
Sergesvp V. Lu19
3hheh1oglo 1. author 1976*
Shestakov, No. author B 1965*
Shoigan, A. Asuistsint for, a 19"0
Political affairs
Smirnove A. 3U D 1968
Soroking V. Political wkcr. B 19.68*
Political wkr. a 96~
Toiuhev, V. Assistant for (B) 68
Political affairs

1~42
 I

Taymbal, A. author 1972*

Zharko, P. SU Chief of al 1971
Staff
Zhtdkov V, su BI 1971
(Cpt) su 52 1971
(Cpt) 3U 1970

143
 __ hIS

Abramov, I. Cc P 1976
AraobeilI.Medical nerv. 19?6S

Belokonot A, Tank SU 1Q,70

Betuglyis TO Recon SU 1964

3oitkoo P. Political wkr. (B) 1968t

Dvornikovq V, Tank SU a 196?

Gladkikh Co 1971

1Ivankov. A. su3 1966

Ivmnov. V, SU (p) 1975

IKologer~ko, A. Tank 3U 1964

Kovalovskii Political wkr, B1 1970'

Kudlo. R. Tank Co N1970

t0e11nikove A, Su 3 1967

Morev. V.V. su 1970

rMabakhtian 3U1 1963
Prokopovich. S. Anti-tank SU1 p 1965
RobakIdse, 0, 511 1971
onUS II 1970
Rosliakov, Iii. U Chief of' Staff 1973*
DII Chief of Staff 19710
(SrLt) SU (B) 1968
(Lt) 511 B 1966
Sergety. G. su 1967
 Tank Co B 1969
ShumiglOVSk~ii

SU B 1972
Solomenik, Me.
SU B 196?
S-teblovslkil SU B 1965

SU 19611
Stoluviche He.
NRL SU BI 1971
Tkaohev, G,
su (B) 19??
Volkove A* N4 1975
(SrLt) URL SU
SU P 1976
Yevsyukove V.

Tank SU 1965
Zubar'. V*G.

-145
 APPENDIX H.6
Senior Lieutenants
Name unit Location Date

Abramov, A. Food serv. SU 1976*

Afanas'ev, V. Co N 1969
Amirkhanian, V.S. S (BI) 1972
Co BI 1971
1969
(Lt) SOJ 1968
Bashlovin, A. SU BI 1971
Bortnikov, V. Tank Pit 1975
Deliia, V. Tank Plt 1975
Estaftev, A. Co 1974
su 1973
Golubev, V. Co N 1970
iterenko, V. SU BI 1970
Iskamov, R. Recon SU Bl 1970
Karpenko, V. Tank Cu 1975
Kasperovich, G. Tank Co N 1970
Kislitsin, B. SU 1970
Kononenko, NH.F. SU 1970
Korneev, V. Co 1973
(Lt) Co 1972
Kornienko, V. Tank SU BI 1971
SU Bl 1970
Kozlov, N. APO SU B 1971
CO B. 1969
Leksuitkin, A. Tank SU 1972

146 •
 Loktionov, N.
Tank Co
1973
(Lt) Tank Pit 1972
Makarov, V. Engr. SU N 1970
Makukha, A. PlIt N 1970
Malov, V.D. SU (p) 1965
su
Manoilenko 1964
Tank Pit
1962
Mukhainetzianov. 'No Pit 1973
Nilov, V,
Tank Pit
1977
(Lt) Pit
Oblogu. L. 1974
SU
(Lt) 1976
Pit
1974
Orlov, V. Tank SU
1972
Ostrik, V.
Tank Pit
1972
Repetenko, N. Tank SU P 1971
Tank SU P 1970
Rodygin, V. Co
1973
Samoilov, E.
Co
(Lt) 1973
Pit
(Lt) Tank Pit 1972
1971
Semko, S.M. SU
1971
Shereged, Vo.1 SU
1970
Shmerkin, V. Tank SU B 1971
Smetankin, V. Maintenance
1976*
Su
Smirnov, Iuo Pit B
Recon SU 196
196N
Strunin, lu. Tank Co B 1970
Tank Co
Tashbaev,
1969
0. Artillery N 1970
Battery

147
Timakov, V. Anti-aircraft 1970
Battery
Trofimenko, V, Tank SU B 1972
Tank SU B 1970
Tskhai, L. SU 1973
Tank Co BI 1970
Tskhovrebov, V. Co Bi 1971
Mortar SU BI 1967
(Lt) Mortar SU '1964
Ushakov, V, SU (B) 1968
Zarva, S, Co 1977
(Lt) Pit 1972

148 i
 APPrENDIX H.7
Lieutenants

Name Unit Location Rit

Balatskii, V. Tank PIt 1975

Bogomaze I. Pit 1972

Danildv, L. Pit (B) 1977

Durnovtsev, P. Engr. SU 1970

Efimov. V. Pit N 1969

Fegotychev, V. Pit 1973

Fesenko., V. Tank SU 1965

Gaidee, V. UDT SU Bi 1971

Galanin, 6. Pit 1972

Glebov, A. Tank SU B 1970

Grachev, V. Engr. SU Bi 1971

Gurak, P. UDT SU B 1969

Kabarzhitskii, V. SU 1964

Kapitaniuk. B. Tank SU B 1970

Khazov, V. SU (B) 1968

Kirianov, I. Pit P 1976

Kovtunenko, N. SU (B) 1970

Kuznetsov, P. author 1970*

Leonov, A. Rear service SU 1976*

Mikholap, K, Pit B 1977

Mikuliak, 1, Political wkr. Bi 19670
Milochkin Pit 1963

149

:-i .'mL iA
 Oleinik, A. Engr. SU BI 1971
Pestov, B, Tank SU B 1972
Pestov, Iu. SU P 1965
Popov, M. Pit p 1971
Pit p 1970
Proshin, Iu. APC SU P 1965
Proshkin, A, Mortar SU (B) 1967
Riabokon,. S. Pit 1968
!Rtab tsev, V. SU N 1975

Salikov, K. Tank Pit 1974

Sav-henko. S. Tank Pit 1972
Tarasov, A, Communication (B) 1968*
Uglev, A. SU
Pit B 1968
Vatsenko, P. SU 1975
Volodarchik, V. Engr. SU B 1969
Yampolskii, A. SU (Bl) 1972
Zhivykh, S. MRL SU P 1965

1ý0I

wag
 A INftDIX H@8

JunIor Lieutenants and I1ragorshjh~ik

M~m.0Ra
Junior Lieuteriantst
7. henin, A. SU (BI) 1972

Zubko, A. Anti-tank SU 1965

Praporshoh'iks
Qara, D. Food Service 1976*

Golovnev Training 19714

Gorchenkove V. 1976*

Kudriashov, N. P 1975'

Pril~maic, I. Assistant for 1975*

Technical affairs 7k
APC Pit 17

Stebenevq A. POL $IJ 1976*

 APPENDIX H.9

Officers (Rankriot Identified)

Name Unit Location Ruts
Afinogenov. B. SU (B) 1970
Borisovets. A. SU 1964
Galkin. A*V. Political wkr. 1969*
Grishchenko SU 1962
Iakushev, N.M. Political wkr. 1969*
1in SU 1962
KolesnJkov, O SU B1 1971
Korolitskii, A. SU N 1970
Koval' A. Tank SU or Bn N 1970
Lebedenko. A. (Bn) B 1969
Maksimov, A. Motor transport 1976*
V SU
Mishin, M.K. SU (B) 1968
Mitrofanov, V. N 1968
Nesterenko, N. SU B 1965
Nikulin, I. SU B1 197.1
Obni uk 1972
Peftlev, S. SU 1973
Presniakov, V. Tank SU B 1967
Romanov 1972
Sapko, A. SU BI 1971
Su B 1965

152
Semeriov. V, Tank SU 19714
Skaaigari, N.* su N 1968
Shohupliakov. V.E. LU(P 1963
St~efantsev, P. Tank SU, B 1965
Tropotiaga, V. LU (B) 1968
Val', V.G. *Training SU 1971*
Vaelkin, 1. LU 1965
Veresovyi. K. 1972
LU Bl 1767
Volk, N. LU 1973
Zaitaev, . LU 19714

133
 APPENDIX I
Commad.5tru.cture (AAproximate)

Appendicess

1.1 Command Structure Examples by Year

1,2 Number of Officers by Year

1.3 Number of Units/Subunits by Year

Information for this appendix was obtained from data

in Appendix H. Those officers in Appendix H with an

asteriisk* were not included in this appendix, Those

units, locations, and ranks given in parentheses are

estimates.

154 4
 APPENDIX I.1

C nO -Structure Examples by Year

j

196g (unknown)

Subunit Grishchenko
Subunit Wi in
Tank Platoon SrLT Manoilenko
126 (unkiown)
Subunit (Lieutenant Colonel)
(Company) CPT Nabakhtian
Platoon LT Milochkin
1- (Pacific)
Subunit (Major) Sysoliatin
(Company) SrLT Molov
Subunit Shchupliakov
(Baltic)
Subunit Nesterenko
Subunit Sapko
(Company) CPT Steblovskii
(Platoon) SrLt Smirnov
1968 Baltic
(Battalion) LTCOL Arzhanukhin
Subunit or Staff officer Maj Baranov
Subunit LT Rosliakov
(Company) CPT Ivanov
Platoon LT Uglev
" ~(Baltic)

(Battalion) Mishin
Subunit LT Khazov
Subunit SrLT Uuhakov
Subunit Tropoti' aga

S1970 Northern
(Regiment) COL Pakhomov
Battalion Maj Ezzhelenko
Company SrLT Golubev
Platoon SrLT Makukha
Platoon 4(sgt) ) Korollt1ki
Subunit ,o
155
 Engineer Subunit SrLt Makarov
Tank SU or Bn Koval*
Tank Company CPT Kudlo
(Regiment) COL Sotnikov
(Battalion) LTCOL Korolev
(Battalion) MaJ Boikov
Tank Company SrLT Kasperovich
Artillery Battery SrLT Tashbaev
MRL Subunit CPT Robakidze
Baltic
(Regiment) COL Koretkov
Company SrLT Strunin
Tank Subunit LT Glebov
Tank Subunit LT Kapitanik
(Cadet Battalion)
(Regiment) COL Lalet:ir
Subunit
Subunit LT Kt.v:-.

Black Sea
Tank Company (Sr!T) .
(Tank) Subunit SrLT :-.orn; :
Subunit SRLT CT arer) :-
Recon Subunit
Pacific
Battalion LTCQA*L Nil -.
(Company) VrLT
Ki* ,.'sir
Platoon L'x Pc" ,
(unknown)
(Company) Mor'.•v
M
Subunit v
Subunit -
Engineer Subunit erev

1971 Pwk Sea

Regiment LT rkiI liatin
(Battalion) .n
(Company or Battalion) , - Zhkov
Company - '.4 Air.rkhanian
Platoon T Y apolskii

15"
 Platoon JrLT Dezhenin
Company SrLT Tskhovrebov
Subunit SrLT Bashlovin
MRL Company CPT Tkachev
Tank Subunit SrLT Korienko
Engineer Subunit LT Oleinik
Engineer Subunit LT Grachyov
Subunit Nikulin
Subunit Sapko
Subunit Kolesnikov
Pacific

Battalion LTCOL Nilolaienko

Tank 5,ubunit SrLT Repetenko
Platoon LT Popov
(Baltic)
(Battalion) LTCOL Gorokhov
Tank Platoon LT Samoilov
(unknown)
(Battalion) Maj Gagloev
Subunit SrLT Semko

S7(unknown)
Battalion Lieutenant Colonel
Company LT Korneer
Platoon LT Galanin
Platoon LT Zarva
Platoon LT Bogomaz
(Company) CPT Solomenik
Tank Company SrLT Trofimanko
Tank Platoon LT Pestov
Tank Subunit SrLT Leksiutin
Tank Subunit SrLT Orlov
Tank Platoon SrLT Ostrik
Tank Platoon LT Savchenko
1973 (Baltic)

(Battalion) LTCOL Gorokhov

Company SrLT Samoilov
Company SrLT Rodygin
Platoon LT Mukhametzianov

157
 Platoon LT Fegotynhev
Platoon LT Samoilov
(promoted to SrLT)

Subunit Peftlev
Subunit (Maj) Domnenko
Subunit Volk

1974 (unknown)

Battalion Maj Iakovlev

(Tank) Platoon LT Nilov
(BAttalion) Zal tsev
Company SrLT Estaf'ev
Tank Platoon LT Salikov
Tank Subunit Semenov

(unknown)
(Battalion) (LTCOL) Gagloev
Tank Company SrLT Karpenko
Tank Platoon SrLT Bortnikov
Tank Platoon SrLT Delila
Tank Platoon LT Balatakii
17 Paoifis

Company CPT Abramov

Platoon LT Kirianov
(Company) CPT Yevuyukov

A22.Z (Bal tic)

(Battalion) Naj Domnenko
(Company) CPT Volkov
Platoon LT Danilov

(unknown)
Battalion LTCOL Nilulin
Company SrLT Zarva
Tank Platoon Lt or SrLt Nilov

158
 Number of Officers by Year

COL
LTC 1 2 1 1
MUJ 1 2 3 1
CPT 1 4 3 4 1 1
r.SrLT 1 2 2 12 5
JrLT/LT 1 2 5 1 5 3

COL 8 1
LTC 2 3 1 1 1
MAJ 3 5 1 1 1 1
CPT 5 4 1 1 2 1
SrLT 16 8 e 7 1 4 1 2
JrLT/LT 5 5 10 1 3 3 1 2

This data does not include those officers whose rank

was not identified in Appendix H.

159
 APPENDIX 1,3
Number of Units/Subunits by Year
62 63 64 65 66 6? 68 69
Unit
Subunit 2 1 6 9 7 13 3
Regiment
Dattalion 1
Company 3
Platoon 1 1 2 1
Tank Subunit 2 3 2
Tank Company 2
Tank Platoon 1

Unit 7 1
Subunit 11 12 4 6 1 3 2 2'
Regimen. 1 1
Battalion 4 2 1 1
Company 1 3 1 3 1 1 1
Platoon 2 1 4 2 2 1 2
Tank Subunit 5 3 4 1 1
Tank Cumpany 4 1 1
Tank Platoon 1 3 1 3 1

160
 64 67 §2.2 20 21 21~
Recorn Subunit 2 1
Anti-tank Subunit 2
MRL Subunit 1 1 1
Mortar Subunit 1 2
APC Subunit 1 1
Engineer Subunit 1 2 2
UDT Subunit 1 1
Artillery Battery 1
Anti -aircraft
Battery 1

3161 .:;!
 APPENDIX J
Order of _Batle Characteriatics

Appendices,

J.l Organizational Structure(Western Sources)

J.2 Numerical Strength of the Naval Infantry
by Year

162

1621
 fl-i

APPENDIX Jol
Organizationas Structure (Wegtern Sources)

Many Western sources have presented a basic organ-

izational structure of the Soviet Naval Infantry. Data
from several of these sources is presented in this ap-
pendix. The entries are grouped by year and the data
pertains only to the Soviet Naval Infantry, except where
specified for the Polish and East German units.

Johnstoneg 342

- 3000 men in Pacific area

1970
Breyer (German) g343
- 50000 men
- Bulgaria has number of coastal defense battalions
patterned on Soviet Naval Infantry.
Polish have Naval Infantry and coa3tal artillery
which total 6500 men.
- East German naval pioneers, coastal rocket
sections, and coastal border brigades.
Romania has coast defense troops and naval infantry.
-

Cliffs 344
- 12000-15000 men organized into brigades are as-
"signed to fleets and two flotillas.

-Battalion has 400 men, brigades have 2000 men.

163
 - Brigade has 3 battalions.

- Naval Infantry has at least 3 brigades.

- 2 battalions with attached PT-76 tanks assigned
to Danube Flotilla.

Heimans 345
- Danube Flutilla has 2 battalions.

(German Source) ,346

- Regiment has three infantry battalions and 1

PT-?6 Tank Battalion (with 30 tanks).

Chernogorov, 347

- Regiment in Pacific area I

- Section within platoon includes section leader,

machine gunner, grenade launcher operator, and

rifleman.
- Four man tank crew (T-54/55) includes tank
commander, driver-mechanic, gun layer, and gun
loader.
34 8
Couhats
- An infantry battalion with light tanks attached

has 500 men.

Ellers349

- 2 Battalions of Naval Infantry in Danube Flotilla.

Meehan, 350

- Marine brigade in Black Sea area.

164i
'4-
.+••
+.

.~ , .... ~.,,.
kk~t...-~dM~ k tA~s~.&
j . ~ , i*.~ ~LIK,
&j.. SAMi,"+M&Ih &MA. I• ,,
 - Marine units maintained at 100% strength.

Strategic Survey(ITSS) 1351

- 3000-4000 man brigade assigned to each fleet.

Ulsteink 3152
- A total of three Marine Corps Brigades in the

Leningrad and Baltic Military Districts.

- One Soviet (Army) division, one Polish Marine
division, and units of an East German division
in Baltic area.

53
Hoist (Norwegian)13
- 6 to 7 brigades distributed among fleets, each
brigade has 2000 men.
MccGwire, 354
- 15000 men, consists also of beach reconnaissance
and UDT personnel.
Meehan: 355
- 15000 men, possible existence of 30 battalions.
- Danube Flotilla has 2 battalions.
- Amur Flotilla has at least 3 battalions.
- Marine brigade assigned to Black Sea, Baltic
and Caspian.
- Major concentration is in Black Sea.
Naval Infantry organized into brigade3 vice
regiments, sinco brigades can have 3 or more

165
 battalions. One brigade has at least 5 battalions,
- A battalion has 400 men and is subdivided into

3 companies, each with 100 men.

Pritchard 356

Each fleet has an approximate equivalent of a

USMC Regimental Landing Team, with no formation

* higher than brigade.

r 15000 men.
57
Stockello3
- 15000-19000 men, organized into 2000 man brigades.
- A battalion has less than 400 men, but when rein-

forced then has 500 men,

- A brigade or regiment consists of 3 battalions

plus artillery, transport and other elements and

will have 2000 men.
- At least 1 brigade is assigned to the riverine
flotillas on the Amur River.

- One Polish amphibious division.

Ericksons 358

- 15000 men, may well be as high as 25000.

Farquharsons 359

- 15000-20000 men, each fleet has 4000 man brigade.

Holst (Norwegian)$ 360

166
 - Brigade of 2000 men in Northern area.

Moultons3 6 1

- 17000 men organized Into brigades.

- Each brigade has 3 battalions, with at least
one having 5 battalions.

- One Polish amphibious assault division.

- One East German (army) infantry brigade.

Takleo3 6 2
- 18000-20000 mon, organized into brigades.
- Each brigade has 3 regiments

- Each regiment has 3 battalions and 1 tank

battalion. Infantry battalions have 350 men
and 33 BTR-6OPBs. Tank battalion has 31 PT-76s
- Each brigade has complement of engineers and
UDT personnel.
- 4000 men in Northern area.

Chwatt 363
- 12000 men organized into regiments.

Tanks 75 150
Artillery 75 150
364
Moore, A.

- 17000 men, projected to 20000 in 1980,

- 2000 men in Northern area.

167

4
Moore, J.s365
- 12000 men organized into brigades with a brigade
assigned to each fleet,
- Each brigade consists of 10 battalions of 300-
400 men each. One battalion is PT-76 battalion
with 30 tanks.
- 4000 man Polish Sea Assault Regiment within
Polish Navy.
Goodmans 366
- 17000 men organized into brigades.

Ericksont .67
- Naval Infantry brigade located in Northern area.
- Naval brigade consists of 10 battalions, each
battalion has 300-400 men; one of the battalions
is a tank battalion.
Holst (Norwegian), 368

- 17000 men organized into brigades.

Huitfeldt (Norwegian) p369
- One regiment in Northern area.
- Two regiments, two East German amphibious regi-
ments, and a Polish sea landing division in the
Baltic area.
Turbivilles 370
- 17000 men organized into regiments (formerly

168
 referred to as brigades) assigned to fleets and

flotillas.
- One Polish amphibious assault division (army).
- Polish naval infantry (navy) with 1000 men.

- East German amphibious trained units.

(Scandinavian source)& 371

- One regiment in Northern area.
Wiener (German)& 372
Ki - 15000 men including higher staffs, support
troops, and training elemsnts.

[)
- One brigade in Northern area.
- Two brigades in Baltic area.
- One brigade in Black Sea area.

- One brigade in Pacific area.

- Brigades have varying strengths 2 to 4 regiments.

- Each regiment has;

Regimental headquarters and staff platoons
Reconnai$ssance company
Engineer company
NBC defenle platoon
Supply company
Tank battalion
Headquarters and staff platoon
Supply platoon
3 tank companies, each with 10 PT-76u
3 infantry battalions
Headquarters and staff platoon
"Supply platoon

169
 3 Infantry companies - 7 APCs
Mortar platoon - 3 x 82mm mortars
Recoilless rifle platoon - 3 x 82mm anti-
tank guns.
- One Polish amphibious assault division(aray).
- One East German regiment (army) trained for
amphibious operations.

73
Besch,'
- 20000 men
- 5 brigades each with 4000 men
- Pacific Fleet has 2 brigades while other fleets
have 1 brigade.
-Each brigade has 3 infantry battalions, 1 tank
battalion, and combat support and service support

units.

Each infantry battalion has 430 men. Tank

battalion has 31 PT-76s.
One Polish amphibious assault division (army).

which is "brigade size*.

At least a regimental size East German unit
trained in amphibious operations.
Erl ckson,374

-Naval Infantry has regimental organization,

but are called brigades
- 15000-25000 men
- 3000-4000 in Northern area.

170
 - No Marines in the flotillas.

- One Polish amphibious brigade (called division

by Polish) consists of 4000 men.

- One East German regiment trained for amphibious
assault including
1 parachute battalion
1 amphibious landing battalion
1 special services battalion

(unidentified Norwegian source) ?75

- 1500 man brigade in Northern area. Only at

Categor:/ II or III of strength, full strength

about 2000 men.

- 2000 men in Baltic area

1500-2000 men in Black Sea area.

1500-2000 men in Pacific area.
-Naval Infantry organized into battalions and

brigades. Total strength about 12000.

- East Germans have army units trained for amphi-

bious operations.
- One Polish amphibious assault division with
7500 men.
Military Balance. (1970-1976)8376
- Polish amphibious assault division(aray) (70%

strength).
- 1000 marines in Polish Navy.

171
-(1972) Soviet Naval Infantry organized into
brigades.
(1975) Soviet Naval Infantry organized into
regiments*
-(1975) Marine brigade in Northern area*
-(1976) 5 infantry regiments, each regiment has
3infantry battalions and 1 tc-nk battalion.

172
 APPLNDIX J.2
Numercal Strerith of The taval InLantry by Year
Military Malanc- Other g9urMes
1964 200037
378
379
801000 3,0
1965 3000 10,000381
196,000
1966 3000
1967 6000 6.000382
1968 8000 10,000 3 8 3
1969 12000 384
1970 15000 6
38 7
10,000
38 8
12,000
so.0oo 3 8 9
1971 15000 12,000--
1972 14000 10,000391
92
12,000-14 o0003
15,000393
15.000-199oo0394
17000 15,000395 i
1973
15.000.19,000396
15,000-25,o00397
1974 17000 15,000-209000398
17,000399
18,000-20o000 400
401
1975 17000 129000
17,000403
1976 14500 129000404
15,000405
17,000

173
 406
100,000
1977 12,000 407
15,000-250000 408
17 000 409
20,000 410

174
 AP~JýEDIX K
Soviet Ground Forces Order of Battle

Appendicesi

K.1 OOB - Motorized Rifle Regiment 411

K.2 00B - Motorized Rifle Battalion412
K O0B - Motorized Rifle Cmpany413
G3

K.4 00B - Motorized Rifle Platoon

4 15
K.5 OOB - Tank Battalion
K.6 00B - Tank Company 416

17
S~175
 APPENWJX K.1
OOB - Motorized Rifle Regiment

MOTOEZED RIFLE
REGIMENT
176 1138

[REGIMENTAL MOTORIZEJD T AMNK NOWITZER ANTIAIRCRAFT

HEADQUARTERS BATTALION MACHINEGUN
IATTERw
BIATTERY
BATTALION
S 2832 11 412 22 • 155 64 |3 3,1

STANK TANK AN
COMPANY COMPANY COMPANY
S5 51 5 51

SELF-PROPELLED ANTITANK RECONNAISSANCEENIERSGA

3 • 19 4 16 4 43 5 51 4 5.3

MEDICAL TRANSPORTATION AINTENANC CHEMICAL TRAFFIC SER VICE

CMAYCMAYCOMPANY DEFENSE CONTROL PLATOON

I
CO P N
llI IIPLATOIONII'
I II I
--

*SI QUAD 14.6m. TOWED AA MACHINESUNS. ZPU.4 TO BE REPLACED BY W$

*: * *k 4aUAD 23w SELF-PROPELLED AA GUNS. ZSU234

176
.............................
. -
 KEY NQUIPMENT
31 x Medium Tank
3 x UgSM Tank (FF-76)
(Approx.) 100 x APO
6 x 122-mm IHowhtsr
v 18-24 x 120-mm Monta
ZBU-23-4 SP An~mirraft Vdki"l
ZU-23 and ZPU-4 AnthlrmNMhlem
NOTB:Antkank Guidld Websn

2. fte Moseiud a~h&0t lmaj hawlmor

owe do Msdium Tasks.
3. Ile psmW. smwaue o 2sm mW
an 1.5-m AA sumney vvay.

177
 APP~ENDIX K.g

*OOB -Motorized Rifle Battalion

MOTORIZED

RIFLEI

BATTALIBATTALIION

HE AO0UARI'EAS RILEBATEY LAOO

oili
31C BAttin
(Apox.med zt SGe Heav
w 30I~

6 10-m orr SG9Rei178ATp

27 i x
RPKMacis~sun
7 M7 A GmWW Lun4
rPENI K--3

OOB --Motorized Rifle Company

I.L
bw" pimall PM 25116
Mawn sup, ciA. SVO
7?w OPmsopww*@. PKM 20 421

SAiuM. WwSAn-71b
GRAIL *Ow

NOTIKS

179
 API'NL)1 K*4

003 -- Motorized Rifle Platon

MOTORIZUD RIFLE

7.0m fi4bARM

Dimmed aevoqn c~rwm. sWA 30S

P-11310-23 3

NOTES

I. Fiuim in p~wonilo "seadomw IM dlhq'gflc in rumres of wepmw wW OquiWMuwhnIN. i #0 SIM-

2 in Wiu o1 the @UP. ow eM-swuipWe MR owoonhmetweeof Ow ITR Wi0Mavll wiseOf APCe.-

3. in keg of Ow PKM., Ow ITAsequps" MR p~moen has 3 RPK 000 abomecegi.

.1
- ~180
 OOP 'ank~battaion

TAN%
SATTAAION

BATIALICh L TANK sum lY AND UCA

I41AOOAI7EW
COMPANY 1AINTIMANCt BIA
SECTION
PlATOON

2. six* dg~uia dsow"eu be SNOW tobahdwo bmsomm

' o.ib

181
 AkPPUND4UX K*6

OOB Tank CODmi&BX

.182
 VUOTh UTt;

P. Il, beregov, et al., SprayoghniX for'skoo

IM,.',yi tika (Handibook of N;.val Landerp) (MosktvliOD,
1ý)75 , p. 9, 17.
'-Ibid.

. Beliakov.
D n 'I Derzost'. i Masterstvo" ('Both
Daring and Skill'). Krasnaia Zvezda. July 20, 1975. P. 2.
S Delous, "Morskaia Pekhota Uchitsia Pobezhoat'"
L.
('Nava] Infantry Studies To Win*), Kommunist Vooru•zhennwkh
Sii, Nu. 7 (April, 1968), p. 50.
5 K.
Kulichenko, 'Boi Vodet Morskaia Pekhcta"
(*Naval Infantry Conducts The Battle"), Kra.naia Zvezda,.
July 24, 1964, p. 1.

6C.G. Pritchard, 'The Soviet Marines". FNi

Proceedinirs, March, 1972, p. 20.
7C.G. Jacobseta, *The Soviet Navys Acquiring Global
Capabllities and Perspectives*, Naval War College Review,
Mlarch, 1972, p, 51.
8S. Breyer, 9Soviet Power in thf Baltic', N•ta y
3ew. January, 1962, p. 4!4 U.S. Department of the Army,
The Soviet Marine Regiment (Charlottesville, Virginias
Foreign Science and Technology Cenber U.S. Department of
the Army, February, 1970). p 1 F. Wiener$ T A
of the Warsaw Pact Nations (Vienna, Carl Ueberreuter
Publishers, 1976)p. 84".
R. W. Herrick, Soviet Naval Stratemf, (Annapolis,
USNI, 1968), p.
1 0 "Atakuet Morskaia Pekhota' ("Naval Infantry

Attacks*), Krasnaia Zvezda, June 11, 1965, p. 1.

llM. MccGwire, ad., Soviet Naval Devejopgentn
(New Yorks Praeger Publishers, 1973)tp-. 1641 JeEX
Monroe, The Soviet Navy Today (Londono MacDonald and
Jane's, 1975), p. 239.
12 Belous, p. 51.

183
 E. W. Beech, "Armored end Other Mechanized Forces
C:tn Be Succes:t'ully Adapted To Amphibious Operations",
Marine Corps Gazette(April, 1977). p. 42.
1 4 Beregov, et -i, p. 14

lIbid.. pp. )4-441 V.2. Serýeenko. Sovetskaia

Morskaia Pokhota (Soviet Nava&l I&fantry) (Roskvas DCSAAF,

1 6.rBe
rogo v, et alt p. 17
1 7 j.j.
Baritr- *Tte Soviet Strategy of Flexible
Response Military Affairs", _ulein_ Institute for
the Study of the USS.R Munich, April, 1969, p. 12.
18 Sergeenko, p. 57.1 N.I. Shablikov. Okean (Ocean)
(Mof;kvas MOD, 1976)), p. 56.
19P. Ia. buregov, 'Bogatyri v katrusskikh Bushlataich"
("Heroes in Sailors Pea-Jackets*), oenn-ye Znaniia,
April. ]9?4, . P- 5ý

20P.E. Mel'nikov, "Shturm Poberezheia" (*Assault of

a Sea Co.st") vetjkiijat rot., November 2, 1975, p. 2.

J . Fafenberg, 3ovyi-t.- &n tion hilita

Department of the Army, May 16. 1974), p. 1.
Ibid.. pp. J, 10, and 16.
2 3 Sergeenko, p. 54.
2 4 N. Polmar, Soviet Naval Power Challenge for the
1970's, (New York; National Strategy InTo-matlon center,
Inc., 1972), p. 41.
iPafengerg, pp. 1, 25, and 26.
2 6 U.S.
Department of the Army. FX-30-4Os Handbook
On Soviet Ground Forces (Washington, D.C.o Headquarters,
Department of the Army. June 30. 1975),
2 7 Beregov, ("Heroes in Sailors Pea-.ackerst), p. 15.
2 8 E.
K. Keefe, Area Handbook for the Soviet Union,
(Washington, D.C., U.G- Oovernment Printing Office, 1971)
Pp. 590 and 594.
184 A
 29Pafengerg. p. 42.
J. Erickson, "Soviet Military Performances Some
Management and Managrial Constraints', Thesis (USARI
7th Annual Soviet Affairs Symposium, Garmisch, Germany.
June, 1973), p. 19.
3 1 Sergeenko,
p. 544.
32ovit
Mp, 5)a Barits, p. 321 and P. 1. Mel nikov,
"Soviet liarMnes". Soviet Kilitary Review, June. 1972, p. 5.
3 3 J, 1
So Marcus8, Mh"U L•23S. fl
Offices fSh Soviet Armed Forces mpubliched research
-3Keefee p. 593.

35Ibi.; J. Ercikson, OThe Soviet Naval High Command",

USNI Proceetrns, May. 1973, P. 71.1 and S. Shapiro, "The
BTue
1971. Water Soviet
pp. 19. 22, Naval
and 24.Officer", USNI Proceedina,. February,

36 R. ', Daly, 'Soviet Naval Activities - 19700'.

IWL
Proceedirns, May. 1971, p. 292.
37_1ddd.t V.
tandP. Arteniev, "Soviet Military
Institut a, Military Review, Januarys 1966. p.11.
381hiA.1 Erickson. "The Soviet Naval High Comand'.
p. 71.1 Wa-rcus, p. 8.; and Shapiro* pp. 19, 22, and 24.
39Daly. p. 2921 Marcus, p. 8s and Shapiro pp. 19.
22. and 24,.
40
rickson, "Soviet Military Performances Some
Management and Managerial Constraints". p. 23.
4 1
•J.A. Fahey. 'A Profile of Soviet Military/Naval
Schools', USNI Proceedins., August, 1969, p. 1:5.
42 LW *Iand Marcus, pp. Appendices.

" 43 grickaon, 'The Soviet Naval High Command', p. 71.

" 4 Mel'nikov,
p. 2; Pritchard, p. 211 N. Radohenko,
"Desantu Prigotovit'sial" ('Prepare for the Landingt'),
SVonnye Znaniia, September, 1975, p. 12.l and L.N.
Roitenburd-, Podgotovka Ofitserov Morskoi Pekhoty',

I185
(N1r:|iin.ng of orflcers of The Naval Inf'antry") Morskoi
Stiornlk, Novemnber, 1969, p. 52.
4
5Nel nikov, p. 2.
1 6Ppritchard, p. 21.
.7No evidence was found to Indicate a minimum amount
of time which a regular officer must spend on active duty.
Evidenrce did indicate that officers must retire if they
a're a certain rank and have reached the maximum age for
that rank. Therefore, it appears thnt once a regular
officer has entered service, this then becomes his career,
4" 8 Erickson,
"The Soviet Naval High Command", p. 72.
4
9Sergeenko, p. 56.
5 0 V. Gzhel'skii and I. Pavlov. "Boltay, Zemli, i
Noria" ("Warriors, Lands and Seas*) Sovetakii VOin.
March 5. 1973, p. 14.
51^
G. H. Turbiville, *Warsaw Pact Amphib Ops in
Northern Europe*, Marine CorDs Gazette, October, 1976,
p. 22.9
52
Information was obtained from an unidentified
,,-
Norwegn. source.
5 3Interview
with J. Erickson, USARI, Garmisch,
Germany, May 27, 1977.

jugw. t and Wiener, p. 81

5 5- Wiener,
p, 831 and L. Heiman, "River Flotillas
of' the USSR". Military Review, August, 1970, p. 50.
56Heinan, p. 51.
57
lAthough not a major fleet area, the Caspian Sea
Flotilla is included only due to its possible function
as a training command which may include Marines.
5 8 Information
on the various bases in each of the
fleet areas was obtained from two sourcest Moore, pp.
38-391 and S. Breyer, Guide T9 the Soviet avU .
(Annapolis; USNI, 1970), pp. 6-10, 204-221, 238-250.
5 9 Sergeenko,
p. 55.
186
 6Obi.1 anid Beregov, et al,(Hndbook of Naval
LpanderS), pp. 105-106.

6 2Beregov, It al. p. 108.

6 3 j.I.H. Owen, ed.. War act Infantr6 and It
1t7
Weapo.Lns (London& Brassey'sPublishers Ltd., 19760P.
641 .Beregov, e• 11, pp. 105-1071 and Shablikov.
pp. 133 and1142.
6 5 Sergeenko,
P. 55.

6 71bid.u and G. Shutov, "Visiting the Marines*,

Soviet Miit~arX Review, December, 1976, p. 59.
6 8 Sergeenko, p. 551 Shablikov, p. 1271 and "The
Marine Corps", Soviet MiltarX Review. June, 1973. P. 48.

Sergeenko. p. 32.
70=.i'Erickson, *Soviet Mi]itary Performances
Some Management and Managerial Constraintso, P. 31;
Keefe, p. 5911 and U.S. Department of the Army. FM 30-40,
p. 3-9.
?1 Sergeenko. P. 55.
7 2 Keefe,
p. 595.
7 3 Sergeenko,
p. 55.
7 4 Beregov, (OHeroes in Sailors Pea-JacketsO). P. 15.
7 5 Beregove ea (Handbook of Naval Landers), pp.

94-1031 and Sergeenkog P. 55.

76 "How is Life, Soldier?', Soviet Military Review,
February, 1972, P. 13.
S•?%bid.
78 K.
Pumkarev and E. Shcheglov, 0 5 Morskim Desantom"
1976,
("With a Naval Landing*). Tyl I Snabzhenje, Octobr-',
P. 37.

187
 7p.
97.

80 Erickson,
"Soviet Military Performances Some
f~,1r~i~n~ta r~d Mannjger i-jIl Constra ints" * p. 42.
8 1 Pumkarev, 1). 38.
8 ?"How is Life, Soldier?", p. 14.
8 3 U.S. DepartmenL
of the Army. FM 30-40, p. 6-127.
8 4 Pumkarev, p. 38.
85Ser.-eenko, p. 58; and "Soldaty Moria" ("Soldiers
of the Sea"$, Voennye Znaniia, April, 1977, p. 35.
8 6 Shutov, P. 59.
8 7 M. Solomeinik,
"Atakuiushchie s Moria" ("Attackers
From the Sea") Voennye Zriariia May, 1973, P. 11.
8 8 U.S. Department of the Army, FM 30-40, p. 3-9.
8 9 M.L. Harvey and F.D Kohler, ed. "USSR Navy Shows
the Flag", Soviet World Outlook, December 15, 1976, p, 8.

9 0 Sergeenko, p. 34.
9 1 K.
Kulichenko, "(Picture of Soviet Marine APCs
and Tanks in a Landing Exercise)*. Krasnaia Zvezda,
June 6, 1965, p. 1.
9 2 Belous, P. 53.

9 3 C.L.
Parnell, "'Sever'
93A
and the Baltic Bottleneck",
USNI ProceedinAs, August, 1969, p. 31.
94Sergeenko, P. 57.
9 5 Shablikov,
p. 160; N. Chernogorov, Soviet Military
Review, July, 1971, p. 7.1 and P.E. Mollnikov, "Morskaia
Pekbota" ("Naval Landing") Morskoi Sbornik, December,
1971, p. 27.
9 6 Solomenik, p. 11.
9 7 K. Kulichenko, "(Picture of a Soviet Marine Officer)"
Krasnaia Zvezda, August 12, 1964, p. 59.

188
- .mM.fi~~ MS a dJ4n d
 8G.A. Brorvi tskoo, eL al]. Voina. Okeari. Chlov.k
(WýIr, Ocearijl_&Nai) (Moskva: MTOD.-i 74)!, p. 185.
9Shlapiro, p. 22.
1 O0 Shablikov,
p. 1l(o•
iiu Mokeev, "Nebo i Bereg" (Sky and Shore),

H Fr-°vda, May 4, 1970, p. 2.

102A.A. Laletin, "Sovremennala Morskala Pekhota*
("Modern Naval Infantry"),
J965, p. 30.
florskoi Sbornik, November,

iORoitenburd, p, 955•
104 Shablikov, p. 19.

IO5Erickson, *Soviet Military Performances Some

Management and Manerial Constraints", p, 21 S

Tank Officer)", Krasnaia Zv~ezda, July 29. 1964, p. 1.

IO9.N.Surnaev, "Nadezhnyi Pomoshchnik v Boin",
("Reliable
May, 1971, Assistant
p. 39.
in IBattle"), Morskoi Sbornik,

1 1 OKeefe,
P. 594.
llserg•enko, P. 59; and Solomeniik, p. II.
Chepigi, N. Chernogorov, and V. Sheren7ovogo
"Na Beregu Velikogo Stoim" ("On the ,reat Shore, We Stand")
SovetskiiMVayr, 30.December 24, 1970, p.
1 1 0Keefe,
P. 594,.

ll•Erickson, "Soviet Military Performances Some

Management and Managerial Constraints", p. 21.
llSKulichenko, (August 12, 1964), p. 3.; and K.
"Kulichenko, "(Picture of a Soviet Marene Tank Officer)",
Krasnaia Zvezda, August 29, 1964, p. 2,

Erickso, Miltary"Sovet PeformnetSom

189
 RM. Frasche, The Soviet Motorized. Rifle Company,
(Washirqigton, D.C.$ Defense Intelligence Agency, .976).,
p. 125.
17 1bid.

1 1 8 Beregov,( handbook of Naval Landers ), p. 88.

l 1 9 Shutov, "Visiting the MaHrnes", p. 59; and

V. Gok'okhov, "Daring and Resolve", Soviet MijitarX Revjew,.
August, 1974, p. 35.
120OMel'nikov, "Soviet Marines", p, 5

1 212Mel'nik(,.
1 Menk ("Naval Infantry')o, p. 25,

12 2 Pafenburg, p. 14.
123
Ibid., p. 16; Erickson, "Soviet Military Per-
formances Some Management and Manaterial Constraints",
pp. 18-19; and U.S. Department of the Army, FM 30-40,
p. 3-11.
l2"pafenburg, p. 14.

1 2 5 Beregov, ("Heroes in Sailors Pea-Jackets"),

p. 151 and Solomenik, p, 11.
l2 6 Sergeenko, P. 53.

12 7 Polmar, Soviet NRval Power Challenge for the

s , p. 41; "Okeanskii Strazh Strany Sovetovw
M0cean Guard of the Country of Soviets")
Vooruzhennykh Sil, July 13, 1974, p. 37; andW.
Stepanishchev, "Shagi k Moriu* ("Steps Towards the
Sea"), Kommunist VooruthennMykh Si,, December, 1976
12 8 Pafenburg, p. 24,
12 9
Sergeenko, P. 53.
130M, Shashuto, *Brat Moria" ("Brother of the

Sea"), Krasnaia Zvezda, October 20, 1973, p. 2.

1 3 1 Pafenburg, P. 45.
1 3 2 Sergeenko,
P. 55.

190
 L. Noga, "Suvetskaii Morskaia, Fekhota" ("Soviet
N:nval Infantry"), Vouenye Zrianiia, January, 1972, p. 9,
"Scrgeenko, p. 55.
13 5Ibid,
1 36
D.K. Cliff, "Soviet Naval Infantrys A New
Capability?", Naval War College Review, June, 1971,
P. 97.
137jF. Meehan, The Soviet "Marine Corps
resear;ch project (USARI, Garmisch, Germany, February,
unpublished
1972)
P. 13.

138Shabllkcv, P. 159.
1 3 9 Gorokhov,
"Daring and Resolve", p. 35.
1 4 0 Mel'nikov,
"Soviet Marines", p. 5.
141 Beregov, ( Handbook of Naval Landers, ). p. 90.
14 2 A, Ia. Korotkov, "Uchebnaia Praktika. Voprosy,
Vzliady, Problemy" ("Training Practice. Questions, Views,
Problems*), Morskoi Sbornik, March, 1971, p. 40.
143V. Ermolaev and P. Mel'nikov, "Sovetskaia
Morskaia Pekhota" ("Soviet Naval Infantry:) Voennve
Znaniia, October. 1969, p. 31; and Iu. Pakhomov,
"("icture of Soviet Marines During An Exercise)", Morskoi
Sbornik, January, 1977, inside front cover. A
lTurbiville, "Warsaw Pact Amphib Ops in Northern
Europe", p. 27.
14 5
Sergeenko, P. 35.

6i p.a.
Berelov, "Sea Landing Operation", Military
flc-sld, No. 6(1974 ), p. 44.
I4 7Meehan, The Soviet_"Marine Corps, p. 16.
1 4 8 Solomenik,
p. 1ý9S
11.

iI 9 Sergeenko, pp. 21 and 37.

1 5 0 Beregov,(
Handbook of Naval Landers ) P. 97. I
1 5 1 Frasche,
P. 36. 9

191
i'-- .- - a . s i
 - .

1 3Fumkarev, p. 37
15 4 Ermolev arnd Mel'nikov, p. 31.
1 5 5 bronevitskogo,
p. 187.
1 5 6 "Soldaty
Moria", p. 34.
1 5 7 Bereov.
("Heroes in Sailors Pea-Jackets"), p. 14.
1 5813ere gov ( Handbook of Naval Landers ).p,94.
1 5 9 Sunaev, p. 41.
6L0I•,id. P. 39.

161 bid., p. 40; and Bronevitskogo, p. 191.

1 6 2Broneviiskogo, p. 192; and Sunaev, p. 38.

l 6 3Shutov,
1631
"Visiting the Marines", p. 58.
16 4 Bronevitskogo, p. 191.
1 6 5 p.V.
Kukushkin, Datal'on v Morskom Desante
( Battalion In A Naval Landing ),(MoskvasMOD, 1972), P. 93.
6 6 Sergeenko,
S P. 33-

167Bronevitskogo, p. 190.
168Kh. Gimadeev, "V Morskom Desante* ("In A Naval
Landing") Kommunist Vooruzhennykh Sil, No. 14 (July, 1968)
p. 51.
1 6 9Shablikov, p. 19.
1 7 0 Artemiev,
p. 12.
1 ?IFahey, p. 135.
172
Frasche, p. 23,

174
1"Shapiro, p. 24.

-- ? ----
.-.-

192
 1 75"(Picture of t Soviet Nwva1 L:indi.nt,.)", Krasnaia
, 'M:y 1o, 1.(70, p. 2.
] 7 6 Krotkov, p. 39.
177
Roitenburd, p. 5-2.
17 bid. and Pritchard, p. 21.
1 7 9 Roitenburd,
p. 52.
180ii
• , P. 53.
1 8 1 Erickson,
"Soviet Naval High Command", p. 744.
1 8 2Gzhel'skii, p. 16.
18 3Artemiev, p. 12.
1 8 4 Iu. Dmitriev, "Korabli Vozvrashchaivtsia v Bazy"
("The Ships Return to the Bases") Trud, May 6, 1970, p. 4.
1 8 5Chepigi,
p. 40.
1 8 6 Breyer,
p. 197.
187N. Ozerov, "(Picture of a Soviet Mariae Mortar
Unit)" Krasnaia Zvezda, June 28, 1967, p. 2.
1 8 8 Sergeenko, p. 27.
1 8 9 "Bois Vedet Morskaia Pekhota" ("Naval Infantry
Conducts the Battle") Krasnaia Zvezda, July 24, 1964, p. 2.
1 9 0 MccGwire,
Soviet Naval Developments, p. 174.
191Chernogorov, p. 6.
19 2 Sergeenko, p. 27.
1 9 3 Beregov,
( Handbook of Naval Landers ), p. 103.
1 9 4 Noga, p. 9.
1 9 5 K. Kulichenko, "(Picture of Soviet Marinea With
an Anti-tank Gun)", Krasnaia Zvezda, June 29, 1965, p. 2.
1 9 6 "Soldaty
Moria", p. 35.
1 9 7 Besch, p. 43.
193
 1 9 8 K.
Kulicherko, "(Picture of Soviet Marines Witt
:i Whe(twbd Anti-aireraft Gun)", Krasrnuia Zvezda., June 13,
1i'-7, p. 2.
199 Chepi, p. *B.

2 0 OBesch,
p. 45 and The Military Balanet 197§M
(Lurdoio IISS. 1976), p. 1 "
201K, Kulichenko, "(Picture of a Soviet Marine
Mortar Crew)". Krasnaia Zvezda, August 22, 1964. p. 2.
20 2
Besch, P. 43.
2 03
4oga, p, go
20 4 Beregov, k Handbook of Naval Landers J, p. 105.

205K. Kulichenko, *(Picture of Soviet Marines with

Multi-Rccket Launcher akad Truck)". Krasnaia Zvezda.
June 18, 1965. p. 2.
2 0 6 Bosch.
p. 43.
I
207Meehan, The Soviet "Marine CorlE**. P. 33.
208
Sergeenko, p. 22.
209Cliff, p. 96.
"LOK. Kulichenko, "(Picture of Soviet Marine APCs
Leaving a Beach)", _rasnaia Zvesda, July 2@ 1967s p. 1.
2 1 1 Sergeenko, p. 25.
212
Noga, p. 9.
2 1 3 Meehan,
The Soviet "Marine Corps", p. 13.
2 1 •R Bonds, ed. The Sovit Main (London.
Hamlyn Publishing Group, Ltd., 1976), p.155 .and
J.E. Moors, ed., JaneO8 flg-tini Ships 19z§-7 (New York,
Franklin Watts, Inc., 1976), P, 655-

te 2 1 5 Unless specifically annotated, information for

the characteristics of the amphibious ships was obtained
from the following four sources, Breyer; Cliff; Moore,
The Soviet Navyi and Moul t on,,

194
 '16F.P. ao:rid.i~r d W.c Stiei er, ed Arms= Men 4and
Ii to r DO U (New Yorý a Cranre , Rus. tikc
62. ; rindlu. A. P:- nteleev, "Nekotorye Voprosy Deistvil
Ftoto v Sovremeriioj. Voire" ("Sev,.ril Questiuns of the
Operitlon.; ou! the Fleet i, ;, Modern War") Xorskoi Sbornik,
Febru:.ry, 1966, p. J2.
21 7 The Mili tiryv Balarice 1976/1977, p. 89; J.E. Moore,
ed., Jinesls Fijitin,, Ships 1975-76 (New York; Franklin
Wtttr- .,,i75), pp. 71, *Polish L*riding
",151and
Craft Used for CoLiw:;,:rdo Operations". USNI Proceedinks,
April, 1974, p. 126.
218R.D, Mianners, R.b. Ryan, and N.R. Sumner, Artie
Surface Effect Vehicles Volt I An Overview of SEV
Dev,-loument (McLean, Vir enis, Science AplicationsIrlc.,
I9743Ch apter 5. P. 5.
2 1 9 Ibid.. p. 5-9
220
"Soldaty Mori,", p. 35.
2 2 1 "Boevaia Zrelontl" ("Cusib;,t NMaturity") SovetsIki
121L, December, 1974, p 1.1.
222A J. Doublet, The Air Cushion Vehicle ang Its
Future Applicability inR-17tinai Defense, Thesis (Air
d,1r College, April, 1976). p. 53.
2 23
Liletin, p. 31.
224
S.G. Gorshkov., Morskvia Moshchl Gosudarstva (Sea
Mihai of the State) (Muskvas Y,ODl 9176) -29.

2 2 5 Sunaev, p. 40.

22 6 Shabliko,. p. 158.

22?2Roitenburd, p. 54.
N. Polmar, "The Soviet Aircraft CarrierO, USNI
prugeedi~ngs, May, 1974. p. 159.
2 2 9 N. Polmar, "Soviet Naval Aviation", Air Force
Magazine, March, 1976, p. 73.
2 30
Breyer, P. 334.
2 31 Bonds, p. 91,

195

-- ---------------
 U S. UelpAz't,,,nt of' the Army. D4 30-40, p. 6-96.
Wienor, ,. 3149.

' 3 •J.W.R. T;tyloi, "Gallery of Soviet Aerospace

Weapons", Air Force Magazine. wirch, 1976, p. 102.
235Only the month ana year of the exercise is pro-
vided, tmless exact information is krown about the spe-
cific dates. Wtiere the information was unclear, then
the date of the article was used for the exercise.
236,.
Gzhellskii, p. 15, and Solomenik, p. 1i.
237. Briukhanov, "Pekhota Atakuet s Moria" ("Infan-
try attacks From the Sea") Krasrai•- Zvezda, October
Ii, 1962. p, 1.
2 3 8 N. Alekseev and N. Shalagin,
*Soldaty Shturmuiut
bereg" ('Soldiers Storm The Shore*) Krasnaja Zvezda,
October 10, 1963, p. 1.
23 9 Kulichenko, ('Naval Infantry Conducts The Battle'),
p. 1.
"2LOTass, "Na Sovmestnyhh Ucheniiakh" ('In Joint
Exercises") Krasnain Zvezda, September 22, 1964, p. 1.
241.'(Picture of GDR BTR-152 Exiting From Landing
Ship)" Krasnaia Zvezda, May 22, 1965, p. 5.
242K. Kulichenko, *(Picture of Soviet Mtrine APCs
With Two Officers)', Krasnaia Zvezda, May 26, 1965, p. 1.
2 • 3Kulichenko, June 6, 1965. p. 1.
2 4 4 Lale-;,n,
p. 31. Dnta in parenthjses is approximate.
2 4 5 N. Shestakov, "Atakuet Morskaia
Pekhota* ('*aval
Infantry Attacks') VoeaWje Znaniia, November, 1965, p. 10.
2 4 6 MccGwire, Soviet Naval Dpvelopmente, P. 164.
2 4 7 Ibid.,
p. 171; and T.W. Wolfe, Soviet
Eurw
1969W, 19--.9§92
p. 544.- (Santa Monices The RandaCorporation,

24 8 K. Kulichenko, "(Picture of a Soviet Marine

Political Officer Talking With a Group of Soviet Marines)"
Krasnaia Zvezda, May 30, 1967, p. 2.

196 j
 "M.cGw'i re !;w. L N; AV'IL Uývtc 10pm!htS, pj. 171 and

25 0 CoG. Jocol :;ci•, (jcviet tLr,L Lt,.ijjSuviet For;ikn

IuJ• (G1iU(ow, Rob,,. t bl-Leriuose & Co. Ltd• 1972),
IOib a nd 13b,
2 5 1 Tns:.,
"SQvn .,0 Lnoe Uchernie" ("Joint Exerci.ie")
Kr ,snai;, Zvezdi, Au-,u:'t 29, 1967, p. 1.
2 5 2 Vif. "U ji4buovykh Iruzt.i" ("At Our
Fi rt Lint' Frietid:") K,_ Sept~e:ber 17, 1967,
P. 3.
2 5 3 Turbiville,
"Warsiw Ptct Amphib Ops in Northern
Europe", p. 24.
254. 2•1 :tnd G. Shutov, "Na Komandno -
Sht;Abnom. Uchenii "S:vur"" ("At The Command-Staff Exercise
"Sever"") Krasn;,i:- Zvezdh, July 17, i96k, p. 1.
2 5 5 Parnell.
p. 281 and Sergeenko, p. 40.
2 5 6 G.Shutov, "(Picture of a Soviet Marint Officer
and Several Marines)" Kranonia Zvezda, August 6, 1968.
p. 2.
2 5 7 E. Ernrkov, "Vy Prist,!i Kak Druz'in i Bratlia"

("You Came As Friends axid mrothers") Krasnaia Zvezda,

September 4, 1968, p. 1.
258U.S. Department of the Army, The Soviet Karij.e
Regiment, p. 1.
2 5 9 Jacobsen,
3uviet Sktatugy-Soviet Foreign Po licy.
p. 131, 1)9, and 154.
260G.D. Vernon, The Soviet Strategg of Flexible
:!Q!pos , unpublished research paper (USAFI, Garmisch,
Germany, May, 1970). p. 32.
2 6 1E. Marchenko and G. Shutova, "(Picture of Soviet
Marines In an Amphibious Landing Exercise)", Krasnaia
Zvezda, July 31, 1969, p. 2.
2 6 2S.A. Borzenko, "Desantniki" (Landers*) Morskoi
Sborni.k, May, 1970, p. 34.
2 6 3Verrion,
p. 32.

197
 e64 Vritcn:4rd, . '.

'° 5 D. Faril;,ll, Russinn Sea Power. (Bostont Gambit,

Irl,., 171), p. 218.t Rrid k. Shutov, '(Picture of a
Soviet MKirine Oif'icer)", Krasrnai-. Zvezda, October 1, 1969.
I.* 1.
2 bbK
Kuibceriko. ="(Picture of An Amphibious Landing
operation With Ltritiin;, Ships arid APCs)" KlrasnaiaZvezda,
Novemuer 2, 1969, p. 2.
6 Ser'geenko.
2O P. 37.
2 6 8Breyer, p. 198.
2 6 9 Kukushkin, p. 103.
2 70 Moultor,,
p. 141; Polmar, *The Soviet Aircraft
Ctrrier*, p. 1581 P•,|karev, p. 361 Sergeenko, p. 45;
anid Shablikov, p. 126-134.
2 7 1 Korotkov, P. 39; Sergeenko. p. 49; and Turbiville,
"W:.rsaw Pact Amphib Ops in Northern Europe", p. 24.
2 72
Sergeenko, p. 50.
273*Soviet Manuevers Su*mmarized*, USUI Proceedings.
November, 1970, p. 101.
2 7 4 Daly.
p. 292.
2 7 5 Sergeenko,
P, 51.
276Daly, p. 287; Turbiville, OWarsaa Pact Amphib
Ops in Northern Europe*, p. 24 and 271 and V. Peredel'skii
arid G. Semenikhin. 'Sila Velikogo Bratstva" ("Strength
of the Great BrothLrhood") Sovetskii Voin, December, 1970,
p. 21.
2 7Chepigi, p. 37.

"278Mel'nikov, (*Naval infantry"). p. 28; and Sunaev,

p. 40.
2 7 9 Mel'nikov, "Soviet Marines", p. 6; and J.P.
Meehan, *Soviet Maneuvers& Summer 1971", Military
Review, April, 1972, p. 19.
2 8 0 Chernogorov, p. 7.

198
 1. Ly-enko, "At.1iueL Morskaia Pekhota" ("Nuv-n1
Irifw,,try Attacks") Vounne Zniariia, August, 191/i, p. 10.

'r6A. Tsymrt.l, "Tnnki Atdtkuitit s Moria" ("Ti r,:

jtt[ick From the Sei" ', lur.ARoi ibozrnik, MiArcth, 1ly74, p. t.,.
2 3 Mel'nikov, "Soviet Miarines", p. 7.
8

2 8 4 D.
Korolev, "Landing Ship Commanding Officer",
Soviet Military Review, November, 1972, p. 26.
2 8 5Turbiviile,
"Warsaw P-ict Amphii; Ops in Northern
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S286 Gzhellskii, p. 15.
287S. Sokholov, "Tanhi Atakutiut s Moria" ("Tanks
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P. 39.
288 V. Iakovlev, "Gremela Atakah ("The Attack
Thundered") Sovetskii Voin, November, 1971A, p. 26.
2 39 U.S.
Army CGSC, 'The LaewrhAsgessmunt of
the Warsaw Fact Threat in Crts uro e (ort Leavenworth,
Kansass Threats Division. CGSC, U.S. Department of the
Army, July 1. 1976) V,'lume IV, p. 1.
2 9 0 M.A. Walton and B.W. Watson, "Okean-75" UNIi

Proceediny~s, July, 1976, p. 96.

291N. Iorzh, "A Blow From the Sea" Soviet Ki1ita~r
Review, December, 1975, p. 14.
292I. Sysoliakin, "Seaborne Landing", Soviet
Military Review, February, 1976, D. 32.
"293"Guarding tne Peace", The Current, Die of the
Soviet Press, October 6, 1976, p. 17.
2 9 4 Shutov,
"Visiting the Marines", p. 59.
295D. Haworth, "Denmark Feels the Heat of Warsaw
Pact Baltic Exercises", *USNI Proceedings, March, 1977,
p, 109.
2 9 6 Pakhomov,
January, 1977, p. inside front cover.

199

....
 29 tjwYý4 trw Rot¶,r
r n f~~~'

N. Gntloev, "Niot upaut Iota iorskoi Pekhoty"

("A Comlii;ny of' Nwva]. In'aintry Attacks"' Voennyi Vestnii1
Iubr'ury, 1?77, p. 9.

)$Thi,; inf'ormution was obtained from an unidenti-

fied Norwegian source.
2 9 9 "Soldaty Moria", p. 34.
3 0 0 Meehan,
The Soviet "Marine Corps", p. 12.
3 0 1 Breyer, p. 12; Erickson, "The Soviet Naval High
Command", p. 71; and Moore, The Soviet Navy Today, p. 41.
3 0 2 Daly, p. 289.

3 0 3 Erickson, "The Soviet Naval High Command", p.72;

and Erickson, "Soviet Naval Infantry", Personal interview.
30 4 Deregov, ( Handbook of Naval Landers ),
p. 10.
3 0 5 Daly, p. 291.
06 B
Breyer, p. 13.
3 OTA.M.
Prokhorov, Bol'shaia Sovetskaia Entgiklo ediia I
(Large Soviet EncycloDedia)(Moskvai S-oviet Encyciopedia, I
Vol, 16, 1974, p. 586.
3 0 8 Bronevitskogo.
p. 1881 Chernogorov, p. 7s and
M. Loshchits, M. Korenevskii, and N, Radchenko, "Morskoi IIi
Desant" ("Naval Landing") Krasnaia Zvezda, June 17, 1971, !
p. 2.
30 9Besch, p. 42; and MccGwire, Soviet Naval Develop-
ments, p. 165.
3 1 0 Bar!tz,
"The Soviet Strategy of Flexible Response",
P. 32; Pritchard, p. 211 and U.S. Department of the Army,
The Sovie(t 6arne egj,.ent p. 1.
3 11
Wiener, p. 87.
31Meehan, ihe Soviet "Marine Corps", p.1.,
3 1 3 Wiener,
p. 8.
3 1 4 C.L.
Donnelly, "The Soviet Desant Concept",
International Defense Review, December, 1971, p. 544.

200 j
Si, (I
 3 1 5 Bonds,
p. 176; Hoeber, p. 155; and Wiener, p. 59.
316Breyer, pp. 204, 215, 218, 244, and 248; N. Kurov,
"$Victory Beyond the Polar Circle", Soviet Military Review,
Nove-ber, 1974, P. 52, and E. Wegener, The Soviet Naval
Offe,,sive, (Annapoliss USNI, 1975), P. 29.
3L?.Polish Landing Craft Used For Commando Operations",
p. 126; and "Infantry Landing Craft - Poland*, Military
Review, November, 1973, p. 96.
31 8 "Berichte Aus dem Ausland", Suddeutsche Zeittag_,
January 17, 1977, p. 9.; W.R. Hynes, "The Role of the
Kiev in Soviet Naval Operations", Naval War College Review,
Fall, 1976, p. 43; and H. Stanhope,'-4New Soviet Carrier
No Match For US Ships", London Times, November 19, 1976,
p. 3 1 9 J.A. Wyras, Soviet Maritime Strategy Since World

War II, unpublished Master's thesis (Niagara University,

New York, December, 1972), p. 44.
3 2 0 "Sormovich Air Cushion Vehicle
Production is Set
for 1975", USNI Proceedings, December, 1973, P. 123.
p. 40; Stanhope, p. 1.1 and J. Lawton,
3 2 1Hynes,
"Aircraft Carrier Joins Soviet Fleet", Washington Post,
July19, 1976, p. 1.
W. Beecher, "Soviets Said To Be Building A
Second Aircraft Carrier", USNI Proceedings, June, 1973,
p. 113.
323MccGwire, Soviet Naval Developments, P. 174; and
J.L. Couhat, and P. Masson, "The Soviet Presence in the
Mediterranean, A Short History", Naval War College Review,
January, 1971, p. 64.
3 2 4 Fairhall, p. 218.
3 2 5 Wegener,
p. 80.
Landing Craft Joining Russian Mideast Fleet",
3 2 6 "Six

Evening Star (Washington.D.C.) March 6, 1970, P. 1.

27I.C. Kidd, Jr., "View From the Bridge of the
Sixth Fleet Flagship", USNI Proceedings, February, 1972,
p. 26.

201

- - ~ -~ ~--.~"~-.
 .C. K(idd, Jr., "A Look At U.S.-Soviet Rivalry
in the M¶di Lerranean", U.S. News and World Report, Novem-
bf'r ]5, 1971, p. lii.
329ccwr, '
ViccGwire, Soviet Naval Dvj;elopments, p. 174.
3 3OHoeber, p. 59.
3 3 1 FIoore,
The
Soviet Navy Today, p. 240.
3 32 G. Jukes, "The Indian Ocean in Soviet Naval
Policy", Adelphi Papers, No. 87 (May, 1972), p. 25.
3331bid., p. 25.
33 4 E.J. Gannon, "Military Considerations in the
Indlan Ocean", Current History, November, 1972, p. 221.
3 3 5 Hoebor.
p. 59.
33 6 Moore, The Soviet Navy Today, p. 240.
3 37
Polmar, Soviet Naval Power Challenge for the
1970's, p. 51.
33 8 MccGwire, Soviet Naval Developments, p. 133.
3 3 9 Hoeber, P. 59.
3 4 OManthorpe. p. 207.
341The Soviet Threat to Nato's Northern Flank,
(Londons Foreign Affairs Research Institute, No. 14,
1976), p. 4.
3&ZW.C. Johnstone, The Balance of Power in the Asian-
Pacific Area, C. 1980 ,(Washington, D.C., The Washington
Center of Foreign Policy Research, 1968) appendix ii,
P. 35.
343Breyer, p. 10, 239, 243, 248, and 250.
34 4 Cliff, pp. 95-96, and 98.
3 4 5 Heiman, p. 50.
34 6
U.S. Department of the Army, The Soviet Marine
Regiment, p. 1.

202

-Milo
 34 'Chernogorov, p. 7.
3 4 8 Couhat, p. 64.
3 4 9 E.A. Eller, The Soviet Sea Challenie, (USA,
Cowles Book Co., 1971), P. 209.
3 5 0 Meehan, "Soviet Maneuverst Summer 1971", p. 20.
3 5 1 -Strategic Survey - 1971" (London: International
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3 5 2 E. Ulstein, "Nordic Security", Adelphi Papers,

No. 81 (November, 1971). p. 12.

3 5 3 j.j. Hoist, "The Soviet Build-up in the North-
East Atlantic", Survival. Jan/February, 1972. p. 26.
3 54 MccGwire, Soviet Naval Developmentp, p. 165.

3 5 5 Mcehan, The Soviet"Marine Corps", pp. 11 and 19.

3 6 pritchard,
P pp. 19 and 21.
3 5 7 MccGwire, Soviet Naval Developments, 00. 172-174.
3 5 8 Erickson,"The Soviet Naval High Command", p. 69.
359W"
3 5 9 W.J. Farquharson, "Russia's Sea-Going Mi ht!"
Armed Forces Journal, August, 1974, pp. 33 and 36. (New
A. Beaufre, Lt all., Strategy for the West,

Yorka Crane, Russak and-o.Inc., 1974)p. 16,.

361Moulton, p. 127.
36 2E.P. Takle, "Soviet Naval Infantry", fRUI, June,
1975, pp. 29-30.
36 3unilea Stat5s/Soviet Mi lary AeProve
of Reference fo nres Washnngtom, u.. 059
Government Printing Office, Jan 21, 1976), p. 44.

36 4 Hoeber, pp. 68 and 156.

36 5 Moore, The Soviet Navy Today, pp. 239-241.
36 6 J.T. Goodman, The Chinese Perception of the
Spectrum of the Sino-Soviet Territorial Conflict (U.S.
Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, March,

203
-.
-
----.- •. -,-•-.....-- -

1975), pp. ?60-261.

367Erickson, "The Northern Theatre (TVD) Soviet
Capabilities and Concepts", PUSI, December, 1976, p. 17.
(Erickson stated in recent interview that the r,umber of
battalions (10) was incorrect).
3 6 8 "Power
At Sea Super-powers and Navies", Adelphi
Papers, Vol II, Spring, 1976, p. 9.
"P369Power at Sea Competition and Conflict", Ad i
Papers, Vol III, Spring, 1976, p. 13.
3 7 0 Turbiville,
"Warsaw Pact Amphib Ops in Northern
Europe". p. 20.
371The Soviet Threat to Nato's Northern Flank, p. 1.
37 'Wiener, pp. 85-86.
37 3 Besch, pp. 42, 43, and 45.
374Erickson, "Soviet Naval Infant~ry", personal
interview.
3 7 5 This
information was obtained from an unidentified
Norwegian source.
376 Military Balance 1926/72, p. i14 The Military
Balance _972/73 (London, IISS, 19?2), p. 8; "The Soviet
Union and Warsaw Pactr (Military Balance 1975/76) Air
Force Magazine, December, 1975, P. 51.; and "The Thuatre
Balance Between NATO and the Warsaw Pact" (Military
Balance) Air Force Magazine, December, 1975, P. 97.
3 7 7 Cliff,
p. 95.
378Wyras, p. 19.
" 73 9"USSR Naval Forces", Military Review, July, 1964,
p. 105.
3" 8 0
Chwat,
p. 44.
381bUSSR Soviet Marine Corps", Military Review,
September, 1965, p. 106.
3 8 2 "Nato Looking Southward", Time, December 22, 1967,
p. 25.

204
 383"Russia Power IPly un the Oceans" Time, February
23, 1968, p. 19.
38 4 D.R. Cox
June,Power
USNI £roceedings, "Sea 1969,andp. Soviet
43. Foreign Policy",

3 8 5 Meenan,
The
&qviet "Marine Corps", p. 31 and
T.W. Wolfe, " The Soviet Military Since Khrushchev",
Current History, October, 1969, p. 225.
3 8 6 J.C.
Iturewitz, ChanginA, Militarg Perspectives
In the Middle East, (Santa Monica% The Rand Corporation,
September, 1§70), p. I!.
3 8 7 D.W.
Mitchell, "The Soviet Naval Challenge",
Orbis, Spring, 1970, p. 135.
3 8 8 C. Gasteyger, "World Politics on the Seven Seas",

SuCrvval, March, 1970, p. 94.j and J.D. Hessman,

""Countdown to Crisis European Scenarios The Balance
Shifts Eastward", Armed Forces Journal, July 4, 1970,
p. 19.
3 8 9 Breyer, p. 10.
390Fairhall, p. 195.

'9 1 N, Polmar, "Alarmist Versus Realist*, Atlantic

Community Quarterly, Fall, J972, p. 369.
3 9 2 Holst, p. 26.
3 9 3MccGwire,
SOv Pt Naval Development-s. p. 1656
Meehan, The Soviet "Marine.Corpss, p. 19; Polmar, Soviet
iNaval Power--.hal.enge for the 192.si Pritchard, p7. i9,
and B.M. Blechman The Changing Soviet Navv,(Washingtoa,
D.C., Brookings Institution, 1973), p. 25.
39 4 MccGwire, Soviet Naval Developmenta, p. 172.

3 9 5 "The Soviet Navy", The Economist, March 3, 1973,

p. 18.
36,Beecher, "Gorshkov Papers Signify New Russian
Naval Doctrine"', Sea Power, May, 1973, p. 16,

398Erickson, "The Soviet Naval High Coiamand", p. 69.

3 9 8 Farquharson, p. 33.

205

0,
 'j),)MoulLtori, 1). 127.

Vj]Chwat, p. 441 and Moore, The Soviet Navy Todav,

•.239-.
"40Goodman,. p. 260; 8nd J.J. Baritz, Sovetgkaia_
Voo-rin•ai Doitrlna 1 Struti (Garmisch- USARI. 1975/
1976) Chapter 13, p. 3.
4 0 3 Bonds,
p. 120; and B.F. Schorimer, "US/USSR Military
Balance Shifts in Favor of Russia", ArmeO Forces Journal,
March, 197/6, p. 18.
1 Hynes,
p. 42; and Wiener, p. 85.
405Turbiville, *War'saw Pact Amphit) Ops in Northern
Europe", p. 20.
4 0 6 Owen, p. 9.
4 0 7This
information was obtained from an unidentified
Norwegian source.
408 Erickson, "Soviet Naval Infantry", personal
in Lervitiw.
K. Labich, "Russia's Blue-Water Bid", Newsweek,
February 21, 1977, p. 9.
4 10 Besch,
p. Li2.
411 U.S.Department of the Army, FM 30-40, p. A-7s
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D.C. -R-- C, U.S. Department of the Army, June, 1975).
P. 3.
4 1 2U.S. Department of the Army, 0-40, p. A-7;
and Military Operations of the Soviet ArLy- (Arlington.
Virginia, Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for
Intelligence, U.S. Dept. of the Army, May, 1976), p. 1 54.
4 13
Frasche, p. 18.
"•I•_A o P. 55.
4 1 5 U.S. Department of the Army, EN In4, p. A-13;
and Military Operations of the Soviet Army, p. 172.

206
 41()AtE. lc flj(nic, fZovbD L Tank T ctic,
Lip~t

)976#) 2.

207
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