PROBLEMS:

1. The following fuels combine with stoichiometric air: (a) C2H4, (b) C3H6, (c) C 4 H 10,
(d) C5H12, (e) C8H18, and (f) CH30H. Provide the correct values for x, y, z in the reaction
equation CaHb + x(O2 + 3.76N2) + yH2O + zN2
Ans. (a) 2, 2, 11.28 (b) 3, 3, 16.92(c) 4, 5, 24.44 (d) 5, 6, 30.08 (e) 8,9,47 (f) 1,2,5.64

2. Methane (CH4) is burned with stoichiometric air and the products are cooled to 20 oC
assuming complete combustion at 100 kPa. Calculate (a) the air-fuel ratio, (b) the
percentage of C02 by weight of the products, (c) the dew-point temperature of the products,
and (d) the percentage of water vapor condensed.
Ans. (a) 17.23 (b) 15.14% (c) .59 0C (d) 89.8%
3. Ethane (C2H6) undergoes complete combustion at 95 kPa with 180% theoretical air. Find
(a) the air-fuel ratio, (b) the percentage of C02 by volume in the products, and (c) and dew-
point temperature. ` Ans. (a) 28.96 (b) 6.35% (c) 43.8 oC

4. Calculate the mass flux of fuel required if the inlet air flow rate is 20 m 3 /min at 20 o c and
100 kPa using stoichiometric air with (a) methane (CH4), (b) ethane (C2H6), (c) propane
(C 3 H 8), (d) butane (C 4 H 10), and (e) octane (C5H18). Ans. (a) 1.38 kg/ min (b) 1.478 kg/
min (c) 1.518 kg/min (d) 1.539 kg/ min (e) 1.415 kg/ min

5. Propane (C3H8) undergoes complete combustion at 90 kPa and 20 o c with 130% theoretical
air. Calculate the air-fuel ratio and the dew-point temperature if the relative humidity of the
combustion air is (a) 90%, (b) 80%, (c) 60%, and (d) 40%.
Ans. (a) 20.67, 50.5 0C (b) 20.64, 50.2 0C (c) 20.57, 49.5 0 C (d) 20.50, 48.9 o C

6. An air-fuel ratio of 25 is used in an engine that burns octane (C8H18). Find the percentage
of excess air required and the percentage of C02 by volume in the products.
Ans. 165.4%, 7.78%

7. Butane (C 4 H 10) is burned with 50% excess air. If 5% of the carbon in the fuel is converted
to CO, calculate the air-fuel ratio and the dew-point of the products. Combustion takes
place at 100 kPa. Ans. 23.18, 46.2oC

8. A fuel which is 60% ethane and 40% octane by volume undergoes complete combustion
with 200% theoretical air. Find (a) the air-fuel ratio, (b) the percent by volume of N2 in
the products, and (c) the dew-point temperature of the products if the pressure is 98 kPa.
Ans. (a) 30.8 (b) 76.0% (c) 40.3 oC
9. One lbm of butane, 2 lbm of methane, and 2 lbm of octane undergo complete combustion
with 20 lbm of air. Calculate (a) the air-fuel ratio, (b) the percent excess air, and (c) the
dew-point temperature of the products if the combustion process occurs at 14.7 psia.
Ans. (a) 19.04 (b) 118.7% (c) 127 0F

10. Each minute 1 kg of methane, 2 kg of butane, and 2 kg of octane undergo complete

combustion with stoichiometric 20 oC air. Calculate the flow rate of air required if the
process takes place at 100 kPa. Ans. 65.92 m 3/min
11. A volumetric analysis of the products of butane (C4Hi0) on a dry basis yields 7.6% C02,
8.2% 02, 82.8% N2, and 1.4% CO. What percent excess air was used?
Ans. 159%
12. A volumetric analysis of the products of combustion of octane (C8H18) on a dry basis
yields 9.1% C02 7.0% 02, 83.0% N2, and 0.9% CO. Calculate the air-fuel ratio.
Ans. 21.46

13. Three moles of a mixture of hydrocarbon fuels, denoted by CxHy, is burned and a
volumetric analysis on a dry basis of the products yields 10% C02, 8% 02, 1.2% CO, and
80.8% N2. Estimate the values for x and y and the percent theoretical air utilized.
Ans. 3.73, 3.85, 152.6%
14. Produced gas, created from coal, has a volumetric analysis of 3% CH4, 14% H 2, 5().9%
N2, 0.6% 02, 27% CO, and 4.5% C02. Complete combustion occurs with 150% theoretical
air at 100 kPa. What percentage of the water vapor will condense out if the temperature of
the products is 20 0 C? Ans. 76.8%
15. Using the enthalpy of formation data from Table B-6 calculate the enthalpy of combustion
for a steady-flow process, assuming liquid water in the products. Inlet and outlet
temperatures are 25 oc and the pressure is 100 kPa. (Compare with the value listed in Table
B-7.) The fuel is (a) methane, (b) acetylene, (c) propane gas, and (d) liquid pentane.
Ans. (a) - 890300 kJ/kmol (b) - 1 299 600 k.J/kmol (c) - 2220000 kJ/kmol (d) -3 505 000 kJ/kmol

16. Propane gas (C 3 H 8) undergoes complete combustion with stoichiometric air; both are at
77 O F and I atm. Calculate the heat transfer if the products from a steady-flow combustor
are at (a) 77 O F, (b) 1540 O F, and (C) 2540 O F.
Ans. (a) - 955,100 Btu/lbmol (b)- 572,500 Btu/lbmol (c) - 13,090 Btu/lbmol

17. Liquid propane (C 3 H 8) undergoes complete combustion with air; both are at 25 o c and I
atm. Calculate the heat transfer if the products from a steady-flow combustor are at 1000 K
and the percent theoretical air is (a) 100%, (b) 150%, (c) 200%.
Ans. (a) - 1 436000 kJ/kmol (b) - 1 178000 kJ/kmol (c) - 919400 kJ/kmol

18. Ethane gas (C 2 H 6) at 25 oC is burned with 150% theoretical air at 500 K and 1 atm. Find
the heat transfer from a steady-flow combustor if the products are at 1000 K and (a)
complete combustion occurs; (b) 95% of the carbon is converted to C02 and 5% to CO.
Ans. (a) - 968 400 Id/kmol (b) - 929 IOO kJ/kmol

19. Complete combustion occurs between butane gas (C 4 H 10) and air; both are at 25 o c and
1 atm. If the steady-flow combustion chamber is insulated, what percent theoretical air is
needed to maintain the products at (a) 1000 K and (b) 1500 K?
Ans. (a) 411% (b) 220%

20. Complete combustion occurs between ethylene gas (C2H4) and air; both are at 77 O F and
I atm. If 150,000 Btu of heat is removed per lbmol of fuel from the steady-flow combustor,
estimate the percent theoretical air required to maintain the products at 1500 O R.
Ans. 820%
21. Butane gas (C4H10) at 25 o Cis burned in a steady-flow combustion chamber with 150%
theoretical air at 500 K and 1 atm. If 90% of the carbon is converted to C02 and 10% to
CO, estimate the heat transfer if the products are at 1200 K.
Ans. - 1 298 700 kJ/kmol

22. Butane gas (C4H10) undergoes complete combustion with 40% excess air; both are at 25
o
C and 100 kPa. Calculate the heat transfer from the steady-flow combustor if the products
are at 1000 K and the humidity of the combustion air is (a) 90%, (b) 70%, and (c) 50%.
Ans. (a) - 1 854 800 kJ/kmol (b) - 1 790000 kJ/kmol (c) - 1 726 100 kJ/kmol
23. A rigid tank contains a mixture of 0.2 kg of ethane gas (C2H6) and 1.2 kg of 02 at 25 o c
and 100 kPa. The mixture is ignited, and complete combustion occurs. If the final
temperature is 1000 K, find the heat transfer and the final pressure.
Ans. - 12780 kJ, 437 kPa

24. A mixture of I lb mol methane gas (CH4) and stoichiometric air at 77 O F and 20 psia is
contained in a rigid tank. If complete combustion occurs, calculate the heat transfer and the
final pressure if the final temperature is 1540 O F. Ans. -220,600 Btu, 74.5 psia
25. A mixture of octane gas (C8H18) and 20% excess air at 25 oC and 200 kPa is contained in
a 50-liter cylinder. Ignition occurs, and the pressure remains constant until the temperature
reaches 800 K. Assuming complete combustion, estimate the heat transfer during the
expansion process. Ans. -219 kJ
26. A mixture of butane gas (C 4 H 10) and stoichiometric air is contained in a rigid tank at 25
o
C and 100 kPa. If 95% of the carbon is burned to C02 and the remainder to CO, calculate
the heat transfer from the tank and the volume percent of the water that condenses out if
the final temperature is 25 0C. Ans. -2600400 kJ/kmol fuel, 81.3%
27. Butane gas (C4H10) mixes with air, both at 25 oC and I atm, and undergoes complete
combustion in a steady-flow insulated combustion chamber. Calculate the adiabatic flame
temperature for (a) 100% theoretical air, (b) 150% theoretical air, and (c) 100% excess air.
Ans. (a) 2520 K (b) 1830 K (c) 1510 K
28. Ethane (C 2 H 6) at 25 oC undergoes complete combustion with air at 400 K and I atm in a
steady-flow insulated combustor. Determine the exit temperature for 50% excess air.
Ans. 1895 K

29. Hydrogen gas and air, both of 400 K and I atm, undergo complete combustion in a steady-
flow insulated combustor. Estimate the exit temperature for 200% theoretical air.
Ans. 1732 K
30. Liquid methyl alcohol (CH30H) at 25 oC reacts with 150% theoretical air. Find the exit
temperature, assuming complete combustion, from a steady-flow insulated combustor if the
air enters at (a) 25 oC, (b) 400 K, and (c) 600 K. Assume atmospheric pressure.
Ans. (a) 2110 K (b) 2180 K (c) K

31. Ethene (C 2 H 4) at 77 O F undergoes complete combustion with stoichiometric air at 77 O

F and 70% humidity in an insulated steady-flow combustion chamber. Estimate the exit
temperature assuming a pressure of 14.5 psia. Ans. 4740 O R
o
32. Ethane (C 2 H 6) at 25 C combusts with 90% theoretical air at 400 K and I atm in an
insulated steady-flow combustor. Determine the exit temperature.
Ans. 2410 K
33. A mixture of liquid propane (C3H8) and stoichiometric air at 25 o c and 100 kPa undergoes
complete combustion in a rigid container. Determine the maximum temperature and
pressure (the explosion pressure) immediately after combustion.
Ans. 3080 K, 1075 kPa