ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

A. The Meaning of Adjective Clause

Adjective clause is a sub clause which is used to describe/explain “noun” .
B. The Types of Adjective Clause (AC)
1. Relative Pronoun
a. Relative Pronoun as Subject (RPS)
Conjuction :
- Who : a person
- Which : a thing (no person)
- That : a person/thing
Formula : Conj + V + (O) + (Adv)
E.g :
1. The doctor stands in front of office
He has two sons.
# The doctor who has two sons stands in front office.
2. Did you see the letter?
It came this morning.
# Did you see the letter which came this morning?
b. Relative Pronoun as Object (RPO)
Conjuction :
- Whom (formal) : a person
- Who (informal) : a person
- Which : a thing
- That : a person/thing
RPO is divided into two types :
1. Object of Verb Transitive
Formula : Conj + S + V
E.g : A man was standing at the bar.
Neil knew him.
# A man whom Neil knew was standing at the bar.
2. Object of Preposition
There are two ways to arrange Objectof preposition:
a. (Prepo + conj) Formal
The conjunction “who and that” cannot be used for this way.
b. (Conj + S + V + Prepo) Informal
Formula : Prep + conj + S + V + atau Conj + S + V + Prep
E.g : The man was very nice.
We spoke to him.
# The man to whom we spoke was very nice.
# The man whom we spoke to was very nice.
 c. Relative Pronoun as Possession (RPP)
Conjuction :
- Whose : possessive (a person/thing)
Formula :
Whose + Noun + V + (O) + (Adv) or Whose + Noun + S + V + (O) + (Adv)
E.g :
The boy is in Australia
I am looking after his dog.
# The boy whose dog I am looking after is in Australia.
d. Relative Adverb (RA)
Formula : Conj + S + V + (O)
1. Relative Adverb of Place
Conjunction : where, that, in/on/at which
E.g : The factory is going to close down.
I work there.
# The factory where I work is going to close down.
The factory at which I work is going to close down.
The factory which I work at is going to close down.
The factory that I work is going to close down.
2. Relative Adverb of Time
Conjuction : when, that, in/on/at which
E.g : Do you remember the time?
We went to Ani’s party at the time.
# Do you remember the time when we went to Ani’s party?
Do you remember the time at which we went to Ani’s party?
3. Relative Adverb of Reason
Conjuction : why (Why is used to explain “a reason”
E.g : You should give me a reason why you did not come to my house.
C. Reducing and Omitting
1. Reducing
a. RPS Verbal Active
Tenses : Simple Present, Simple Past, Present Continuous, Past Continuous.
Reduce : Conj + V Ving
E.g : The doctor who stands has two sons.
Standing
b. RPS Verbal Passive
Tenses : Simple Present and Simple Past
Reduce : Conj + Be + V3 V3
E.g : Cake which was bought by Alan is delicious
Bought
 c. RPS Verbal Pasif
Tenses : Present and Past Continuous
Reduce : Conj + be + being + V3
E.g : The novel which was being written by Andi will be published tomorrow.
Being written
d. RPS (Tenses Perfect)
 Verbal Active
Reduce : Conj + has/have + V3 having V3
E.g : I like the boy who has taught English in Pare.
Having taught
 Verbal passive
Reduce : Conj + has/have + been + V3 having been V3
E.g : The novel which has been written by Andi will be published tomorow.
Having been written
 Non verbal
Reduce : Conj + has/have + been+ ANA having been ANA
E.g : The girl who has been angry is my friend.
Having been angry
2. Omitting
a. RPS Non Verbal
Omit : Conj (who/which/that) + be + ANA
E.g : The student who was ugly will be punished.
Ugly
b. RPO
Omit : Conj + S + V
E.g : The man whom I like is a smart boy.
I like
c. RA
Omit : Conj + S + V + (O)
E.g : I will not forget the day when I met you.
I met
Note: RA is recommended not to be omitted because it will change the meaning of
sentences.

NOTE : All RPS which consists of modal (verb) cannot be reduced

CONJUCTION AC :
Who :V+O
Whom : S + Vt
Which : V+ O/ S + V
That
Whose + noun : S + V (O) / V + (O)
Where
When : S + V + (O)
Why
 The Additional Materials
A. The use of commas with adjective clause:
1. RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
A clause does not use commas to explain “noun” because it is assumed that it
is important to be explained.
e.g: The professor who teaches chemistry is an excellent lecturer.
2. NON RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE
A clause uses commas to explain “noun” because it is assumed as additional
information.
e.g: Professor Wilson, who teaches chemistry, is an excellent lecturer.
B. The Additional Information
a. The children who play football wear red t-shirt. (some children)
b. The children, who play football, wear red t-shirt. (all children)
c. Paris, which is the capital of France, is an exciting city.
#Paris, the capital of France, is an exciting city.
Appositive
C. REDUCING FOR “THE FIRST.., THE SECOND..OR THE ONLY” is changed
to be TO INF
e.g: She was the only one who survived the crash
# She was the only one to survive the crash.
The first man who is killed wears black hat.
#The first man to be killed wears black hat.