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Statistics is the study of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data. It involves planning data collection through surveys and experiments, and using statistical methods like descriptive statistics to summarize samples and inferential statistics to draw conclusions about populations. The goal is to accurately represent populations through representative sampling and testing hypotheses about relationships between data sets through statistical significance tests. Measurement errors and missing data require specific techniques to obtain unbiased results. Statistics has evolved from ancient civilizations through increasing use of calculus, probability, and now statistical software.

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33 views3 pages

Statistics: Jump To Navigationjump To Search

Statistics is the study of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data. It involves planning data collection through surveys and experiments, and using statistical methods like descriptive statistics to summarize samples and inferential statistics to draw conclusions about populations. The goal is to accurately represent populations through representative sampling and testing hypotheses about relationships between data sets through statistical significance tests. Measurement errors and missing data require specific techniques to obtain unbiased results. Statistics has evolved from ancient civilizations through increasing use of calculus, probability, and now statistical software.

Uploaded by

Lemar Rejas
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Statistics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Statistics (disambiguation).
Statistics

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The normal distribution, a very common probability density, useful because of the central limit theorem.
Scatter plots are used in descriptive statistics to show the observed relationships between different
variables.
Statistics is a branch of mathematics working with data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation
and presentation.[1][2] In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional
to begin with a statistical population or a statistical modelto be studied. Populations can be diverse
groups of people or objects such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal".
Statistics deals with every aspect of data, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design
of surveys and experiments.[1] See glossary of probability and statistics.
When census data cannot be collected, statisticians collect data by developing specific experiment
designs and survey samples. Representative sampling assures that inferences and conclusions can
reasonably extend from the sample to the population as a whole. An experimental study involves taking
measurements of the system under study, manipulating the system, and then taking additional
measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of
the measurements. In contrast, an observational study does not involve experimental manipulation.
Two main statistical methods are used in data analysis: descriptive statistics, which summarize data
from a sample using indexessuch as the mean or standard deviation, and inferential statistics, which
draw conclusions from data that are subject to random variation (e.g., observational errors, sampling
variation).[3] Descriptive statistics are most often concerned with two sets of properties of
a distribution (sample or population): central tendency (or location) seeks to characterize the
distribution's central or typical value, while dispersion (or variability) characterizes the extent to which
members of the distribution depart from its center and each other. Inferences on mathematical
statistics are made under the framework of probability theory, which deals with the analysis of random
phenomena.
A standard statistical procedure involves the test of the relationship between two statistical data sets, or
a data set and synthetic data drawn from an idealized model. A hypothesis is proposed for the statistical
relationship between the two data sets, and this is compared as an alternative to an idealized null
hypothesis of no relationship between two data sets. Rejecting or disproving the null hypothesis is done
using statistical tests that quantify the sense in which the null can be proven false, given the data that
are used in the test. Working from a null hypothesis, two basic forms of error are recognized: Type I
errors (null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a "false positive") and Type II errors (null hypothesis fails
to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a "false
negative").[4] Multiple problems have come to be associated with this framework: ranging from
obtaining a sufficient sample size to specifying an adequate null hypothesis.[citation needed]
Measurement processes that generate statistical data are also subject to error. Many of these errors are
classified as random (noise) or systematic (bias), but other types of errors (e.g., blunder, such as when
an analyst reports incorrect units) can also occur. The presence of missing data or censoring may result
in biased estimates and specific techniques have been developed to address these problems.
Statistics can be said to have begun in ancient civilization, going back at least to the 5th century BC, but
it was not until the 18th century that it started to draw more heavily from calculus and probability
theory. In more recent years statistics has relied more on statistical software to produce tests such as
descriptive analysis.[5]

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