GALANG SETIA ADI/ LEARNING ISSUE/ 30101607651/ SGD 1

Communicable disease :

Penyakit yang disebebkan oleh unsur/agen penyebab menular tertentu atau hasil racunnya, yang
terjadi karena perpindahan/ penularan gen atau hasilnya dari orang yang terinfeksi, hewan, atau
reservoir lainnya(benda lain) kepada penjamu yang rentan (potential host) , baik secara langsung
maupun tidak langsung melalui penjamu perantara hewan ( vaktor) atau lingkungan yang tidak
hidup.

Infectious disease :

Penyakit yang secara klinistampak nyata pada manusia atau hewan yang merupakan akibat suatu
infeksi.

Sumber : Epidemologi Penyakit Menular, Prof. Dr. Nur Nasry Noor, MPH penerbit RINEKA CIPTA.
2000

Infectious disease is a disease which caused by microorganism, such like virus, bacteria,
fungi, protozoa, and etc. This disease can be spread directly (transmitted only by a specific
contact). The microorganism will entrance the host’s body and start multiplying. This disease
can cause deaths worldwide.

Sumber : Infectious Disease, WHO.

Communicable disease is a disease that caused by microorganism such like bacteria, viruses,
fungi, protozoa, parasites, and etc. The disease can be spread from one person to another
through variety ways, such as direct (physical contact, bite from insect, or contact with
contaminated object) or indirect(travel through the air).
A communicable disease has a whole effect, especially in low or middle income countries. It
can cause disability until death.

Source : Communicable Disease, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of

Health, 2015, UNICEF

STEP 7

1. What are the agents of infectious disease?

Microorganism (germ) such like
- bacteria,
- viruses,
- fungi,
- protozoa and etc.

Sumber : Infectious Disease, Mauricio L Barreto, Maria Glória Teixeira,

and Eduardo Hage Carmo.

2. What are characteristics of infection disease ?

3. Mention some kinds of infectious disease, and give an example !
 Influenza,
 Colera
 HIV
 TBC
 Hepatitis
 Malaria
4. What are the factors that can make infectious disease?
5. How the mechanism of transmission of infectious disease?
A. Direct contact :
1) From person to person contact, such as touching, sexual contact, or
from pregnant woman to her unborn children via placenta.
2) Droplets spread during coughing and sneezing, or when someone is
speaking.
B. Indirect contact :
1) Airbone transmission, some infectious agents can travel long distances
and remain suspended in the air for an extended period of time.
2) Contaminated object, such as doorknob which have been touched by
infectious person, or just touch our mouth, nose, or eyes before
washing our hands.
3) Food and drinking water which not sterile and may contain E.Coli.
4) Animal-to-person contact, some infectious diseases can be transmitted
from an animal to a person. This can happen when an infected animal
bites or scratches you or when you handle animal waste.
5) Insect bites.
6) Environmental reservoirs.

Sumber : How Are Diseases Transmitted?, Valencia Higuera

http://www.healthline.com/health/disease-transmission

6. How to prevent from infectious disease?

 Wash your hands. This is especially important before and after preparing
food, before eating and after using the toilet. And try not to touch your
eyes, nose or mouth with your hands, as that's a common way germs
enter the body.
 Get vaccinated. Immunization can drastically reduce your chances of
contracting many diseases. Make sure to keep up to date on your
recommended vaccinations, as well as your children's.
 Stay home. Don't go to work if you are vomiting, have diarrhea or are
running a fever. Don't send your child to school if he or she has these
signs and symptoms, either.
 Prepare food safely. Keep counters and other kitchen surfaces clean
when preparing meals. Cook foods to the proper temperature using a
food thermometer to check for doneness. For ground meats, that means
 at least 160 F (71 C), for poultry, 165 F (74 C), and for most other meat, at
least 145 F (63 C). In addition, promptly refrigerate leftovers — don't let
cooked foods remain at room temperature for extended periods of time.
 Practice safe sex. Always use condoms if you or your partner has a history
of sexually transmitted infections or high-risk behavior.
 Don't share personal items. Use your own toothbrush, comb and razor.
Avoid sharing drinking glasses or dining utensils.
 Travel wisely. If you're traveling out of the country, talk to your doctor
about any special vaccinations you may need.
Source: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-
diseases/basics/prevention/con-20033534
7. What are the five level prevention of disease ?
 Prevention is an action that can decrease chance of disease to entered the
host’s body, from this action we can increase our immunity and also we
make a good environmental. So, we can decrease an infectious disease.
 Leavell and Clark appear to be the first authors to have developed and
gradually evolved a sophisticated classification system for prevention
efforts. In 1953, in their “Textbook of Preventive Medicine,” (ref #) these
authors described five levels of application of - 2 - preventive medicine:
(a) health promotion, (b) specific protection, (c) early recognition and
prompt treatment, (d) disability limitation, and (e) rehabilitation.

 Sumber : THE FIVE STAGES OF PREVENTION: A PRACTICAL NEW
CLASSIFICATION FOR HEALTH PLANNING AND CLINICAL
PRACTICE, Ronald P. Hattis, MD, MPH; Melody S. Law, MD, MS, MPH
 NATURAL HISTORY OF SYPHILIS AND LEVELS OF PREVENTION*t
BY E. GURNEY CLARK From the Divisioni of Epidemiology, Faculty of
Medicine, Columbia Uniiversity, New York

8. What is the modes of transmission infectious disease ?

9. How to solve infectious diseases when it happened in our society?
10. What is the disease transmission media?
11. What are the important of natural history disease?
 Natural history of communcable disease reters to the squence of event that happen one
over another, over period of time in a person receving treatment.
 Recognising there events help us understanding how particular interver hons at different
stages could prevent or control the disease
Sumber : http//www.moodle.digital-campus.org
12. Why doctor must be able to explain about natural history disease ?
13. How communicable disease transmission ?
1. Stage of exposure : there is a contact between susceptible host and reservoir
infection, so it can give a chance for the infectious agent to enter the host’s body.
In this stage, the infectious agent has not yet entered the host’s body.
Example :
 a person who shakes hands with someone suffering from a common cold
 a person eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water.
2. Stage of infection : the infectious agent has entered the host’s body and start to
multiplying. Usually there’s no manifestation clinic of the disease at this stage, but
there’s a term referring to symptoms and signs of the disease.
 Symptom are the complaint that expressed by the patient to a doctor.
 Signs are the indication that could be detect by a trained health worker.
3. Stage of infectious disease : at this stage, there will be some clinical manifestation
in the infected host that can be detect, such like headache, fever, vomiting, and
etc.
4. Stage of outcome : there will be a result of a disease in this stage, it could be a
recovery, disability, or death of a patient.

Source : Communicable Disease, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry

of Health, 2015, UNICEF.