NORTHERN PHILIPPINES COLLEGE FOR MMARITIME, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Computer Literacy Course

By Mr. Romeo E. Balcita, MIT

Note: Have a short quiz with the previous lesson every meeting

DAY 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

Lecture:

What is Computer?
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and
processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives
the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and
non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.

A computer has four functions:

a. accepts data Input

b. processes data Processing
c. produces output Output
d. stores results Storage

Input (Data):
Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the
collection of letters, numbers, images etc.

Process:
Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of
the computer system.

Output:
Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also
called as Result. We can save these results in the storage devices for the future use.

Computer System
All of the components of a computer system can be summarized with the simple
equations.

COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE+ USER

• Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral Devices

All physical parts of the computer (or everything that we can touch) are known
as Hardware.

• Software = Programs
Software gives "intelligence" to the computer.

• USER = Person, who operates computer.

 - Definition of Computer
- IPO: devices and inter relationship
- Main Parts: CPU Package, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, AVR
- Three Components
o Hardware: Binary
o Software: Drivers, OS, Application Software, Utility Software
o People ware: End Users, Programmers, Engineers
- Brief History of Computers
- IT Trends
o Laptops - Bill Gates
o Tablets - Google Map
o Androids

Laboratory:

- Parts of the computer: Hardware and Software

- Operating System:
o Parts of an Operating System
o Applications and Utility Software

ASSIGNMENT: 1. memorize the different parts of the Computer (Distribute copy of Computer Parts)

: 2. Memorize the Keyboard keys and read Computer Ergonomics

DAY 2 TO DAY 7: WORD PROCESSING

Lecture:

Using a computer to create, edit, and print documents. Of all computer applications, word processing is the most
common. To perform word processing, you need a computer, a special program called a word processor, and a
printer. A word processor enables you to create a document, store it electronically on a disk, display it on a screen,
modify it by entering commands and characters from the keyboard, and print it on a printer.

Word processors vary considerably, but all word processors support the following basic features:

insert text: Allows you to insert text anywhere in the document.

delete text: Allows you to erase characters, words, lines, or pages as easily as you can cross them
out on paper.
cut and paste : Allows you to remove (cut) a section of text from one place in a document and insert
(paste) it somewhere else.
copy :Allows you to duplicate a section of text.
page size and margins :Allows you to define various page sizes and margins, and the word
processor will automatically readjust the text so that it fits.
search and replace : Allows you to direct the word processor to search for a particular word or
phrase. You can also direct the word processor to replace one group of characters with another
everywhere that the first group appears.
word wrap :The word processor automatically moves to the next line when you have filled one line
with text, and it will readjust text if you change the margins.
print: Allows you to send a document to a printer to get hardcopy.
Features of Standard Word Processors

Word processors that support only these features (and maybe a few others) are called text editors. Most word
processors, however, support additional features that enable you to manipulate and format documents in more
sophisticated ways. These more advanced word processors are sometimes called full-featured word processors.
Full-featured word processors usually support the following features:

file management :Many word processors contain file management capabilities that allow you to
create, delete, move, and search for files.
font specifications: Allows you to change fonts within a document. For example, you can specify
bold, italics, and underlining. Most word processors also let you change the font size and even the
typeface.
footnotes and cross-references: Automates the numbering and placement of footnotes and
enables you to easily cross-reference other sections of the document.
graphics: Allows you to embed illustrations and graphs into a document. Some word processors let
you create the illustrations within the word processor; others let you insert an illustration produced by a
different program.
headers , footers , and page numbering: Allows you to specify customized headers and footers
that the word processor will put at the top and bottom of every page. The word processor automatically
keeps track of page numbers so that the correct number appears on each page.
layout :Allows you to specify different margins within a single document and to specify various
methods for indenting paragraphs.
macros : A macro is a character or word that represents a series of keystrokes. The keystrokes can
represent text or commands. The ability to define macros allows you to save yourself a lot of time by
replacing common combinations of keystrokes.
merges: Allows you to merge text from one file into another file. This is particularly useful for
generating many files that have the same format but different data. Generating mailing labels is the
classic example of using merges.
spell checker : A utility that allows you to check the spelling of words. It will highlight any words that
it does not recognize.
tables of contents and indexes: Allows you to automatically create a table of contents and index
based on special codes that you insert in the document.
thesaurus: A built-in thesaurus that allows you to search for synonyms without leaving the word
processor.
windows : Allows you to edit two or more documents at the same time. Each document appears in
a separate window. This is particularly valuable when working on a large project that consists of several
different files.
WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get): With WYSIWYG, a document appears on the display
screen exactly as it will look when printed.

What to Look for in Word Processing Software

Finding the best word processing software for your needs can be difficult, so we've done the work for you! We've
found the best software, tried them out and posted the goods here so you can make an informed decision before
you buy.

Here is an overview of the criteria we used when ranking each software brand.

Usability
You don't want to buy word processing software that you can't figure out. That's why we made sure to test
each piece of software from a beginner's point-of-view. You're also going to be looking at the software's
screen for prolonged periods of time, so we also took note of how easy the layout is on the eyes.

Basic Features
These are features that we feel every word processor should possess. From creating bulleted lists to keeping
your documents safe, these features are essential to making simple documents that will work for the office,
classroom or home.
 Editing Tools
We understand that not everyone is a spelling whiz or a grammar champion. Good text software should pick
up the slack. We looked for software that included dictionaries, thesauruses, spell checkers and grammar
correcting tools built in.

Publishing/Print Options
A finished document sitting on a hard drive is of no use. Print and publishing options help you get that text
out to the world by turning it into blogs, HTML, wikis and more with a few mouse clicks.

Insert Tools
Plain text is boring. Insert tools jazz up documents by allowing you to add drawings, pictures, clip art, graphs,
charts, movies and more. Better yet, these word processors have tools that allow you to create many of
these types of media yourself for a truly unique touch to your projects.

File Formats
When you're done with a text document, you may need to send it to someone else. Saving your document in
a form that your buddy can open on his computer is crucial. Because of this, we checked to see which
programs could save in different file formats, including rich text format, .doc, .txt and more.

Examples of Word Processing Software: Discuss the advantage of every application.

Assignments: MSWord, MSExcel, MSPowerpoint Parts and Tools: Memorize Parts

Laboratory:

Word – Using templates – 2 meetings

o Creating different cards

o Creating letters

Excel – Using formulas - 2 meetings

o Creating applications: computation of grades and business sales

Powerpoint – Multimedia - 2 meetings

o Creating presentation with sounds, pictures and videos

Day 8 and 9: COMPUTER HARDWARE

Lecture: Different types of Computer

Types of Computer

On the basis of working principle

a) Analog Computer
An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form of computer that uses continuous
physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem
being solved.
Laboratory: 2 meetings, Day 8 and 9

- CPU Package Parts : Identify and explain its functions

- Show the proper way of disassembling and assembling CPU Package (Distribute notes of PC
Disassembling and Assembling )
-

Next meeting: One by one presentation of disassembling and assembling a CPU Package

Assignment: Try to memorize the PC Troubleshooting Flowchart (Distribute copies)

DAY 10: PC TROUBLESHOOTING
Lecture: Explain the problem, cause and solution.

Desktop

- Common problems
o No power
o No display
o Restarting/ Blue Screen
o Hang-up/ slow
o others
- Desktop Maintenance
- Utility Software

Laptop

- Common problems
- Laptop Maintenance
- Utility Software

Assignment: Photoshop tools and shortcut commands

Laboratory:

- Optimizing Software
- Important Utility programs
- Updating Software
- Add Remove Programs
- Others

DAY 11 and 12: Digital image processing - ADOBE PHOTOSHOP – Beginners to Advance

Lecture: Digital image processing

Digital image processing is the use of computer algorithms to perform image processing on digital images. As a subcategory
or field of digital signal processing, digital image processing has many advantages over analog image processing. It allows a
much wider range of algorithms to be applied to the input data and can avoid problems such as the build-up of noise and
signal distortion during processing. Since images are defined over two dimensions (perhaps more) digital image processing
may be modeled in the form of multidimensional systems.

Tasks

Digital image processing allows the use of much more complex algorithms, and hence, can offer both more sophisticated
performance at simple tasks, and the implementation of methods which would be impossible by analog means.

In particular, digital image processing is the only practical technology for:

 Classification
 Feature extraction
 Pattern recognition
 Projection
 Multi-scale signal analysis

Some techniques which are used in digital image processing include:

 Pixelation
 Linear filtering
 Principal components analysis
 Independent component analysis
  Hidden Markov models
 Anisotropic diffusion
 Partial differential equations
 Self-organizing maps
 Neural networks
 Wavelets

Image formats

Image File Formats - JPG, TIF, PNG, GIF

Which to use?

The most common image file formats, the most important for cameras, printing, scanning, and
internet use, are JPG, TIF, PNG, and GIF.

 Digital cameras and web pages normally use JPG files - because JPG heroically compresses
the data to be very much smaller in the file. However JPG uses lossy compression to
accomplish this feat, which is a strong downside. A smaller file, yes, there is nothing like JPG
for small, but this is at the cost of image quality. This degree is selectable (with an option
setting named JPG Quality), to be lower quality smaller files, or to be higher quality larger
files. In general today, JPG is rather unique in this regard, using lossy compression allowing
very small files of lower quality, whereas almost any other file type is lossless (and larger).
The meaning of Lossy is discussed Below.

Frankly, JPG is used when small file size is more important than maximum image quality (web
pages, email, memory cards, etc). But JPG is good enough in many cases, if we don't overdo
the compression. Perhaps good enough for some uses even if we do overdo it (web pages,
etc). But if you are concerned with maximum quality for archiving your important images,
then you do need to know two things: 1) JPG should always choose higher Quality and a
larger file, and 2) do NOT keep editing and saving your JPG images repeatedly, because more
quality is lost every time you save it as JPG (in the form of added JPG artifacts... pixels
become colors they ought not to be - lossy). More at the JPG link at page bottom.

 TIF is lossless (including LZW compression option), which is considered the highest quality
format for commercial work. The TIF format is not necessarily any "higher quality" per se (the
image pixels are what they are), and most formats other than JPG are lossless too. This
simply means there are no additional losses or JPG artifacts to degrade and detract from the
original. And TIF is the most versatile, except that web pages don't show TIF files. For other
purposes however, TIF does most of anything you might want, from 1-bit to 48-bit color,
RGB, CMYK, LAB, or Indexed color. Most any of the "special" file types (for example, camera
RAW files, fax files, or multipage documents) are based on TIF format, but with unique
proprietary data tags - making these incompatible unless expected by their special software.
 GIF was designed by CompuServe in the early days of computer 8-bit video, before JPG, for
video display at dial up modem speeds. GIF always uses lossless LZW compression, but it is
always an indexed color file (8-bits, 256 colors maximum), which is poor for 24-bit color
photos. Don't use indexed color for color photos today, the color is too limited. PNG and TIF
files can also optionally handle the same indexed color mode that GIF uses, but they are more
versatile with other choices too. But GIF is still very good for web graphics (i.e., with a limited
number of colors). For graphics of only a few colors, GIF can be much smaller than JPG, with
more clear pure colors than JPG). Indexed Color is described at Color Palettes (second page of
GIF link below).
 PNG can replace GIF today (web browsers show both), and PNG also offers many options of
TIF too (indexed or RGB, 1 to 48-bits, etc). PNG was invented more recently than the others,
designed to bypass possible LZW compression patent issues with GIF, and since it was more
modern, it offers other options too (RGB color modes, 16 bits, etc). One additional feature of
PNG is transparency for 24 bit RGB images. Normally PNG files are a little smaller than LZW
compression in TIF or GIF (all of these use lossless compression, of different types), but PNG
is perhaps slightly slower to read or write. That patent situation has gone away now, but PNG
 remains excellent. Less used than TIF or JPG, but PNG is another good choice for lossless
quality work.
 Camera RAW files are very important of course, but RAW files must be processed to regular
formats (JPG, TIF, etc) to be viewable and usable in any way. However, the point is that RAW
offers substantial benefit in doing that. The debate goes on, some cannot imagine NOT taking
advantage of the greater opportunities of RAW. Others think any extra step is too much
trouble, and are satisfied with JPG - my own biased opinion is they just don't know yet. :)
More detail Below.

We could argue that there really is no concept of RAW files from the scanner. Vuescan does
offer an output called RAW, which is 16 bits, includes the fourth Infrared noise correction
channel data if any, and defers gamma correction. Vuescan itself is the only post-processor
for these. But scanner color images are already RGB color, instead of Bayer pattern data like
from cameras. Camera RAW images are not RGB (the meaning of RAW), and must be
converted to RGB for any use.

Best file types for these general purposes:

Photographic Images Graphics, including

Logos or Line art

Properties Photos are continuous tones, Graphics are often solid colors, with few
24-bit color or 8-bit Gray, no colors, up to 256 colors, with text or lines
text, few lines and edges and sharp edges

For TIF or PNG (lossless PNG or TIF (lossless compression,

Unquestionable compression and no JPG artifacts)
Best Quality and no JPG artifacts)

Smallest File Size JPG with a higher Quality factor TIF LZW or GIF or PNG (graphics/logos
can be decent. without gradients normally permit indexed
color of 2 to 16 colors for smallest file size)

Maximum TIF or JPG TIF or GIF

Compatibility
(PC, Mac, Unix)

Worst Choice 256 color GIF is very limited JPG compression adds artifacts, smears text
color, and is a larger file than and lines and edges
24 -bit JPG

These are not the only choices, but they are good and reasonable choices.

Major considerations to choose the necessary file type include:

  Compression quality - Lossy for smallest files (JPG), or Lossless for best quality images (TIF,
PNG).
 Full RGB color for photos (TIF, PNG, JPG), or Indexed Color for graphics (PNG, GIF, TIF).
 16-bit color (48-bit RGB data) is sometimes desired (TIF and PNG).
 Transparency or Animation is used in graphics (GIF and PNG).
 Documents - line art, multi-page, text, fax, etc - this will be TIF.
 CMYK color is certainly important for commercial prepress (TIF).

See chart near bottom of page. We select the file type that supports the options we need.

The only reason for using lossy compression is for smaller file size, usually due to internet
transmission speed or storage space. Web pages require JPG or GIF or PNG image types, because
sone browsers do not show TIF files. On the web, JPG is the clear choice for photo images (smallest
file, with image quality being less important than file size), and GIF is common for graphic images,
but indexed color is not normally used for color photos (PNG can do either on the web).

Other than the web, TIF file format is the undisputed leader when best quality is desired, largely
because TIF is so important in commercial printing environments. High Quality JPG can be pretty
good too, but don't ruin them by making the files too small. If the goal is high quality, you don't
want small. Only consider making JPG large instead, and plan your work so you can only save them
as JPG only one or two times. Adobe RGB color space may be OK for your home printer and profiles,
but if you send your pictures out to be printed, the mass market printing labs normally only accept
JPG files, and only process sRGB color space.

Difference in photo and graphics images

Photo images have continuous tones, meaning that adjacent pixels often have very similar colors,
for example, a blue sky might have many shades of blue in it. Normally this is 24-bit RGB color, or
8-bit grayscale, and a typical color photo may contain perhaps a hundred thousand RGB colors, out
of the possible set of 16 million colors in 24-bit RGB color.

Graphic images are normally not continuous tone (gradients are possible in graphics, but are seen
less often). Graphics are drawings, not photos, and they use relatively few colors, maybe only two or
three, often less than 16 colors in the entire image. In a color graphic cartoon, the entire sky will be
only one shade of blue where a photo might have dozens of shades. A map for example is graphics,
maybe 4 or 5 map colors plus 2 or 3 colors of text, plus blue water and white paper, often less than
16 colors overall. These few colors are well suited for Indexed Color, which can re-purify the colors.
Don't cut your color count too short though - there will be more colors than you count. Every edge
between two solid colors likely has maybe six shades of anti-aliasing smoothing the jaggies (examine
it at maybe 500% size). Insufficient colors can rough up the edges. Scanners have three modes to
create the image: color (for all color work), grayscale (like B&W photos), and lineart. Line art is a
special case, only two colors (black or white, with no gray), for example clip art, fax, and of course
text. Low resolution line art (like cartoons on the web) is often better as grayscale, to add anti-
aliasing to hide the jaggies.

JPG files are very small files for continuous tone photo images, but JPG is poor for graphics, without
a high Quality setting. JPG requires 24-bit color or 8-bit grayscale, and the JPG artifacts are most
noticeable in the hard edges of graphics or text. GIF files (and other indexed color files) are good for
graphics, but are poor for photos (too few colors possible). However, graphics are normally not many
colors anyway. Formats like TIF and PNG can be used either way, 24-bit or indexed color - these file
types have different internal modes to accommodate either type optimally.

What does JPG Quality Losses mean?

What are JPG artifacts?

Something we all need to know, but it takes more to show this, so it was placed on its own page.
Basics

Our digital images are dimensioned in pixels (not bytes, and definitely not inches). And a pixel is
simply a color definition, the color that this tiny dot of image sampled area ought to be. Put all those
colored dots together, and our brain sees the image. The losses of image data we are speaking about
is about the altered color of the pixels.

Image data consists of pixels, and pixels are "colors", simply the storage of the three RGB data
components (see What is a Digital Image Anyway?).

Any 24-bit RGB image will use three bytes per pixel (see Color Bit-Depth - Memory Size).

So - for example- any 10 megapixel camera image data will occupy 3x10 = 30 million bytes, by
definition of RGB color. This number is the "data size" (when opened into computer memory for use).
A TIF file will be near that size (and is lossless), but JPG is normally compressed very heavily (lossy,
not lossless) to store in a JPG file of perhaps 1/10 this size (variable with JPG Quality setting), which
is "file size" (not image size and not data size). This example image size is still 10 megapixels
(dimensioned in pixels, width x height), and the data size is 30 million bytes, but the JPG file size
might be 3 MB (lossy compression takes a few liberties). The image will still come out of the JPG file
as the same 10 megapixels and the same 30 million bytes when the 3 MB JPG file is opened. We
hope its quality also comes out about the same - the JPG losses are altered color values of some of
the pixels).

Image size (pixels) determines how we can use the image - everything is about the pixels. See a
summary of digital basics.

All photo editor programs will support these file formats, which will generally support and store
images in the following color modes:

Color data mode -bits per pixel

JPG RGB - 24-bits (8-bit color),

Grayscale - 8-bits
(only these)

JPEG always uses lossy JPG compression, but its degree is selectable, for higher quality and
larger files, or lower quality and smaller files. JPG is for photo images, and is the worst possible
choice for most graphics or text data.

TIF Versatile, many formats supported.

Mode: RGB or CMYK or LAB, and others, almost anything.
8 or 16-bits per color channel, called 8 or 16-bit "color" (24 or 48-bit RGB files).
Grayscale - 8 or 16-bits,
Indexed color - 1 to 8-bits,
Line Art (bilevel)- 1-bit

For TIF files, most programs allow either no compression or LZW compression (LZW is lossless,
but is less effective for color images). Adobe Photoshop also provides JPG or ZIP compression
in TIF files too (but which greatly reduces third party compatibility of TIF files). "Document
programs" allow ITCC G3 or G4 compression for 1-bit text (Fax is G3 or G4 TIF files), which is
lossless and tremendously effective (small). Many specialized image file types (like camera
 RAW files) are TIF file format, but using special proprietary data tags.

24-bits is called 8-bit color, three 8-bit bytes for RGB (256x256x256 = 16.7 million colors
maximum.)
Or 48-bits is called 16-bit color, three 16-bit words (65536x65536x65536 = trillions of colors
conceptually)

PNG RGB - 24 or 48-bits (called 8-bit or 16-bit "color"),

Alpha channel for RGB transparency - 32 bits
Grayscale - 8 or 16-bits,
Indexed color - 1 to 8-bits,
Line Art (bilevel) - 1-bit

Supports transparency in regular indexed color, and also there can be a fourth channel (called
Alpha) which can map RGB graduated transparency (by pixel location, instead of only one
color, and graduated, instead of only on or off).

PNG also supports animation (like GIF), showing several sequential frames fast to simulate
motion.

PNG uses ZIP compression which is lossless, and somewhat more effective color compression
than TIF LZW. For photo data, PNG is somewhat smaller files than TIF LZW, but larger files
than JPG (however PNG is lossless, and JPG is not.) PNG is a newer format than the others,
designed to be both versatile and royalty free, back when the patent for LZW compression was
disputed for GIF and TIF files.

GIF Indexed color - 1 to 8-bits (8-bit indexes, limiting to only 256 colors maximum.) Color is 24-bit
color, but only 256 colors.

One color in indexed color can be marked transparent, allowing underlaying background to be
seen (very important for text, for example). GIF is an online video image, the file contains no
dpi information for printing. Designed by CompuServe for online images in the days of dialup
and 8-bit indexed computer video, whereas other file formats can be 24-bits now. However,
GIF is still great for web use of graphics containing only a few colors, when it is a small lossless
file, much smaller and better than JPG for this. GIF files do not save the dpi number for printing
resolution.

GIF uses lossless LZW compression. (for Indexed Color, see second page at GIF link at page
bottom).

GIF also supports animation, showing several sequential frames fast to simulate motion.

Note that if your image size is say 3000x2000 pixels, then this is 3000x2000 = 6 million pixels (6
megapixels). Assuming this 6 megapixel image data is RGB color and 24-bits (or 3 bytes per pixel of
RGB color information), then the size of this image data is 6 million x 3 bytes RGB = 18 million
bytes. That is simply how large your image data is (see more). Then file compression like JPG or
LZW can make the file smaller, but when you open the image in computer memory for use, the JPG
may not still have the same image quality, but it is always still 3000x2000 pixels and 18 million
bytes. This is simply how large your 6 megapixel RGB image data is (megapixels x 3 bytes per pixel).

Summary

The most common image file formats, the most important for general purposes today, are JPG, TIF,
PNG and GIF. These are not the only choices of course, but they are good and reasonable choices for
general purposes. Newer formats like JPG2000 never acquired popular usage, and are not supported
by web browsers, and so are not the most compatible choice.

PNG and TIF LZW are lossless compression, so their file size reduction is not as extreme as the wild
heroics JPG can dream up. In general, selecting lower JPG Quality gives a smaller worse file, higher
JPG Quality gives a larger better file. Your 12 megapixel RGB image data is three bytes per pixel, or
36 million bytes. That is simply how big your image data is. Your JPG file size might only be only 5-
20% of that, literally. TIF LZW might be 65-80%, and PNG might be 50-65% (very rough ballpark for
24-bit color images). We cannot predict sizes precisely because compression always varies with
image detail. Blank areas, like sky and walls, compress much smaller than extremely detailed areas
like a tree full of leaves. But the JPG file can be much smaller, because JPG is not required to recover
the original image intact, losses are acceptable. Whereas, the only goal of PNG and TIF LZW is to be
100% lossless, which means the file is not as heroically small, but there is never any concern about
compression quality with PNG or TIF LZW. They still do impressive amounts of file size compression,
remember, the RGB image data is actually three bytes per pixel.

Camera RAW files is one way to bypass this JPG issue, at least until the last one final save as JPG
when required. And it offers additional processing advantages too. Better easier tools in RAW than
JPG has, the RAW data has wider range than JPG has. Much the same controls as in the camera,
which you would have needed anyway, but this step is done after you see the camera results, to
know exactly what it still needs, and can simply tweak and judge it by eye (as opposed to settings in
the camera done in advance, as hopeful wishing).

We hear: But RAW images require an editing step first. Some people do seem terrified of the
word "edit", but no matter what, we do always have to stop and look at our images on the computer,
every one of them. That is the same extra step. Surely we have to crop them a bit, and resample
smaller, and many of mine will need a slight Exposure or White Balance tweak to be their best. It
makes a tremendous difference. That is the same editing, a few seconds each, a few clicks, and then
the file must be saved again. You might as well do this step in the RAW software, which has better
easier tools to do it, and more range to do it. If your session included 100 images of same lighting
situation, just select them all, edit ONE of them (say White Balance and Exposure, even Cropping,
etc), and the same edit clicks are applied to all of the selected RAW images in one click. Extremely
convenient. And no JPG artifacts of course, no losses, and any changes can easily be Undone
anytime later, with full recovery of our original RAW master copy. RAW is the trivial, easy, and good
way, Day and Night good, if you care about these things.

We all have our own notions, but here is a popular opinion about the ultimate, in quality, in
versatility, in convenience. RAW files are popular indeed, from most DSLR cameras. When we take
any digital picture, the camera has a RAW sensor, but normally processes and outputs the image as
a JPG file. But often we can choose to output the original RAW image instead, to defer that JPG step
until later. We cannot view or use that RAW file any way other than to process it in computer
software and then output a final TIF or JPG image, however postponing this processing offers a few
serious advantages, better editing options, and we can bypass all JPG artifacts entirely, until the one
final output Save for whatever purpose. RAW allows us to tweak exposure and color, and defer White
Balance decisions until later when we can see the image first, and judge any trial results. The 12-bit
RAW file offers greater range for any of our adjustments, often on multiple files simultaneously. And
RAW always preserves the intact original version, so we can easily back out any editing changes we
made, crop size for example. An argument is made that processing RAW requires this extra step, but
of course, same is true of any editing that is required. RAW is the easy way, with the best results.

Laboratory:

- Photoshop Environment
- Photoshop Tools
- Image Processing
DAY 13: WEB DEVELOPMENT
Lecture:

History

1960 = Military institutes and research and educational institutions.

PROTOCOL = Standard format that makes sure that computers talk the same
language.
ARPANET
= Advance research project agency Network.
= ARPA
= first network
1980 = TCP/IP(transfer control protocol/Internet Protocol)
NSFNET = developed by Nat. Science Foundation.
= links supercomputing centers together.
MacTCP = Macintosh
WinSOCK = windows
1989= CERN
=(Conseil European pour la recherché Nucleire)
= European lab for Physics Particles.
= WWW was proposed
-web/hypertext= text that links documents together.
1945 = “as we think” by Vannevar Bush, memex - a machine with hypertext.
1960 = Computer Lib and dream Machines by TED NELSON.
1991 = Software is already available to the internet community.
1993 = became popular because of client software, including Mosaic &
Netscape.
INTERNET
= World Wide collection of networks
= network of networks.
IP Address (255.255.255.255)
=a 32 bit binary no. that uniquely and precisely identifies that
locations of a particular computer in the internet.

* Uses of the Internet*

1.Email(electronic mail)
2.Informations
3.Group Discussions
4.Entertainment
5.News
6.on-line shopping
7.Free programs

World Wide Web

 =web for short
=invented by TIM BERNERS-LEE at CERN, Switzerland.

*3 Parts of WWW*
1.type
2.server
3.path

Domain Name System

= contains information about the computer system

*Classification of DN*
Com= commercial org/corporations
Edu= educational institutions
Mil= military org.
Org= non-profit org.
Gov= government org.
Net= major network
Int= international org.

*Types of web sites*

I.PERSONAL WEBSITE
=allows you to advertise your employment credentials, meet new friends or
share a common interest or hobby with other.
NOTE:
Do not create web pages that include personal information that can be
misused.

II.ORGANIZATIONAL/TOPICAL WEBSITE
= promote member accomplishments or to encourage support
and participations.
NOTE:
Only use content that has been professionally verified to create a web
page.

III.COMMERCIAL WEBSITE
=promote and sell a products or services.
NOTE:
Make sure to include the benefit associated with each feature you list.

*Tools for creating Web Pages*

1. Html(FrontPage, Webpage Maker)
2. Javascript, VBscript, and Perl
3. Script, Applets, and active X controls
4. Extensible Mark up language(XML)and Wireless Mark up language(WML)
5. Flash

TOP TEN CORRECT DESIGN GUIDELINES

1.Fast
2.Easy to use
3.Consistency
4.Easy to Navigate
5.Quality of Content
6.Form of Follows Functions
7.Cross Platform Compatibility
8.Helps Viewers Achieved their Goals
9.Use of Technology to Enhance the
site usability
10.Use of technology to Enhance the
user experience

TOP TEN MISTAKES

1.Slow
 2.No Content
3.Use of Flash
4.Use of Frames
5.No text Navigation
6.Use of Pop-Up windows
7.Disabling the button
8.Designed for Particular browser
9.No Underlined Navigation text
links
10.Designed for a Particular screen
Resolution size.

Laboratory: Creating simple website in HTML and CSS or show websites that is important.

DAY 14: Examination (Create test questionnaire from

first meeting to last.)