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Pulse Amplitude Modulation

Pulse modulation is a technique for transmitting signals using discontinuous pulses. It is classified as analog or digital. Analog pulse modulation includes pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and pulse position modulation (PPM). PAM varies the amplitude of pulses proportional to the signal. PWM varies the width of pulses proportional to the signal while keeping amplitude constant. PPM keeps amplitude and width constant but varies the position of pulses proportional to the signal.

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34 views5 pages

Pulse Amplitude Modulation

Pulse modulation is a technique for transmitting signals using discontinuous pulses. It is classified as analog or digital. Analog pulse modulation includes pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and pulse position modulation (PPM). PAM varies the amplitude of pulses proportional to the signal. PWM varies the width of pulses proportional to the signal while keeping amplitude constant. PPM keeps amplitude and width constant but varies the position of pulses proportional to the signal.

Uploaded by

Abhishek Sharma
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PULSE MODULATION

Pulse modulation is “the process in which signal is transmitted by pulses (i.e.,


discontinuous signals) with a special technique”. The pulse modulation is classified as
analog pulse modulation and digital pulse modulation. The analog pulse modulation is again
classified as,

1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)


2. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
3. Pulse Position Modulation(PPM)

Pulse Amplitude Modulation


In Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) technique, the amplitude of
the pulse carrier varies, which is proportional to the instantaneous
amplitude of the message signal.

The pulse amplitude modulated signal will follow the amplitude of the
original signal, as the signal traces out the path of the whole wave. In
natural PAM, a signal sampled at Nyquist rate can be reconstructed, by
passing it through an efficient Low Pass Filter (LPF) with exact cutoff
frequency.

The following figures explain the Pulse Amplitude Modulation.


Though the PAM signal is passed through a LPF, it cannot recover the
signal without distortion. Hence, to avoid this noise, use flat-top
sampling. The flat-top PAM signal is shown in the following figure.

Flat-top sampling is the process in which, the sampled signal can be


represented in pulses for which the amplitude of the signal cannot be
changed with respect to the analog signal, to be sampled. The tops of
amplitude remain flat. This process simplifies the circuit design.

Pulse Width Modulation


In Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) or Pulse Duration Modulation
(PDM) or Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) technique, the width or the
duration or the time of the pulse carrier varies, which is proportional to
the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal.

The width of the pulse varies in this method, but the amplitude of the
signal remains constant. Amplitude limiters are used to make the
amplitude of the signal constant. These circuits clip off the amplitude to a
desired level, and hence the noise is limited.

The following figure explains the types of Pulse Width Modulations.

There are three types of PWM.

 The leading edge of the pulse being constant, the trailing edge varies
according to the message signal. The waveform for this type of PWM is
denoted as (a) in the above figure.

 The trailing edge of the pulse being constant, the leading edge varies
according to the message signal. The waveform for this type of PWM is
denoted as (b) in the above figure.

 The center of the pulse being constant, the leading edge and the trailing
edge varies according to the message signal. The waveform for this type of
PWM is denoted as (c) shown in the above figure.

Pulse Position Modulation


Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) is an analog modulation scheme in
which, the amplitude and the width of the pulses are kept constant, while
the position of each pulse, with reference to the position of a reference
pulse varies according to the instantaneous sampled value of the
message signal.
The transmitter has to send synchronizing pulses (or simply sync pulses)
to keep the transmitter and the receiver in sync. These sync pulses help
to maintain the position of the pulses. The following figures explain the
Pulse Position Modulation.

Pulse position modulation is done in accordance with the pulse width


modulated signal. Each trailing edge of the pulse width modulated signal
becomes the starting point for pulses in PPM signal. Hence, the position
of these pulses is proportional to the width of the PWM pulses.
Advantage
As the amplitude and the width are constant, the power handled is also
constant.

Disadvantage
The synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver is a must.

Comparison between PAM, PWM, and PPM


The following table presents the comparison between three modulation
techniques.

PAM PWM PPM

Amplitude is varied Width is varied Position is varied

Bandwidth depends on Bandwidth depends on the Bandwidth depends on


the width of the pulse rise time of the pulse the rise time of the pulse

Instantaneous Instantaneous transmitter Instantaneous transmitter


transmitter power varies power varies with the power remains constant
with the amplitude of amplitude and the width of with the width of the
the pulses the pulses pulses

System complexity is System complexity is low System complexity is low


high

Noise interference is Noise interference is low Noise interference is low


high

It is similar to amplitude It is similar to frequency It is similar to phase


modulation modulation modulation

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