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Flood Hazard and Risk Assessment in

Chamoli District, Uttarakhand Using Satellite
Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
G.D. Bhatt*1 , Komal Sinha2, P.K. Deka3, Ajay Kumar4
1, 2
Department of Petroleum Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies
Dehradun - 248007, Uttarakhand, India
3
Department of Centre for Information Technology, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun - 248007,
Uttarakhand, India
4
Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat - 78500, Assam, India

ABSTRACT: Flood is a major environmental problem in India as it has devastating effects on life and property. The
objective of present study is to delineate and identify flood hazard and risk assessment at landscape level using Landsat
satellite data from 1974-2013 in Chamoli District, Uttarakhand, India covering total geographical area of 8030 km2.
The study area lies between 30-31° N latitude and 79-80° E longitude. The satellite data was ortho-rectified and the
study area was extracted using district boundary. The vegetation type/land use map was prepared using on-screen
visual interpretation technique. The multi-flood time series dataset was used for preparation of Digital Elevation
Model. Geographical Information System was used for identification of flood prone areas which were classified with
zone-wise. A flood frequency map was developed using the multi-date Landsat satellite imagery. The classified
vegetation type/land use map from 1974-2013 was overlaid to find out the frequency of the flood. Flood affected areas
were classified into very low, low, medium, high, very high and extremely high based on vulnerability to the potential
of flood hazard. The areas were further categorized, based on the vulnerability of flood viz; extremely high (6) very
high (5), high (4), medium (3), low (2) and very low (1) respectively. The study assigned the scores to each class for
further determination of risk zone in various thematic layers such as slope, aspect and elevation. The incorporation of
all thematic layers and flood frequency map was generated to prepare flood hazard and risk map using GIS platform.
Flood frequency and flood prone areas were calculated using DEM. The vegetation type/land use map was integrated
for creation of flood hazard and risk assessment. Based on this analysis the flood risk zones at different levels and
intensity in the Chamoli district were prepared. This flood hazard and risk assessment maps will be useful to
management and mitigate losses of lives and property from recurrent flood disasters in Chamoli District. This model
can also be applied to comparable areas in Himalayas.

KEYWORDS: Flood hazard and risk assessment, Landsat satellite imagery, On-screen visual interpretation technique,
Remote sensing and GIS, Vegetation type/land use

I. INTRODUCTION

Generally flood is the most devastating, widespread and frequent natural hazard of the world [1]. Apparently, this is,
for the large part, due to the heavy rainfall for long days on the upstream highlands [2]. The rain has caused most rivers
to swell and overflow of their courses, submerging the surrounding, flat fields or floodplains, which are mostly located
in the outlying pastoralist regions of the country [3]. In the period 1994-2004, Asia accounted for one third of 1,562
flood disaster worldwide and nearly 60,000 people were killed due to the flood [4]. Every year, flood disaster results in
tremendous losses and social disruption across the world [5]. In the last 30 years, flood has been the most catastrophic
natural disaster affecting, on an average, about 80 million people per year of the total population affected by any natural
disaster, causing economic damage worth over US$11 million annually around the world [5]. As increasing human
population and its interaction with downstream of river is greater reason for flood damages to the natural resources.
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Flood itself is also increasing in size and frequency due to human activities in the upstream section of the river system
[6]. Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer based system that provides the capabilities for input, data
management, data storage and retrieval, manipulation, analysis and output to handle spatial data [7] [8]. GIS provides a
broad range of tools for determining areas affected by flood and for forecasting areas that are likely to be flooded due to
rise in water level in a river [9]. The main benefit of GIS for flood management and planning is that, it generates
visualization of flood prone areas that creates potential to further analysis the product to estimate probable damage due
to flood [10] [11]. GIS has been extensively used to assemble information from different spatial data, aerial
photographs, satellite images and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) [12] [13] [14]. The main focus in this field revolves
around delineation of flood zones and preparation of flood hazard and risk maps for the vulnerable areas [15]. River
flooding in the developing countries of Asia is very acute because of their heavy dependence on agriculture but any
flood estimation and hazard mapping attempt in this region is handicapped by poor availability of high resolution
DEMs [16]. Flood hazard mapping is a vital component for appropriate land use planning in flood prone areas. It
creates rapidly accessible charts and maps, which facilitate the administrators and policy makers to identify areas of
risk and prioritize their mitigation and response efforts [17]. The regulation of flood hazard areas coupled with
enactment and enforcement of flood hazard zone could prevent damage of life and property from flood in short term as
well as in long term [18]. Flood management is necessary not only because flood imposes a curse on the society, but
the optimal exploitation of the land, proper management and control of water resources are of vital importance for
bringing prosperity in the predominantly agriculture based economy of highly populated area [19]. This cannot become
technically feasible without effective flood hazard and risk maps. Flood risk mapping is the vital component in flood
mitigation measures and land use planning [20]. Satellite-based remote sensing images have been used to map the
extent of flood inundation since the early 1970 [21] [22]. Most of the early studies used optical remote sensors, such as
Landsat MSS and TM [23] [24]. But optical sensors cannot penetrate clouds, which nearly always accompany flood
events; so they have been mainly used to observe post flood inundation extent [25]. The present research has the two
objectives 1) prepare vegetation type/ land use map on 1:50, 000 scale using Landsat satellite data on wet and dry
season with spatial resolution of 30 m 2) The flood hazard and risk assessment was developed for conservation
planning and management in the Himalayan regions.

II.MATERIAL AND METHODS

STUDY AREA
Chamoli district is the second largest district of Uttarakhand state of India (Figure 1). The administrative headquarters
of the district is Gopeshwar. The study area lies between 79 to 80 E and 30 to 31 N. It is bounded by
the Tibet region to the north and by the Uttarakhand districts of Pithoragarh and Bageshwar to the east, Almora to the
south, Garhwal to the southwest, Rudraprayag to the west, and Uttarkashi to the northwest. Administratively the
district is divided into six tehsils namely viz; Joshimath, Chamoli, Karnaprayag, Pokhari, Gairsain and Tharali. Further
it is divided into nine development blocks viz; Joshimath, Dasoli, Pokhari, Ghat, Karnaprayag, Tharali, Narayanbagar,
Dewal and Gairsain. The elevation of the district ranges from 800-8000 m. The climate of the district is depends on the
altitude. The winter season is from November to March. As most of the region is situated on the southern slopes of the
outer Himalaya, monsoon currents can enter through the valley, the rainfall being heaviest in the monsoon from June to
September. The rainfall occurs during June to September when 70 to 80 percent of the annual precipitation is accounted
for in the southern half of the district and 55 to 65 percent in the northern half [26]. The major river in the study area is
Alaknanda and Ramganga. The tributaries in the study area are: Dhauli Ganga, Birhi Ganga, Nandakini and Pindar etc.
The major crops are: rice, wheat, potato, pulses, millets, seasonal vegetables and fruits respectively. The Landsat
satellite data was procured from United States Geological Survey (USGS) website (http://glovis.usgs.gov). The satellite
data was radiometrically or environmentally corrected using histogram equalization, dark pixel subtraction, line
striping, noise correction, haze correction and image contrast [27]. A total of six scenes covered whole of the study area
(Table 1). The UTM projection and WGS 84 datum was used for the study area. For satellite image processing the
nearest neighbour resampling method was used. The images were mosaiced using feather overlap function of ERDAS
Imagine ver. 9.2 and the study area (8030 km2) was extracted using study area boundary. The complete methodology is
shown in Figure 2. The satellite imagery was converted into False Color Composite (FCC) (Figure 3). Based on the
FCC a visual interpretation key (tone, texture, shape, size, color, association and pattern) was generated and prepared a
vegetation type/land use map using on-screen visual interpretation techniques (Figure 4).

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Figure 1: Location of the study area.

Figure 2: Methodology for flood hazard and risk assessment using satellite remote sensing and GIS.

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Table 1: Description of satellite imagery used in the present study.

S. Satellite Sensor Path Row Date Spatial Band
No. Resolution (m)
1. Landsat TM 145 39 2010-10-21 30 7
2. -do- TM 145 39 1998-11-05 30 7
3. -do- TM 145 39 1990-11-15 30 7
4. -do- MSS 156 39 1976-11-19 60 4
5. -do- MSS 156 39 1976-11-19 60 4
6. -do- TM 145 39 1986-09-17 30 7
7. -do- OLI- 145 39 2013-06-23 30 6
TIRS

Figure 3: Landsat MSS False Color Composite on 19-11-1976.

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Table 2: Area covered under different vegetation type/land use categories.

S.No. Vegetation type/land use Area (km2) Area (%)
1. Forest 2712.00 33.77
2. Scrub 217.00 2.70
3. Agriculture 1537.00 19.14
4. Barren land 476.00 5.93
5. Snow 1040.00 12.95
7. Waterbody 1026.00 12.78
8. Settlement 1022.00 12.73
Total 8030.00 100.00

Figure 4: Vegetation type/land use map.

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Table 3: Area statistics in different categories with year wise.

S.No. Year Area (km2) Area (%) Categories
1. 1974 576.73 7.18 Extremely high
2. 1986 507.47 6.31 Very high
3. 1998 322.34 4.01 High
4. 2013 266.82 3.32 Medium
5. 2010 191.31 2.38 Low
6. 1990 180.17 2.24 Very low
Total 1988.03 24.75

Figure 5: Flood hazard and risk assessment map.

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The maximum area is covered by forest in land cover and in land use maximum area was covered by agriculture (Table
2). The digital elevation model was developed using Surface Reflectance Terrain Model (SRTM) for evaluation of the
different elevation in the study area. Based on the DEM, the slope and aspect was generated to find out the
vulnerability of flood hazard and risk assessment. The slope and aspect map was intersected with vegetation type/land
use map. The intersect vegetation type/land use-wise slope and aspect map was generated to find out the vulnerability
and risk of flood hazard in the study area. These input maps were used for preparation of flood hazard and risk
assessment at landscape level in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand. When the flooded areas were identified, this
information was combined with the frequency of flood and land use data in order to assess and to estimate the number
of people is affected in settlement areas and land use types of the damaged areas. Settlement areas are not only centers
of human activities but also includes the main portion of human properties for a vital role in the flood hazard and risk
assessment (Figure 5).

III.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The vegetation type/land use map is prime input for flood hazard and risk assessment at landscape level [28] [29] [30].
The vegetation type/land use map was prepared using Landsat satellite data using on-screen visual interpretation
techniques. The vegetation type/land use map was categorized in eight classes viz; forest, scrub, agriculture, barren
land, snow, waterbody and settlement respectively. The maximum area is covered by forest 2712.00 km2 (33.77 %)
followed by agriculture 1537.00 km2 (19.14 %), snow 1040.00 km2 (12.95 %) and waterbody 1026.00 km2 (12.78 %)
respectively (Figure 4). The flood frequency map was generated from 1974 to 2013 using Landsat series data set was
used. Based on these dataset a flood hazard and risk assessment map was developed. The extremely high flood was
found in 1974 and very low was observed in 1990. Very high flood was observed in 1986 followed by 1998, 2013 and
2010 respectively. In 1974 flood was high in rainy season so, loss was observed in natural vegetations. But in 2013 the
rainfall was occurs in June due to early rainfall in the study area and snow fall in high altitude caused the flood.
The high soil erosion was found in the upstream sediments and dissolved substances cumulatively in river load
deposited in the river channels and on adjacent flood plains in downstream of the major rivers. As per field observation,
sediments deposited in Alaknanda, Bhagirathi river and its tributaries have changed the rivers gradient, cross sectional
area, velocity and intensity of water flow and discharge of rivers. Therefore, overflow of rivers occurred and flooded
the nearby areas. The cross sectional area of these rivers is decreasing from time to time as a result of sediment
deposition. In some areas the depth of Alaknanda river decreased to 35-11 m. Some agricultural land crops and
settlement have been buried by the deposited sediments. Over all, the river channels depth and width increased and the
water discharging capacity of the major rivers and their tributaries gets minimized which leads to overflow of water and
flood consecutively. Above findings indicates that the rate of erosion and soil loss in the upstream is high due to lack of
abstraction flood water. Flood hazard and risk based approaches have received increasing attention as a viable means to
manage flood hazard assessment [31] [32]. Flood hazard, risk and vulnerability assessment examines the hazards that
may affect a community in order to determine the risk that each hazard event poses to both the community as a
vulnerable element in the community [33] [34] [35]. Flood risk mapping is often the first step for flood risk
management [36], and it provides data required for urban planning, wildlife habitat modelling and management, design
for infrastructure, flood mitigation and response. Flood hazard and risk assessment yields risk maps, which can be
created using GIS based hydrological observations of the frequency, magnitude and duration of flood events, as well as
DEMs that characterize the topographic basin within which flood events occur [37] [38]. Flood risk maps can be used
to identify the weaknesses in a flood defense system and the patterns of vulnerability of human infrastructure and
wildlife habitat. Because of increasing human population density in flood prone areas throughout the world, as well as
land use and climate changes that affect flood dynamics, and the combination of these in historically less information
rich developing countries, efficient food risk mapping is an increasingly critical task [16]. DEM have been used in
various ways to aid flood mapping and modeling [25]. They have been used as integral part of GIS database for
hydrological flood modeling for spatial extent of inundation [39]. As natural disaster increase in both intensity and
severity around the world, the Asian countries continue to suffer a disproportionate number of hazard events and
related losses in lives, infrastructure, stability and economic progress [40] [41] [42]. More than half the world
population lives in Asia, which is approximately one-fifth of the earth land area [43]. Based on the results of this study
for Chamoli district, it can be concluded that remote sensing and GIS technology provides the potential tool for prompt
effective decision-making and management on flood. The comprehensive flood hazard and risk assessment model
developed in ArcGIS ver 10.1 can be easily operated by GIS users. The remote sensing and GIS techniques were used

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to classify the extent of floods. On-screen visual interpretation techniques for classification systems allowed different
tonal variation for different classes that can be used further for similar types of flood mapping. This study demonstrates
that information derived from different imagery can be valuable to operational users for flood related planning and
emergency response. Natural flood disaster is common and cannot be stop, but we can reduce its impact can be
minimized. Remote sensing and GIS is an effective tool for flood hazard, risk mapping, suitability analysis and disaster
management. Watershed management practices in the uplands of the catchment are crucial in alleviating future flood
disasters in the study area. Land use planning can play a very important role to minimize the adverse effects of flood. It
is recommended to adopt an appropriate land use planning in flood prone areas. The ideal form of planning would be to
evacuate the flood prone areas but practically it is not possible due to involvement of high costs and social problems.
However, it is possible to change the functional characteristics of the flood plain areas.

IV.ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Authors gratefully acknowledge the support and encouragement received from Head, Department of Petroleum
Engineering and Earth Sciences, UPES Dehradun and Professor Dr. K.S. Misra for valuable suggestions.

BIOGRAPHY

Dr. Ganesh Datt Bhatt is a Lab Supervisor and Faculty in Department of Petroleum Engineering and Earth Sciences
University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. He had two and half years experience in
teaching and seven years experience in research. He had a background of M.Sc. in Botany, M.Phil. In Geoinformatics,
one year diploma in remote sensing and GIS at Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, ISRO, Dehradun and Ph.D. His
major work is forest ecology, taxonomy, biodiversity, ecological modelling and EIA/EMP. He is approved expert
member in Land use/Ecology and biodiversity by NABET.

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